Yarser, J.
The cause of action alleged against the defendant, the American Insurance Company, a New Jersey corporation, must be separate and distinct, that is, separable from the cause of action alleged against the Dixie Eire Insurance Company, a North Carolina corporation, in order to permit the removal to the District Court of the United States for the Western District of North Carolina.
This separability depends upon whether the cause of action is several or joint.
Bank v. Hester,
188 N. C., 68;
Morganton v. Hutton,
187 N. C.,
740. Tbe removal statute, Judicial Code, sec. 28 (U. S., compiled 1918, p. 133), provides, amoug other causes for removal, that, “when iu any suit meutioued iu this section there shall be a controversy that is wholly between citizens of different states, and which can be fully determined as between them
(R. R. v. Grayson,
119 U. S., 240;
Wilson v. Oswego Township,
151 U. S., 56;
Storage Co. v. Ins. Co. of North America,
151 U. S., 368), then either one or more of the defendants actually interested in such controversy may remove said suit into the District Court of the United States.
A suit may, in this jurisdiction, consist of several legally distinct controversies, and in such suit a person is entitled to remove when such person is a defendant and the cause of action asserted against such person is separate and distinct, that is, may be wholly determined between such defendant and the plaintiff, or plaintiffs, so asserting it, and all the indispensably necessary parties on one side are citizens of different states from those on the other.
Hyde v. Ruble,
104 U. S., 407;
Ayres v. Wiswall,
112 U. S., 187;
Greer v. Mathieson,
190 U. S., 428;
Graves v. Corbin,
132 U. S., 571;
Yulee v.
Vose, 99 U. S., 539;
Corbin v. Van Brunt,
105 U. S., 576;
Frazer v. Jennison,
106 U. S., 191.
If the defendant, or defendants, who seek to remove, are jointly liable, either in tort
(Ry. Co. v. Dowell,
229 U. S., 102;
McAllister v. R. R. Co.,
243 U. S., 302), or in contract
(R. R. v. Ide,
114 U. S., 52;
Pirie v. Tvedt,
115 U. S., 41;
Core v. Vinal,
117 U. S., 347;
Sloane v. Anderson,
117 U. S., 275), the requisite separability does not exist.
If they are severally liable each defendant is liable only for the amount due by virtue of the cause of action' alleged against him, and is not liable for the cause of action alleged against his codefendant who is a resident of the same state with the plaintiff, then such defendant who is a resident of a different state from that of the plaintiff may remove.
Barney v. Latham,
103 U. S., 205;
Venner v. Sou. Pacific Co.
(C. C. A.), 279 Fed., 832, 836,
certiorari
denied, 258 U. S., 628.;
City of Winfield v. Wichita
(C. C. A.), 267 Fed., 47. Separable causes of action remain separable, although assigned to one plaintiff, when viewed on a motion to remove
(Patterson v. Bushnall,
203 Fed., 1021), and same is-true in a suit on individual note as to one defendant who is also sued on a joint note with another defendant.
Old Dominion Oil Co. v. Superior Oil Co.,
283 Fed., 636.
The test as to whether the alleged cause of action as to the defendants, who are of diverse citizenship, is separate and distinct, is whether a separate suit could have been maintained between plaintiff or plaintiffs against the defendants, in separate actions, and the determination of neither of such separate suits, is essential to the disposition of the other.
Morganton v. Hutton, supra; Greer v. Mathieson, supra; Peper v. Fordyce,
119 U. S., 468;
Fraser v. Jennison,
106 U. S., 191;
Boatman’s Bank v. Fritzen
(C. C. A.), 135 Fed., 650, writ to review denied by U. S. Supreme Court, 198 U. S., 586, 212 U. S., 368;
Torrence v. Shedd,
144 U. S., 531. A joint tort is not separable.
McAllister v. R. R. Co., supra; Hill v. R. R.,
178 N. C., 607;
Meyer v. Const. Co.,
100 U. S., 457;
Blake v. McKim,
103 U. S., 336;
Hyde v. Ruble,
104 U. S., 407;
Salem Trust Co. v. Finance Co.,
264 U. S., 188;
Ferry v. Wiggins,
287 Fed., 422;
City of Winfield v. Wichita, supra; Boatman’s Bank v. Fritzlen, supra; Torrence v. Shedd, supra; Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co. v. Dixon,
179 U. S., 132;
Sou. Ry. v. Carson,
194 U. S., 136;
R. R. v. Bonon,
200 U. S., 221;
R. R. v. Miller,
220 U. S., 413;
R. R. v. Schwyhart,
227 U. S., 184; Hughes on Federal Procedure (2 ed.), 333.
In determining this question, the rule is that only
indispensably necessary parties
should be considered.
