Ladd, J.
The plaintiff is a 'building and loan association organized in 1891, and on February 13, 1897, loaned the defendant $500. She gave her promissory note, and as security executed a mortgage and assigned [331]*331five shares of stock which she then received in the association. The note recited that it was given as an advance payment for the stock and her agreement to pay $8.50 monthly on said stock, $3 as dues, $3 • as premium, and $2.50 as interest, the first payment' on date thereof and thereafter “on the 1st day of each and every month, until the dues paid, together with the earnings accruing on each share of the stock of said association held by said Sarah E. Fitch and assigned to said association as collateral security for the payment of this note, amount to one hundred dollars.” On this stock defendant had paid eighty-three payments, besides three payments of dues in advance, and she claims to have made three premium and interest payments in advance, though these do not appear on her passbook. The answer pleaded: (1) Usury; (2) payment, and that the stock had matured; and (3) that defendant was induced to' borrow the money and become a member of the association by its representation and guaranty that “said five shares of stock would mature and pay off said loan in 84 months,” and that plaintiff was “precluded from claiming that said stock had not matured when defendant ceased making further payments.”
1. Building and loan associations: contracts: varianee by parol. Taking these defenses up in the reverse order, we have to say that the evidence warranted the conclusion that the agents of the association orally represented to defendant that eighty-four payments would mature the stock, but there was no allega- . _ _ . _ tion that the statements were knowingly # ~ ° false or made to deceive. The contention seems to be that the association should be estopped thereby from contending otherwise. We do not think so. Whatever may have been the representations, she agreed by the terms of the note that payments were to be made until the dues and earnings on each share of the stock amounted to $100. Moreover, the certificate of stock which she received and assigned as security recited that, [332]*332when the payments and profits credited amounted to $100,. the stock was mature, and that “when payments of ninety full months have been duly paid to said association the board of directors shall pay to the legal holder of this certificate its full book value if demanded.” The articles of the association provided that “this class of stock may be settled for at book value after ninety payments have been duly made.” So these several instruments advised her that more than eighty-four payments were contemplated, and, as they embodied the undertakings of the association as well as herself in writing or print, must be regarded, in the absence of any charge of fraud, as evidencing the agreements between them as finally consummated. What may have been said in the preliminary negotiations was merged in the written agreements, and evidence thereof to vary the latter was not admissible. Congower v. Ass’n, 94 Iowa, 505; Phillipy v. Homesteaders, 140 Iowa, 562; McEnery v. McEnery, 110 Iowa, 718.
2. Same: presumption as knowledge of writings: toppe;. ' As contended, there was no evidence as to whether defendant knew the contents of the several instruments; but no reason to t'he contrary being' shown, she is conclusively presumed to. have known the provisions oi the note, at least, when she executed it. Chapman v. Chapman, 132 Iowa, 5; Bonnot Co. v. Newman, 109 Iowa, 580. And as she received the certificate of stock and became a member of the association, mutual in character, it is to be inferred that she was aware of the provisions of the certificate and of the articles of incorporation. This being so, it is manifest that the association was not estopped from insisting upon the terms of the contract as reduced to writing.
[333]*3333. Pleading: denial of corporate capacity: question not raised below. [332]*332II. To sustain the charge of usury, appellant argues. that plaintiff is not a building and loan association, and hence was not authorized to exact interest at a higher rate than eight percent per annum. It is enough to say that plaintiff expressly avers that it “is a corporation or[333]*333ganized under the laws of Iowa for the purpose of carrying on the building and loan association business in .accordance with said laws.” This * ... ' . « ^as not put m issue by the assertion of facts relied on to show otherwise, as required in section 3628 of the Code, or in any other manner, and the allegation of usury alone did not put in issue the plaintiff’s corporate capacity. Moreover, the point was not made in the district court, and appellant is precluded- from trying her case on a theory urged in this court for the first time. Assuming the validity of the incorporation, the contract was not usurious. Iowa Deposit & Loan Co. v. Matthews, 126 Iowa, 743; Bacon v. Savings & Loan Ass’n, 121 Iowa, 449; Edworthy v. Ass’n, 114 Iowa, 220.
