Internet Sports International, LTD. v. Amelco USA, LLC

Opinion

4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6

7 Internet Sports International, Ltd., Case No. 2:23-cv-00893-ART-NJK 8 Plaintiff(s), Order 9 v. [Docket Nos. 316, 317] 10 Amelco USA, LLC, et al., 11 Defendant(s). 12 Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion for sanctions sought pursuant to Rule 13 37(c)(1). Docket No. 317; see also Docket No. 316 (sealed version). Plaintiff filed a response in 14 opposition. Docket No. 321. Defendants filed a reply. Docket No. 323.1 The motion is properly 15 resolved without a hearing. See Local Rule 78-1. For the reasons discussed below, the Court 16 GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the motion for sanctions. 17 I. BACKGROUND 18 This case involves allegations that Defendants stole confidential information and trade 19 secrets to make sports-betting kiosks. An extensive background has been provided elsewhere and 20 will not be repeated herein. See Docket No. 314 at 1-7 (summary judgment order). Pertinent to 21 the instant dispute, the Court ruled on numerous discovery disputes and compelled in part further 22 discovery responses. See Docket No. 286. On February 3, 2025, Plaintiff served a spreadsheet 23 entitled “ESI Identification” that, inter alia, identified for the first time three documents as being 24 responsive to discovery requests (ISI00174866, ISI00174867, and ISI00174868). See, e.g., 25 Docket No. 317-6 at ¶ 5. Defendants then filed a motion for case-dispositive sanctions pursuant 26 27 1 The native pagination in the papers does not always align with the CMECF pagination. 28 The Court cites herein to the CMECF pagination. 1 to Rule 37(c)(1), arguing that this production evidences discovery misconduct warranting 2 dismissal. See Docket No. 317. That is the matter currently before the Court. 3 II. STANDARDS 4 Particularly when a party seeks the imposition of significant sanctions, the Court takes very 5 seriously the requirement that the movant provide adequate factual and legal support for its request. 6 See Taddeo v. Am. Invsco Corp., Case No. 2:12-cv-01110-APG-NJK, 2015 WL 751072, at *1 (D. 7 Nev. Feb. 20, 2015); see also, e.g., Tomahawk Mfg., Inc. v. Spherical Indus., Inc., Case No. 2:23- 8 cv-01007-APG-NJK, 2025 WL 342094, at *2 (D. Nev. Jan. 30, 2025). In assessing whether to 9 impose sanctions, the Court hews closely to the standards and requirements applicable to the cited 10 authority. See, e.g., Borenstein v. Animal Found., Case No. 2:19-cv-00985-CDS-NJK, 2024 WL 11 6069434, at *1-2 (D. Nev. Feb. 14, 2024). The Court does so in accordance with Ninth Circuit 12 law. See Weissman v. Quail Lodge, Inc., 179 F.3d 1194, 1200 (9th Cir. 1999) (a court imposing 13 sanctions “must clearly delineate under which authority it acts to insure that the attendant 14 requirements are met”); Keegan Mgmt. Co. Sec. Litig., 78 F.3d 431, 435 (9th Cir. 1996) (“For a 15 sanction to be validly imposed, the conduct must be sanctionable under the authority relied on”) 16 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The pertinent question is not whether some sort 17 of wrongdoing has occurred; the inquiry is whether the movant has met the standards that govern 18 its specific request for sanctions. 19 Defendants seek the imposition of sanctions pursuant to Rule 37(c)(1) of the Federal Rules 20 of Civil Procedure,2 which provides as follows: 21 (1) Failure to Disclose or Supplement. If a party fails to provide information or identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), 22 the party is not allowed to use that information or witness to supply 23 2 The motion makes passing reference to “inherent authority” sanctions. Docket No. 317 24 at 10. The Court declines to address a request that was not supported by meaningfully developed argument. See, e.g., Kor Media Grp., LLC v. Green, 294 F.R.D. 579, 582 n.3 (D. Nev. 2013). 25 The Court also does not opine herein on whether Defendants could have obtained relief 26 under some other legal authority because Defendants did not file a motion seeking relief pursuant to other legal authority. The time for seeking such relief has now expired. See, e.g., Kona Enterps., 27 Inc. v. Estate of Bishop, 229 F.3d 877, 890 (9th Cir. 2000) (explaining that a motion for reconsideration “may not be used to raise arguments or present evidence for the first time when 28 they could reasonably have been raised earlier in the litigation” (emphasis in original)). evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure 1 was substantially justified or is harmless. In addition to or instead of this sanction, the court, on motion and after giving an opportunity to 2 be heard: 3 (A) may order payment of the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by the failure; 4 (B) may inform the jury of the party’s failure; and 5 (C) may impose other appropriate sanctions, including any 6 of the orders listed in Rule 37(b)(2)(A)(i)-(vi). 7 Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). Hence, obtaining sanctions pursuant to Rule 37(c)(1) entails a multi-step 8 process, which begins with the movant bearing the burden of showing that the opposing party 9 failed to provide information or identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or Rule 26(e). See 10 Silvagni v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 320 F.R.D. 237, 241 (D. Nev. 2017). The Court applies these 11 rules with an eye toward common sense, keeping in mind the purposes that the rules are intended 12 to accomplish. Id. at 240 (quoting Jackson v. United Artists Theatre Circuit, Inc., 278 F.R.D. 586, 13 592 (D. Nev. 2011)). 14 Rule 26(a) requires certain information be exchanged as initial disclosures to put a litigant 15 “on notice of the factual and legal contentions of the opposing party.” Silvagni, 320 F.R.D. at 240. 16 As made plain by the rule’s language, the scope of the initial disclosure obligation is limited to 17 information that the disclosing party “may use to support its claims or defenses.” See Fed. R. Civ. 18 P. 26(a)(1)(A)(i)-(ii); see also Big City Dynasty v. FP Holdings, L.P., 336 F.R.D. 507, 511 (D. 19 Nev. 2020) (“courts generally interpret the discovery provisions in the Federal Rules of Civil 20 Procedure based on their plain meaning”). The scope of required initial disclosures is not measured 21 by the more expansive discovery concept of relevance. See, e.g., Werbicky v. Tree Servicing, LLC, 22 Case No. 2:12-cv-01567-JAD-NJK, 2014 WL 5470466, at *2 (D. Nev. Oct. 27, 2014).3 The reach 23 of the disclosure obligation similarly does not encompass information that will solely aid the 24 opposing party. See Greene v. Alan Waxler Grp. Charter Servs., LLC, Case No. 2:09-cv-00748- 25

