Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11066 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 6:17-cv-00553-CEM, Bkcy No. 6:16-bkc-08182-RAC
In re:
ISRAEL OTERO,
Debtor. ________________________________________________________________
ISRAEL OTERO, Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SHELLPOINT MORTGAGE SERVICING, as servicer for The Bank of New York Mellon,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(October 24, 2018) Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 2 of 7
Before TJOFLAT, NEWSOM and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Israel Otero, a Chapter 7 debtor proceeding pro se, appeals the dismissal of
his appeal from the bankruptcy court’s grant of relief from the automatic stay in
favor of Shellpoint Mortgage Servicing (“Shellpoint”), as to its mortgage on
Otero’s Florida real property. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Prior to Otero’s bankruptcy filing in December 2016, Shellpoint obtained a
judgment of foreclosure against him in a Florida state court. After Otero filed his
Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition, Shellpoint moved for relief from the automatic stay,
requesting that the bankruptcy court enter an order allowing it to proceed with
foreclosure and enforce its mortgage under state law. The bankruptcy court
granted the motion; Otero appealed. The same day that Otero filed his notice of
appeal, the bankruptcy court granted him a Chapter 7 discharge. The district court
later dismissed his appeal as moot after concluding that this discharge dissolved
the automatic stay by operation of law and that it could no longer afford
meaningful relief on Otero’s claim that the bankruptcy court’s grant of stay relief
was erroneous.
On appeal, Otero argues that the district court erred in determining that his
appeal was moot. In addition to challenging the district court’s mootness
2 Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 3 of 7
conclusion, Otero asserts that Shellpoint was not a party-in-interest with standing
to seek relief from the automatic stay; he reiterates his previous arguments that, on
the merits, Shellpoint lacked authority to enforce the mortgage.
II. DISCUSSION
In the bankruptcy context, we sit as a “second court of review,” examining
“independently the factual and legal determinations of the bankruptcy court and
employ[ing] the same standards of review as the district court.” Brown v. Gore (In
re Brown), 742 F.3d 1309, 1315 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Torrens v. Hood (In re
Hood), 727 F.3d 1360, 1363 (11th Cir. 2013)). We review the bankruptcy court’s
legal conclusions de novo and will reverse its findings of fact only if clearly
erroneous. Id.
Under Article III of the United States Constitution, a federal court’s
jurisdiction is limited to active “cases” and “controversies.” Already, LLC v. Nike,
Inc., 568 U.S. 85, 90, 133 S. Ct. 721, 726 (2013). An “actual controversy” must
exist through all stages of the litigation. Id. at 90-91, 133 S. Ct. at 726. One
component of this requirement is the mootness doctrine. Christian Coal. of Fla.,
Inc. v. United States, 662 F.3d 1182, 1189 (11th Cir. 2011). A case becomes moot
“when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally
cognizable interest in the outcome.” Fla. Ass’n of Rehab. Facilities, Inc. v. State of
Fla. Dep’t of Health & Rehab. Servs., 225 F.3d 1208, 1216-17 (11th Cir. 2000)
3 Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 4 of 7
(quoting Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 496, 89 S. Ct. 1944, 1951 (1969)).
Even if the parties “vehemently . . . continue to dispute the lawfulness of the
conduct that precipitated the lawsuit, the case is moot if the dispute is no longer
embedded in any actual controversy about the plaintiffs’ particular legal rights.”
Already, LLC, 568 U.S. at 91, 133 S. Ct. at 727 (quotation omitted). “A district
court’s decision that a question is moot is subject to plenary review on appeal.”
Russo v. Seidler (In re Seidler), 44 F.3d 945, 947 (11th Cir. 1995).
In considering whether a case is moot, we “look at the events at the present
time, not at the time the complaint was filed or when the federal order on review
was issued.” Dow Jones & Co. v. Kaye, 256 F.3d 1251, 1254 (11th Cir. 2001).
“When events subsequent to the commencement of a lawsuit create a situation in
which the court can no longer give the plaintiff meaningful relief, the case is moot
and must be dismissed.” Fla. Ass’n of Rehab. Facilities, 225 F.3d at 1217.
In the bankruptcy context, we have held that “the dismissal of a [bankruptcy]
case moots an appeal arising from the debtor’s bankruptcy proceedings.” Neidich
v. Salas, 783 F.3d 1215, 1216 (11th Cir. 2015). In Neidich, the appellant sought
review of whether a debtor, in his Chapter 13 plan, could deduct scheduled
payments on a secured mortgage debt from disposable income even though he was
not making those payments. Id. at 1215. After the parties filed their briefs, the
debtor asked the bankruptcy court to dismiss his case without prejudice and the
4 Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 5 of 7
court complied. Id. at 1216. As a result, the debtor no longer had a Chapter 13
plan containing the objected-to deduction. Id. Accordingly, we concluded that
“any ruling on our part would amount to an impermissible advisory opinion
concerning the propriety of the challenged deduction,” and dismissed the trustee’s
appeal as moot. Id.