III. The defendant, up to and including January 1, 1904, had paid eighty-six payments of dues, or $258. As the Twenty-Eighth General Assembly prohibited any building and loan association from charging interest in excess of 8 percent per annum, and plaintiff continued making loans, it concluded to reduce the rate of interest on outstanding loans to 8 percent, and accordingly the reduction in interest and premium as computed by the association amounted to $94.60. The net dividends credited were $54.25, making a total of $406.85 as the book value of the stock January 1, 1904. This deducted from the face value of the stock left a balance of $93.15. No payments thereafter were made by defendant. Since January 1, 1904, the association had not earned any dividends, and appellee contends that the balance owing the association is to be ascertained by dividing the above sum of $93.15 by the monthly dues of $3, plus the excess monthly interest of $2.15, giving eighteen as the number of monthly dues, interest and premium necessary to mature the stock. This would amount to $153. To this it added fines at the rate of three cents per share for the first month and [334]*334five cents per share for each month during the period of the delinquency, or $40.95 in all. ' In this manner it is said the stock would be matured July 1, 1905, and the total of these sums should draw interest at the rate of 8 percent per annum from that date.
4. Building and loan associations: assessment of fines. IV. The authority for the assessment of fines is found in section 1903a, Code Supp. 1902, which provides that: “Any stockholder _ in arrears in payments may be a sum n°t in excess of three cents 031 one hundred dollars each for the first montips delinquency and five cents per share on one hundred dollars each for each succeeding month’s delinquency; but said penalty shall only be due and payable from the profits belonging to said delinquent.” It appeared that no profits were earned during defendant’s alleged deliquency and for this reason under the terms of the statute, no fines could be assessed. While a profit earning association may assess fines against delinquents, it is manifest that no such penalty should be imposed when no income is produced on payments when received. In such a situation the association suffers no injury if the member retains his money.
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Ladd, J.
The plaintiff is a 'building and loan association organized in 1891, and on February 13, 1897, loaned the defendant $500. She gave her promissory note, and as security executed a mortgage and assigned [331]*331five shares of stock which she then received in the association. The note recited that it was given as an advance payment for the stock and her agreement to pay $8.50 monthly on said stock, $3 as dues, $3 • as premium, and $2.50 as interest, the first payment' on date thereof and thereafter “on the 1st day of each and every month, until the dues paid, together with the earnings accruing on each share of the stock of said association held by said Sarah E. Fitch and assigned to said association as collateral security for the payment of this note, amount to one hundred dollars.” On this stock defendant had paid eighty-three payments, besides three payments of dues in advance, and she claims to have made three premium and interest payments in advance, though these do not appear on her passbook. The answer pleaded: (1) Usury; (2) payment, and that the stock had matured; and (3) that defendant was induced to' borrow the money and become a member of the association by its representation and guaranty that “said five shares of stock would mature and pay off said loan in 84 months,” and that plaintiff was “precluded from claiming that said stock had not matured when defendant ceased making further payments.”
1. Building and loan associations: contracts: varianee by parol. Taking these defenses up in the reverse order, we have to say that the evidence warranted the conclusion that the agents of the association orally represented to defendant that eighty-four payments would mature the stock, but there was no allega- . _ _ . _ tion that the statements were knowingly # ~ ° false or made to deceive. The contention seems to be that the association should be estopped thereby from contending otherwise. We do not think so. Whatever may have been the representations, she agreed by the terms of the note that payments were to be made until the dues and earnings on each share of the stock amounted to $100. Moreover, the certificate of stock which she received and assigned as security recited that, [332]*332when the payments and profits credited amounted to $100,. the stock was mature, and that “when payments of ninety full months have been duly paid to said association the board of directors shall pay to the legal holder of this certificate its full book value if demanded.” The articles of the association provided that “this class of stock may be settled for at book value after ninety payments have been duly made.” So these several instruments advised her that more than eighty-four payments were contemplated, and, as they embodied the undertakings of the association as well as herself in writing or print, must be regarded, in the absence of any charge of fraud, as evidencing the agreements between them as finally consummated. What may have been said in the preliminary negotiations was merged in the written agreements, and evidence thereof to vary the latter was not admissible. Congower v. Ass’n, 94 Iowa, 505; Phillipy v. Homesteaders, 140 Iowa, 562; McEnery v. McEnery, 110 Iowa, 718.