26 3 Defendants rely extensively on Headwater Research LLC v. Samsung Electronics Co., Case No. 2:22-cv-0422-JRG-RSP, 2024 WL 3647624, at *1-3 (E.D. Tex. Aug. 2, 2024). See, e.g., 27 Docket No. 317 at 22-23. In that case, the court had issued a discovery order requiring production of all information “relevant to the pleaded claims or defenses.” See id. at *1. No such order issued 28 in this case and, as stated above, the rules themselves are not so expansive. 1 JCM-NJK, 2014 WL 2808980, at *2 (D. Nev. June 19, 2014) (quoting 8A Wright, Miller, & 2 Marcus, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE, § 2053, at 365-66 (2010), and collecting cases). 3 Rule 26(e) governs the duty to supplement initial disclosures and discovery responses. A 4 party has a duty to supplement initial disclosures and discovery responses in timely fashion “if the 5 party learns that in some material respect the disclosure or response is incomplete or incorrect.” 6 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e)(1)(A). The supplementation requirement is designed to correct inaccuracies 7 based on new information that was not available previously. See, e.g., Patton v. Wal-Mart Stores, 8 Inc., Case No. 2:12-cv-02142-GMN-VCF, 2013 WL 6158461, at *3 (D. Nev. Nov. 20, 2013). 9 III. THRESHOLD PROCEDURAL ARGUMENTS 10 Before addressing the merits of the pending motion, the Court resolves Plaintiff’s 11 procedural arguments. Plaintiff argues that the instant motion should be denied because it seeks 12 in the same filing to modify the dispositive motion deadline and to impose dispositive sanctions. 13 See Docket No. 321 at 11 (citing Local Rule IC 2-2(b)). The Court declines to deny Defendants’ 14 motion on that basis. Cf. Adherence v. CVS Health Corp., Case No. 2:24-cv-01590-JCM-NJK, 15 2025 WL 1393970, at *1 (D. Nev. Apr. 7, 2025). 16 Plaintiff also argues that the motion is untimely. See Docket No. 321 at 11-18; see also 17 Docket No. 311 (prior order). While the deadline to file dispositive motions is long-expired, 18 Plaintiff did not provide the subject material in dispute until February 2025, see Docket No. 317- 19 6 at ¶ 6, and Defendants attest that they required expert input to formulate their motion, which they 20 initially filed a little more than two months after the disclosures, see id. at ¶ 7, see also Docket No. 21 297 (initial motion for these sanctions). Given all of the pertinent circumstances, the Court agrees 22 with Defendants that both good cause and excusable neglect exist such that the motion is 23 considered timely filed. See Branch Banking & Trust Co. v. DMSI, LLC, 871 F.3d 751, 764-65 24 (9th Cir. 2017) (outlining standards). 25 IV. ANALYSIS 26 Defendants’ motion takes something of a spaghetti approach, cf. Independent Towers of 27 Wash. v. Wash., 350 F.3d 925, 929 (9th Cir. 2003), making wide-ranging accusations of 28 misconduct. There is a structured analysis that applies to Rule 37(c)(1) sanctions, which begins 1 with a determination of whether Defendants have established specifically a violation of Rule 26(a) 2 or Rule 26(e). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). The Court agrees with Plaintiff that Defendants mostly 3 fail to make that threshold showing. 4 A. Initial Disclosures 5 Rule 26(a) governs initial disclosure obligations. Defendants argue that Plaintiff violated 6 its initial disclosure obligations pursuant to Rule 26(a) by not producing the subject source code 7 earlier in the case.4 As to the specific information at issue, Plaintiff argues that the source code 8 documented in ISI00174867 and ISI00174868 is not pertinent to its claims and, more specifically, 9 that it “has no intention of offering that code as evidence” in this case. Docket No. 321 at 21 10 (emphasis omitted). Plaintiff indicates that it will stipulate that it will not seek to introduce either 11 of these files into evidence. Docket No. 321 at 21 n.59.5 Defendants provide no meaningful 12 argument as to how Plaintiff violated its initial disclosure obligation as to information on which it 13 does not intend to rely. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(i)-(ii). Defendants did not meet their 14 burden of establishing an initial disclosure violation as to this information. 15 The picture is not so rosy for Plaintiff with respect to ISI00174866. Plaintiff indicates that 16 it will indeed rely on that code in support of a claim in this case. See Docket No. 321 at 21. There 17 is also no dispute that Plaintiff first disclosed this document after the close of discovery. See, e.g., 18 Docket No. 317-6 at ¶ 5. Hence, it would appear that Plaintiff violated its disclosure obligation 19