The filing of a bankruptcy petition operates as an automatic stay against
several actions by creditors, such as actions to enforce a lien, or the continuation of
judicial actions against the debtor that were commenced prior to the bankruptcy
filing. 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1). A bankruptcy court order “granting a motion for
relief from an automatic stay made in accordance with Rule 4001(a)(1) is stayed
until the expiration of 14 days after the entry of the order, unless the court orders
otherwise.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4001(a)(3). Additionally, regardless of whether a
creditor moves for relief from the automatic stay under § 362(d), the stay expires
by operation of law upon the bankruptcy court’s grant of a Chapter 7 discharge for
the debtor. 11 U.S.C.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11066 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 6:17-cv-00553-CEM, Bkcy No. 6:16-bkc-08182-RAC
In re:
ISRAEL OTERO,
Debtor. ________________________________________________________________
ISRAEL OTERO, Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SHELLPOINT MORTGAGE SERVICING, as servicer for The Bank of New York Mellon,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(October 24, 2018) Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 2 of 7
Before TJOFLAT, NEWSOM and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Israel Otero, a Chapter 7 debtor proceeding pro se, appeals the dismissal of
his appeal from the bankruptcy court’s grant of relief from the automatic stay in
favor of Shellpoint Mortgage Servicing (“Shellpoint”), as to its mortgage on
Otero’s Florida real property. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Prior to Otero’s bankruptcy filing in December 2016, Shellpoint obtained a
judgment of foreclosure against him in a Florida state court. After Otero filed his
Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition, Shellpoint moved for relief from the automatic stay,
requesting that the bankruptcy court enter an order allowing it to proceed with
foreclosure and enforce its mortgage under state law. The bankruptcy court
granted the motion; Otero appealed. The same day that Otero filed his notice of
appeal, the bankruptcy court granted him a Chapter 7 discharge. The district court
later dismissed his appeal as moot after concluding that this discharge dissolved
the automatic stay by operation of law and that it could no longer afford
meaningful relief on Otero’s claim that the bankruptcy court’s grant of stay relief
was erroneous.
On appeal, Otero argues that the district court erred in determining that his
appeal was moot. In addition to challenging the district court’s mootness
2 Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 3 of 7
conclusion, Otero asserts that Shellpoint was not a party-in-interest with standing
to seek relief from the automatic stay; he reiterates his previous arguments that, on
the merits, Shellpoint lacked authority to enforce the mortgage.
II. DISCUSSION
In the bankruptcy context, we sit as a “second court of review,” examining
“independently the factual and legal determinations of the bankruptcy court and
employ[ing] the same standards of review as the district court.” Brown v. Gore (In
re Brown), 742 F.3d 1309, 1315 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Torrens v. Hood (In re
Hood), 727 F.3d 1360, 1363 (11th Cir. 2013)). We review the bankruptcy court’s
legal conclusions de novo and will reverse its findings of fact only if clearly
erroneous. Id.
Under Article III of the United States Constitution, a federal court’s
jurisdiction is limited to active “cases” and “controversies.” Already, LLC v. Nike,
Inc., 568 U.S. 85, 90, 133 S. Ct. 721, 726 (2013). An “actual controversy” must
exist through all stages of the litigation. Id. at 90-91, 133 S. Ct. at 726. One
component of this requirement is the mootness doctrine. Christian Coal. of Fla.,
Inc. v. United States, 662 F.3d 1182, 1189 (11th Cir. 2011). A case becomes moot
“when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally
cognizable interest in the outcome.” Fla. Ass’n of Rehab. Facilities, Inc. v. State of
Fla. Dep’t of Health & Rehab. Servs., 225 F.3d 1208, 1216-17 (11th Cir. 2000)
3 Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 4 of 7
(quoting Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 496, 89 S. Ct. 1944, 1951 (1969)).
Even if the parties “vehemently . . . continue to dispute the lawfulness of the
conduct that precipitated the lawsuit, the case is moot if the dispute is no longer
embedded in any actual controversy about the plaintiffs’ particular legal rights.”
Already, LLC, 568 U.S. at 91, 133 S. Ct. at 727 (quotation omitted). “A district
court’s decision that a question is moot is subject to plenary review on appeal.”
Russo v. Seidler (In re Seidler), 44 F.3d 945, 947 (11th Cir. 1995).