Ferry v. Wiggins Co.,
287 Fed., 421;
Allen v. Hauss,
290 Fed., 253;
Galluchat v. Pittman,
288 Fed., 917;
Barney v. Latham, supra; Beal v. R. R.,
298 Fed., 180;
Bank v. Hester, supra; Cochran v. Montgomery Co.,
199 U. S., 272;
Sutton v. English,
246 U. S., 204;
Webb v. Sou. Ry. Co.,
235 Fed., 583;
Venner v. Sou. Pac. Co.,
279 Fed., 837;
Colleton Mercantile & Mfg. Co. v. Savannah River L. Co.,
280 Fed., 361;
City of Winfield v. Wichita Natural Gas Co., supra; Salem Trust Co. v. Manufacturers’ Finance Co.,
280 Fed., 805;
Old Dominion Oil Co. v. Superior Oil Co., supra; Smathers v. Leith,
92 N. E. Eq., 169.
The complaint is the basis for determining the question of separability.
Chicago Rock Island & Pac. Ry. v. Dowell,
229 U. S., 102, 113;
Ry. v. Thompson,
200 U. S., 206;
Ill. Central R. R. v. Sheegog,
215 U. S., 308;
Staton v. R. R.,
144 N. C., 135;
Hollifield v. Telephone Co.,
172 N. C., 714;
Patterson v. Lumber Co.,
175 N. C., 92;
Hough v. R. R.,
144 N. C., 700, 702;
Smith v. Quarries Co.,
164 N. C., 338;
Powers v. R. R.,
169 U. S., 92;
Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Dixon, supra; R. R. v. Ide,
114 U. S., 52;
Morganton v. Hutton, supra; Roberts v. Underwood Typewriter Co.,
257 Fed., 584;
Barney v. Latham, supra; Davis v. Rexford,
146 N. C., 418, 424;
Thorn, etc., Co. v. Fuller,
122 U. S., 535;
Tobacco Co. v. Tobacco Co.,
144 N. C., 352, 367;
Bank v. Hester, supra;
Hughes’ Federal Procedure (2 ed.), 320, sec. 120.
Applying the foregoing rules, we are constrained to hold that this cause is removable. There is no citation of authority needed to demonstrate the right of plaintiffs to maintain a separate suit against the movant without the joinder of the Dixie Fire Insurance Company.
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Yarser, J.
The cause of action alleged against the defendant, the American Insurance Company, a New Jersey corporation, must be separate and distinct, that is, separable from the cause of action alleged against the Dixie Eire Insurance Company, a North Carolina corporation, in order to permit the removal to the District Court of the United States for the Western District of North Carolina.
This separability depends upon whether the cause of action is several or joint.
Bank v. Hester,
188 N. C., 68;
Morganton v. Hutton,
187 N. C.,
740. Tbe removal statute, Judicial Code, sec. 28 (U. S., compiled 1918, p. 133), provides, amoug other causes for removal, that, “when iu any suit meutioued iu this section there shall be a controversy that is wholly between citizens of different states, and which can be fully determined as between them
(R. R. v. Grayson,
119 U. S., 240;
Wilson v. Oswego Township,
151 U. S., 56;
Storage Co. v. Ins. Co. of North America,
151 U. S., 368), then either one or more of the defendants actually interested in such controversy may remove said suit into the District Court of the United States.
A suit may, in this jurisdiction, consist of several legally distinct controversies, and in such suit a person is entitled to remove when such person is a defendant and the cause of action asserted against such person is separate and distinct, that is, may be wholly determined between such defendant and the plaintiff, or plaintiffs, so asserting it, and all the indispensably necessary parties on one side are citizens of different states from those on the other.
