Izabel v. Downing

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: February 7, 2024
• Docket: Civil Action No. 2022-2898
• Status: Published

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

FABIANA IZABEL,

Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 22-cv-2898 (CJN)

ROBERT B. DOWNING, Chief Usher at the Executive Residence,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiff Fabiana Izabel was born in Brazil and immigrated to the United States in 2008.

See ECF No. 23 at 2-3. In August 2019, she was hired as the first female presidential butler at the

White House, where she worked until January 2021. She alleges here that she suffered

discrimination on the basis of race, sex, and national origin, was subjected to a hostile work

environment, and was retaliated against when she complained to the EEOC. The government has

filed a partial motion to dismiss, contending that some of Izabel’s claims are untimely, that she

failed to exhaust others, and that she has failed adequately to allege others. The Court agrees as

to only some of those arguments, and therefore grants the government’s motion in part.

Background

Izabel is a Maryland resident who was born in Brazil and immigrated to the United States

in 2008. See ECF No. 23 at 2-3. 1 In August 2019, she was hired as the first female presidential

1 For purposes of the government’s Motion, the Court of course accepts as true all well- pleaded facts in the Amended Complaint. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 663 (2009).

1 butler at the White House. Id. at 3. She served along four other butlers, but was the only female

butler and only butler of Brazilian descent. Id. Her work was supervised in various ways by five

superiors: the presidential butler’s manager, the administrative usher and human resources

manager, the chief usher, the assistant chief usher, and later the maître d’ and the presidential

butler’s manager. ECF No. 23 at 4.

Izabel alleges that from November 2019 until her termination in January 2021, she was

“subjected . . . to numerous forms of unlawful maltreatment that worsened over time.” ECF No.

23 at 7. She alleges that this mistreatment included more odious work assignments than those

assigned to her colleagues, denials of overtime and leave requests, and an unflattering presidential

portrait. Id. at 7-8. For example, Izabel alleges that on November 25, 2019, she was berated after

she expressed reservations over allowing a male contractor to travel with her to pick up supplies

for the annual White House Christmas Party. Id. at 4. She alleges that in December 2019, she was

punished after that incident with “one-on-one coaching sessions” with a retired military official,

where she was instructed to “follow every instruction given to her.” Id. at 6. Then, she asserts, a

white man of British descent was hired as maître d’ and presidential butler manager without

advertising that position to the butlers, a claimed deviation from standard hiring protocol. Id. And,

she alleges, in September 2020 she was both ordered to “wrap 450 plates by herself in addition to

completing her regular duties,” id. at 7, and made to have her official portrait taken in a manner

that made her uncomfortable. Id. at 8.

Izabel alleges that she informed her superiors about these incidents, but that no action was

taken. On November 18, 2020 she contacted—without filing formal paperwork—an EEO

counselor to complain about her work experiences. See ECF No. 23 at 10. She alleges that when

her superiors found out, she was mocked “numerous times each week for being an Afro-Latin

2 woman from Brazil with a Brazilian accent.” Id. On January 20, 2021, after the inauguration of

President Biden, she was terminated. She filed a formal EEO complaint on February 16, 2021

with the Executive Residence’s EEO office. Id. at 11.

Izabel seeks relief under various provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Counts I through III seek relief for discrimination on the basis of sex, race, and national origin,

respectively. ECF No. 23 at 12-14. Counts IV through VI seek relief for having worked in a

hostile work environment based on her sex, race, and national origin, respectively. Id. at 14-16.

Count VII alleges retaliation based on her complaint to the EEO. Id. at 17.

The government moves to dismiss in part, arguing that certain of Izabel’s claims are either

time-barred, insufficiently exhausted, or non-actionable. See generally ECF No. 24. For the

reasons stated below, the Court agrees in part and disagrees in part.

Analysis

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it “an unlawful employment practice for

an employer . . . to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms,

conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or

national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(a)(1). Public employers in the federal government are

further required to make all “personnel actions affecting employees . . . free from any

discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-

16(a). Courts have interpreted Title VII as authorizing two types of claims relevant here: (1)

discriminatory treatment claims based on discrete incidents stemming from a discriminatory intent

and (2) hostile-work environment claims, which require an objectively and subjectively hostile or

abusive environment but do not necessarily require a specific job-related event.