2. Same: presumption as knowledge of writings: toppe;. ' As contended, there was no evidence as to whether defendant knew the contents of the several instruments; but no reason to t'he contrary being' shown, she is conclusively presumed to. have known the provisions oi the note, at least, when she executed it. Chapman v. Chapman, 132 Iowa, 5; Bonnot Co. v. Newman, 109 Iowa, 580. And as she received the certificate of stock and became a member of the association, mutual in character, it is to be inferred that she was aware of the provisions of the certificate and of the articles of incorporation. This being so, it is manifest that the association was not estopped from insisting upon the terms of the contract as reduced to writing.
[333]*3333. Pleading: denial of corporate capacity: question not raised below. [332]*332II. To sustain the charge of usury, appellant argues. that plaintiff is not a building and loan association, and hence was not authorized to exact interest at a higher rate than eight percent per annum. It is enough to say that plaintiff expressly avers that it “is a corporation or[333]*333ganized under the laws of Iowa for the purpose of carrying on the building and loan association business in .accordance with said laws.” This * ... ' . « ^as not put m issue by the assertion of facts relied on to show otherwise, as required in section 3628 of the Code, or in any other manner, and the allegation of usury alone did not put in issue the plaintiff’s corporate capacity. Moreover, the point was not made in the district court, and appellant is precluded- from trying her case on a theory urged in this court for the first time. Assuming the validity of the incorporation, the contract was not usurious. Iowa Deposit & Loan Co. v. Matthews, 126 Iowa, 743; Bacon v. Savings & Loan Ass’n, 121 Iowa, 449; Edworthy v. Ass’n, 114 Iowa, 220.
III. The defendant, up to and including January 1, 1904, had paid eighty-six payments of dues, or $258. As the Twenty-Eighth General Assembly prohibited any building and loan association from charging interest in excess of 8 percent per annum, and plaintiff continued making loans, it concluded to reduce the rate of interest on outstanding loans to 8 percent, and accordingly the reduction in interest and premium as computed by the association amounted to $94.60. The net dividends credited were $54.25, making a total of $406.85 as the book value of the stock January 1, 1904. This deducted from the face value of the stock left a balance of $93.15. No payments thereafter were made by defendant. Since January 1, 1904, the association had not earned any dividends, and appellee contends that the balance owing the association is to be ascertained by dividing the above sum of $93.15 by the monthly dues of $3, plus the excess monthly interest of $2.15, giving eighteen as the number of monthly dues, interest and premium necessary to mature the stock. This would amount to $153. To this it added fines at the rate of three cents per share for the first month and [334]*334five cents per share for each month during the period of the delinquency, or $40.95 in all. ' In this manner it is said the stock would be matured July 1, 1905, and the total of these sums should draw interest at the rate of 8 percent per annum from that date.