Hyde v. Ruble,
104 U. S., 407;
Ayres v. Wiswall,
112 U. S., 187;
Greer v. Mathieson,
190 U. S., 428;
Graves v. Corbin,
132 U. S., 571;
Yulee v.
Vose, 99 U. S., 539;
Corbin v. Van Brunt,
105 U. S., 576;
Frazer v. Jennison,
106 U. S., 191.
If the defendant, or defendants, who seek to remove, are jointly liable, either in tort
(Ry. Co. v. Dowell,
229 U. S., 102;
McAllister v. R. R. Co.,
243 U. S., 302), or in contract
(R. R. v. Ide,
114 U. S., 52;
Pirie v. Tvedt,
115 U. S., 41;
Core v. Vinal,
117 U. S., 347;
Sloane v. Anderson,
117 U. S., 275), the requisite separability does not exist.
If they are severally liable each defendant is liable only for the amount due by virtue of the cause of action' alleged against him, and is not liable for the cause of action alleged against his codefendant who is a resident of the same state with the plaintiff, then such defendant who is a resident of a different state from that of the plaintiff may remove.
Barney v. Latham,
103 U. S., 205;
Venner v. Sou. Pacific Co.
(C. C. A.), 279 Fed., 832, 836,
certiorari
denied, 258 U. S., 628.;
City of Winfield v. Wichita
(C. C. A.), 267 Fed., 47. Separable causes of action remain separable, although assigned to one plaintiff, when viewed on a motion to remove
(Patterson v. Bushnall,
203 Fed., 1021), and same is-true in a suit on individual note as to one defendant who is also sued on a joint note with another defendant.
Old Dominion Oil Co. v. Superior Oil Co.,
283 Fed., 636.
The test as to whether the alleged cause of action as to the defendants, who are of diverse citizenship, is separate and distinct, is whether a separate suit could have been maintained between plaintiff or plaintiffs against the defendants, in separate actions, and the determination of neither of such separate suits, is essential to the disposition of the other.
Morganton v. Hutton, supra; Greer v. Mathieson, supra; Peper v. Fordyce,
119 U. S., 468;
Fraser v. Jennison,
106 U. S., 191;
Boatman’s Bank v. Fritzen
(C. C. A.), 135 Fed., 650, writ to review denied by U. S. Supreme Court, 198 U. S., 586, 212 U. S., 368;
Torrence v. Shedd,
144 U. S., 531. A joint tort is not separable.
McAllister v. R. R. Co., supra; Hill v. R. R.,
178 N. C., 607;
Meyer v. Const. Co.,
100 U. S., 457;
Blake v. McKim,
103 U. S., 336;
Hyde v. Ruble,
104 U. S., 407;
Salem Trust Co. v. Finance Co.,
264 U. S., 188;
Ferry v. Wiggins,
287 Fed., 422;
City of Winfield v. Wichita, supra; Boatman’s Bank v. Fritzlen, supra; Torrence v. Shedd, supra; Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co. v. Dixon,
179 U. S., 132;
Sou. Ry. v. Carson,
194 U. S., 136;
R. R. v. Bonon,
200 U. S., 221;
R. R. v. Miller,
220 U. S., 413;
R. R. v. Schwyhart,
227 U. S., 184; Hughes on Federal Procedure (2 ed.), 333.
In determining this question, the rule is that only
indispensably necessary parties
should be considered.
Ferry v. Wiggins Co.,
287 Fed., 421;
Allen v. Hauss,
290 Fed., 253;
Galluchat v. Pittman,
288 Fed., 917;
Barney v. Latham, supra; Beal v. R. R.,
298 Fed., 180;
Bank v. Hester, supra; Cochran v. Montgomery Co.,
199 U. S., 272;
Sutton v. English,
246 U. S., 204;
Webb v. Sou. Ry. Co.,
235 Fed., 583;
Venner v. Sou. Pac. Co.,
279 Fed., 837;
Colleton Mercantile & Mfg. Co. v. Savannah River L. Co.,
280 Fed., 361;
City of Winfield v. Wichita Natural Gas Co., supra; Salem Trust Co. v. Manufacturers’ Finance Co.,
280 Fed., 805;
Old Dominion Oil Co. v. Superior Oil Co., supra; Smathers v. Leith,
92 N. E. Eq., 169.
The complaint is the basis for determining the question of separability.