3 Before a plaintiff can pursue a Title VII claim in court, she must exhaust all administrative

remedies. See Oviedo v. WMATA, 948 F.3d 386, 393 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (internal quotations

omitted). Among other things, exhaustion requires a plaintiff both to make a timely complaint to

the EEOC and to describe in sufficient detail the basis for that complaint. See Nat’l R.R. Passenger

Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113 (2002) (“[D]iscrete discriminatory acts are not actionable if

time barred, even when they are related to acts alleged in timely filed charges.”); see also

Washington v. WMATA, 160 F.3d 750, 752 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“Before suing under either the ADEA

or Title VII, an aggrieved party must exhaust his administrative remedies by filing a charge of

discrimination with the EEOC.”). These administrative deadlines “are not jurisdictional. Rather,

they function like a statute of limitations and ‘like a statute of limitations, [are] subject to waiver,

estoppel, and equitable tolling.’” Brown v. Marsh, 777 F.2d 8, 14 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (quoting Zipes

v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393 (1982)).

I. Claims Based on Discrete Acts that Occurred Before October 4, 2020

A federal employee who does not “initiate contact with [an EEO Counselor] within 45 days

of” of a discriminatory incident has not properly exhausted the administrative process. 29 C.F.R.

§ 1614.105(a)(1). Here, Izabel first contacted the EEO counselor on November 18, 2020. As a

result, the government argues, the Court should dismiss all claims relating to incidents that

occurred before October 4, 2020—that is, more than forty-five days before her first EEO

complaint.

The Court agrees, as does Izabel. See ECF No. 26 at 6 (“Izabel acknowledges in paragraph

64 of the FAC that she does not seek Title VII liability . . . for discrete acts occurring outside the

45-day period for contacting an EEO counselor.”). Accordingly, any claims for discrimination

arising out of incidents before October 4, 2020 are dismissed.

II. Discrimination on the Basis of National Origin 4 Exhaustion also requires a plaintiff to give notice of the allegedly discriminatory acts for

which she seeks relief. At minimum, this means that “[o]nly those claims that are contained in the

administrative complaint or that are ‘like or reasonably related’ to the allegations of the

administrative complaint can be pursued in a Title VII lawsuit.” See William v. Spencer, 883 F.

Supp. 2d 165, 172 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 907 (D.C. Cir.

1995)). The government contends that Izabel failed to state in her formal EEO complaint that she

had suffered discrimination on the basis of national origin, and therefore such claims must be

dismissed.

The Court again agrees. Izabel’s EEO complaint did not indicate that she had been

discriminated on the basis of national origin. See generally ECF No. 23 at 84-92. In Section 10

of the EEO complaint she did not check the box indicating that she had been discriminated on the

basis of “National Origin.” Id. at 84. She did, however, check the boxes indicating that she had

been discriminated on the basis of “Race (Afro-Latina),” “Sex (Female),” “Genetic Information,”

and “Other (Discrimination, Abuse of Power).” Id. In addition, while Izabel made numerous

references to the sex and race of various employees in the narrative attached to her EEO complaint,

she did not include references to national origin or her Brazilian descent, such as those in her

Complaint here. Compare Federal Complaint, ECF No. 23 at 10 (“At work she was always

miserable because ignoring Chadha following her everywhere, mocking her hair, mocking her

makeup, mocking her Brazilian origin, and mocking her Brazilian accent was a challenge.”)

(emphasis added) with EEO Complaint, ECF No. 23 at 87 (“[Chadha] does not miss the chance to

make jokes about my look and accent.”).

Counts III and Count VI, which are national-original claims, are therefore dismissed.

III. Retaliation

5 Izabel alleges she suffered retaliation after her first communication with the EEO counselor

on November 18, 2020. See ECF No. 23 at 10. A retaliation claim is only actionable if it results

in a “materially adverse” action by a complainant’s employer. See Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry.

Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted) (defining “materially

adverse” as an action that would have “dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting

a charge of discrimination”). The government contends that the only materially adverse action

that Izabel suffered after November 18, 2020 was the termination of her employment on January

20, 2021. See ECF No. 24 at 14 (“The only adverse action alleged thereafter was Plaintiff’s

termination approximately two months later, i.e., in January 2021.”); see also Burlington N., 548

U.S. at 68 (“We speak of material adversity because we believe it is important to separate

significant from trivial harms.”). Izabel again does not disagree. Count VII is therefore limited to

her claim that her employment was terminated in retaliation for having engaged in protected EEO

activities.