4. Building and loan associations: assessment of fines. IV. The authority for the assessment of fines is found in section 1903a, Code Supp. 1902, which provides that: “Any stockholder _ in arrears in payments may be a sum n°t in excess of three cents 031 one hundred dollars each for the first montips delinquency and five cents per share on one hundred dollars each for each succeeding month’s delinquency; but said penalty shall only be due and payable from the profits belonging to said delinquent.” It appeared that no profits were earned during defendant’s alleged deliquency and for this reason under the terms of the statute, no fines could be assessed. While a profit earning association may assess fines against delinquents, it is manifest that no such penalty should be imposed when no income is produced on payments when received. In such a situation the association suffers no injury if the member retains his money. On the other hand, if it is earning dividends, there is no good reason for permitting one who omits to keep up his payments to share these without suffering some deduction therefrom because of the loss occasioned by his delinquency. The fiscal year of building and loan associations corresponds with the calendar year (section 1914, Code), and after the profits have been distributed and set apart to shareholders they are not to be included in those here contemplated. The profits out of which fines may be taken are those accruing to the member during the fiscal year and which have not been appropriated to the respective members as dividends.
[335]*3355. Evidence: books of account: copied: parol [334]*334evidence. V. The secretary of the association testified that the various statements offered in evidence, such as of dividends, the amount due on the loan, and of the cost of [335]*335maturing it, were correct and as they appeared on plaintiff’s books, and that these could not conveniently be brought to court. When these statements were offered, they were obieeted to as not the best evidence. The objection must be sustained. Creswell v. Stack, 68 Iowa, 110; Peck v. Parchen, 52 Iowa, 46; Halstead v. Cuppy, 67 Iowa, 600. The mere matter of inconvenience will not justify the substitution of copies for the original entry of books of accounts, though testimony of what books do not disclose and expert opinion of the result of an examination of extensive accounts is sometimes admissible. In re Estate of Colton, 129 Iowa, 542; State v. Cadwell, 79 Iowa, 432. And of this character was the testimony of the secretary brought out in the course of cross-examination. As the plaintiff had merely offered the statement in evidence, this testimony was original and was to the effect that dividends in the sum of $69.30 had been earned prior to January 1, 1904, out of which expenses amounting to $15.05 had been taken, leaving $54.25 as earned; also, that the monthly reduction of $2.15 from interest and premiums for forty-four months owing to the reduction in interest to 8 percent making $94.60 should be allowed; that these sums should be added to the eighty-six payments of dues, or $258; and that the total, or $406.85, would be the book value of the stock January 1, 1904. This evidence was the result of computation from the books, and as it was drawn from the witness by the defendant, and is uncontroverted, must be held to establish the book value at the date named. The witness also testified that no profits had been earned since that time, and that therefore out of the monthly payments of $8.50, which defendant had undertaken to make until the stock matured, $3 as dues and $2.15 as reduction of interest, or $5.15 would have been applied on the balance due on the note. The computation indicates that eighteen month[336]*336ly payments were necessary to mature the stock, and that this would have matured the stock July 1, 1905.
6. Building and loan associatfon: 'rights" of borrower. VI. No new business has been done by the association since January 1, 1904. Since then it has been engaged in winding up its affairs. Its earnings have been consumed by its losses. Appellant contends 0 ' 7 . ¿hat, because of the association having undertaken voluntary liquidation, her obligafion should be adjusted as an ordinary loan, and she be held to the payment of but the book value January 1, 1904, with interest thereon at 8 percent per annum; but the business of the association ceased only in the matter of making new loans.’ Otherwise it was carried on as before and with the design of maturing the stock of the several members as contemplated in its issuance. So there was no breach of the contract on the part of the association, nor has it been put in a situation where it can not fulfill the obligations undertaken. For this reason the liability of defendant is not to be computed as though the corporation was disabled from fulfilling its part of the agreement, as when a receiver is appointed to wind up its affairs, or when its life is suddenly terminated by present liquidation. See Endlich on Building & Loan Associations (2d Ed.), section 531; 7 Thomp. Corp., section 8796; International B. & L. Ass’n v. Braden (Tex. Civ. App.) 32 S. W. 704.
The decree will be modified so as to omit the fines and allow plaintiff judgment for $153, with interest at 8 percent per annum from July 1, 1905. — Modified, and affirmed.