In considering whether a case is moot, we “look at the events at the present
time, not at the time the complaint was filed or when the federal order on review
was issued.” Dow Jones & Co. v. Kaye, 256 F.3d 1251, 1254 (11th Cir. 2001).
“When events subsequent to the commencement of a lawsuit create a situation in
which the court can no longer give the plaintiff meaningful relief, the case is moot
and must be dismissed.” Fla. Ass’n of Rehab. Facilities, 225 F.3d at 1217.
In the bankruptcy context, we have held that “the dismissal of a [bankruptcy]
case moots an appeal arising from the debtor’s bankruptcy proceedings.” Neidich
v. Salas, 783 F.3d 1215, 1216 (11th Cir. 2015). In Neidich, the appellant sought
review of whether a debtor, in his Chapter 13 plan, could deduct scheduled
payments on a secured mortgage debt from disposable income even though he was
not making those payments. Id. at 1215. After the parties filed their briefs, the
debtor asked the bankruptcy court to dismiss his case without prejudice and the
4 Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 5 of 7
court complied. Id. at 1216. As a result, the debtor no longer had a Chapter 13
plan containing the objected-to deduction. Id. Accordingly, we concluded that
“any ruling on our part would amount to an impermissible advisory opinion
concerning the propriety of the challenged deduction,” and dismissed the trustee’s
appeal as moot. Id.
The filing of a bankruptcy petition operates as an automatic stay against
several actions by creditors, such as actions to enforce a lien, or the continuation of
judicial actions against the debtor that were commenced prior to the bankruptcy
filing. 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1). A bankruptcy court order “granting a motion for
relief from an automatic stay made in accordance with Rule 4001(a)(1) is stayed
until the expiration of 14 days after the entry of the order, unless the court orders
otherwise.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4001(a)(3). Additionally, regardless of whether a
creditor moves for relief from the automatic stay under § 362(d), the stay expires
by operation of law upon the bankruptcy court’s grant of a Chapter 7 discharge for
the debtor. 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(2)(C). It also expires when a bankruptcy case is
dismissed. 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(2)(B).
Finally, the filing of a timely and sufficient notice of appeal normally divests
a lower court of authority to proceed further with respect to any matters involved
in the appeal, except in aid of the appeal. See United States v. Diveroli, 729 F.3d
1339, 1341-44 (11th Cir. 2013). The general rule regarding divestiture of
5 Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 6 of 7
jurisdiction, however, does not apply to collateral matters not affecting the
questions presented on appeal. Weaver v. Fla. Power & Light Co., 172 F.3d 771,
773 (11th Cir. 1999).
Otero’s challenge to the bankruptcy court’s grant of relief from the
automatic stay was rendered moot by the bankruptcy court’s discharge order. We
have specifically held that “the dismissal of a [bankruptcy] case moots an appeal
arising from the debtor’s bankruptcy proceedings.” 1 Neidich, 783 F.3d at 1216.
Although the case below was not dismissed, the automatic stay in question was
dissolved when Otero received his discharge, so any ruling on our part would
amount to “an impermissible advisory opinion concerning” the propriety of the
order granting relief from the automatic stay. Id.; see also 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(2).
Further, Otero’s arguments that his appeal is not moot are meritless. As to
Rule 4001(a)(3), that Rule simply prevents creditors from taking stay-violative
actions during the 14-day window; it says nothing about the bankruptcy court’s
ability to continue with the proceedings following a grant of stay relief.
Additionally, although Otero’s notice of appeal divested the bankruptcy court of
jurisdiction over its grant of relief from the automatic stay, it did not prevent the
bankruptcy court from continuing to proceed with the bankruptcy case in general.
1 Although we have not issued a published opinion applying this rule where the bankruptcy court enters a discharge but does not dismiss the case, the Ninth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel has held that a bankruptcy discharge moots an appeal from the grant of relief from the automatic stay. Ellis v. Yu (In re Ellis), 523 B.R. 673, 677-78 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2014). 6 Case: 18-11066 Date Filed: 10/24/2018 Page: 7 of 7
Weaver, 172 F.3d at 773. Finally, contrary to Otero’s arguments, issues regarding
Shellpoint’s authority to enforce the mortgage do not present a live controversy in
the context of this appeal and are instead questions for the state court in the
foreclosure proceeding, as the bankruptcy court’s only role below was to determine
whether to lift the automatic stay. 2
Accordingly, the district court properly dismissed Otero’s appeal as moot,
and we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
2 Having concluded that Otero’s appeal from the grant of stay relief was moot, we decline to consider his challenges to Shellpoint’s status as a party-in-interest or its authority to enforce the mortgage. 7