IV. Hostile Work Environment

To state a hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must allege that she was subjected

to “‘discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult’ that is ‘sufficiently severe or pervasive to

alter the conditions of [her] employment and create an abusive working environment.’” Harris

v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993) (quoting Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477

U.S. 57, 65, 67 (1986)). This inquiry has two components: one objective, the other subjective.

First, a plaintiff must allege that she personally found the work environment to be hostile and

severe. Id. at 22. Second, she must allege that “a reasonable person in the plaintiff’s position”

would have found the environment abusive. Id. at 23. This objective element is assessed based

on the “totality of the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, its

severity, its offensiveness, and whether it interferes with an employee's work performance.” 6 Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing Faragher v. City of Boca

Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787-88 (1998)) (Kavanaugh, J.).

The government contends that the various incidents that Izabel complains of are too

disparate and too trivial to plausibly state a claim of a hostile work environment. ECF No. 24 at

23-27. The government argues that the incidents she identified do not “collectively constitute

one unlawful employment practice of pervasive, insulting, discriminatory conduct” that is

sufficiently abusive to merit relief. Id. at 24 (quoting Morgan, 536 U.S. at 117). This includes

the “disparaging remarks” that Izabel heard from her supervisors, which “do not demonstrate a

sufficient level of offensiveness.” Id. at 25.

The Court disagrees. Izabel alleges that she was subjected to “[t]aunt[ing] and mock[ing]

. . . numerous times each week” by her supervisor based on her race and sex from May 2020

until her firing in January 2021. See ECF No. 23 at 8-9. She alleges that she was told by her

supervisor that “she was nasty,” that “he hates working with women,” and was made “fun of . . .

in the presence of her male . . . coworkers” from November 18, 2020 until her dismissal in

January 2021. Id. at 10. She alleges that, as a result of these incidents, she suffered “mental

anguish,” id. at 11, including “frequent crying fits,” “frequent nightmares,” and “chronic

anxiety.” Id. at 10.

Based on these allegations, a reasonable jury could conclude that Izabel was subjected to

sufficiently severe and pervasive insult and ridicule such that the conditions of her employment

were abusive. See, e.g., Parris v. Becerra, No. 20-cv-3363 (CJN), 2022 WL 306193, at *5

(D.D.C. Feb. 2, 2022) (plaintiff stated plausible claim for hostile work environment based on

being called an “angry black man” and other racial stereotypes). To be sure, the government

argues that the “taunting and mocking” that Izabel complains of were not “sufficiently severe” to

7 make her day-to-day work environment objectively “abusive.” See ECF No. 27 at 9 (quoting

Morgan, 536 U.S. at 117). But the out-of-circuit cases the government relies on involved a

different procedural posture or set of facts than those at issue here. For example, the Eleventh

Circuit’s opinion in Webb-Edwards v. Orange Cnty. Sheriff’s Office, 525 F.3d 1013 (11th Cir.

2008), was decided at the summary judgment stage, rather the motion to dismiss one. See id. at

1019. As for Gurley v. David H. Berg & Assoc., No. 20-cv-9998 (ER), 2022 WL 309442

(S.D.N.Y. 2022), there the plaintiff’s allegations were “more episodic than continuous and

concerted.” Id. Here, in contrast, the allegedly taunting remarks directed at Izabel were

sufficiently pervasive and severe to objectively alter the conditions of her employment.

Beyond the taunting remarks, however, Izabel has not alleged “a series of constituent acts

that are adequately linked such that they form a coherent hostile environment claim.” See ECF

No. 27 at 8 (quoting Baird v. Gotbaum, 662 F.3d 1246, 1251 (D.C. Cir. 2011)). Those other

alleged events—ranging from Izabel’s driving Santos to the manner in which she was

photographed—are simply too unrelated to each other to support a hostile work environment

claim, which cannot, therefore be based on those events.

The government’s motion to dismiss Counts IV and V is therefore granted in part and

denied in part.

Conclusion

For the forgoing reasons, the Court grants the government’s Motion in part and denies it in

part. An Order will issue contemporaneously with this Opinion.

DATE: February 7, 2024 CARL J. NICHOLS United States District Judge