Chicago Rock Island & Pac. Ry. v. Dowell,
229 U. S., 102, 113;
Ry. v. Thompson,
200 U. S., 206;
Ill. Central R. R. v. Sheegog,
215 U. S., 308;
Staton v. R. R.,
144 N. C., 135;
Hollifield v. Telephone Co.,
172 N. C., 714;
Patterson v. Lumber Co.,
175 N. C., 92;
Hough v. R. R.,
144 N. C., 700, 702;
Smith v. Quarries Co.,
164 N. C., 338;
Powers v. R. R.,
169 U. S., 92;
Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Dixon, supra; R. R. v. Ide,
114 U. S., 52;
Morganton v. Hutton, supra; Roberts v. Underwood Typewriter Co.,
257 Fed., 584;
Barney v. Latham, supra; Davis v. Rexford,
146 N. C., 418, 424;
Thorn, etc., Co. v. Fuller,
122 U. S., 535;
Tobacco Co. v. Tobacco Co.,
144 N. C., 352, 367;
Bank v. Hester, supra;
Hughes’ Federal Procedure (2 ed.), 320, sec. 120.
Applying the foregoing rules, we are constrained to hold that this cause is removable. There is no citation of authority needed to demonstrate the right of plaintiffs to maintain a separate suit against the movant without the joinder of the Dixie Fire Insurance Company. The ■cause of action sued on consists of the promise of each defendant, as set forth in its policy of insurance, based upon the consideration paid there
for, wbicb promise was accepted by the plaintiffs, and the event upon the happening of which the promise becomes absolute, the destruction of property insured by fire has happened, and the failure of each defendant to pay the amount claimed by plaintiff thereon. The defendants are not responsible for the promises of each other, either by way of joint obligation or as surety or guarantor. The coinsurance and prorating clauses in each policy are stipulated methods by which the amount of the liability of each defendant is calculated in the light of other events therein specified; hence, these causes of action are clearly separable and are so separate and distinct that separate actions can be maintained on each policy and complete relief as between the insured and the insurer had in such separate actions without the presence of the other defendant. As a matter of convenience and under the procedure statutes in this State, it is proper to join these defendants. In fact, all insurance companies who have issued policies on the property destroyed are proper parties, but not
necessary
parties.
Pretzfelder v. Ins. Co.,
116 N. C., 491;
Ayers v. Bailey,
162 N. C., 211;
Redmon v. Ins. Co.,
184 N. C., 483;
Bank v. Ins. Co.,
187 N. C., 97;
Bank v. Assurance Co.,
188 N. C., 747. In
Pretzf elder v. Ins: Co., supra,
there was a demurrer for misjoinder of causes of action, and the opinion interpreted in the light of this demurrer, and not upon a motion to remove, clearly holds that there was a proper joinder and the demurrer was overruled, and the rule therein announced has been applied without exception since that time.
The plaintiffs also contend that, if separability exists, as contemplated by the removal statute, it was error on the part of the court below to order the action removed in its entirety. Prior to the adoption of the present removal statute,-such separation would have been valid, but the present statute operates to remove the suit; the entire suit or action, as styled by our statutes (0. S., 391, 392, 394) as distinguished from the controversy, is removable.
Barney v. Latham, supra.
The reasoning of
Mr. Justice Harlan,
who delivered this opinion, is conclusive.
Connell v. Smiley,
156 U. S., 335; Hughes’ Federal Procedure, (2 ed.), 337;
Hoge v. Canton Ins. Office of Hong Kong,
103 Fed., 513;
Hyde v. Ruble, supra; Hamilton v. Empire Gas & Fuel Co.,
(C. C. A.), 297 Fed., 422,
certiorari
denied 13 October, 1924, Supreme Court Eep. Yol. 45, p. 92.
Upon the plain language of the removal statute as construed in these well-reasoned authorities, there is no error in the order of removal directing the removal of the entire suit.
Let is be certified that the judgment appealed from is
Affirmed.