20 4 Plaintiff is correct that the cases cited by Defendants do not resolve whether the subject information must be provided with initial disclosures. See Docket No. 321 at 22-23 n.64. In 21 Lynchval Systems Inc. v. Chicago Consulting Actuaries, Inc., the Court addressed the sufficiency of interrogatory answers. See Case No. 95 C 1490, 1998 WL 151814, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 27, 22 1998). In NEXT Payment Solutions, Inc. v. CLEAResult Consulting, Inc., the Court addressed the sufficiency of evidence at summary judgment. See Case No. 1:17-cv-8829, 2020 WL 2836778, at 23 *16 (N.D. Ill. May 31, 2020). In Plus One, LLC v. Capital Services LLC, the Court denied as moot a challenge to a trade secret description given the intention to supplement it. See Case No. 23-cv- 24 2016 (KMM/JFD), 2024 WL 4601880, at *2 (D. Minn. Oct. 29, 2024). Hence, this unpublished, out-of-circuit authority does not aid Plaintiff here. 25 5 Plaintiff also indicates that it “no longer asserts any claim on any code used to transfer 26 lines to TV display or hexadecimal code[, so it] does not object to the exclusion of evidence on such code and will not seek to introduce any such evidence.” Id. at 21 n.58. Given those 27 representations, the Court orders that Plaintiff is prohibited from introducing the identified documents and code into evidence. Cf. PlayUp, Inc. v. Mintas, Case No. 2:21-cv-02129-GMN- 28 NJK, 2024 WL 3621352, at *2 (D. Nev. Aug. 1, 2024). 1 with respect to the information within this document. Nonetheless, Plaintiff argues that it did not 2 violate its disclosure obligation as to this information because Defendants have had it in their 3 possession since 2019. See Docket No. 321 at 21. Plaintiff cites to no legal authority that such a 4 circumstance obviates the need to identify information in an initial disclosure, see id., and 5 Defendants dispute that contention in a footnote without themselves citing legal authority 6 regarding initial disclosure obligations, see Docket No. 323 at 8 n.3. The parties also raise—but 7 fail to develop—arguments concerning whether and how the inspection circumstances of this case 8 impact the disclosure obligation. See, e.g., Docket No. 321 at 8-9. Given the rulings herein 9 separating the wheat from the chaff, the Court will leave these issues for more focused briefing as 10 permitted below. 11 B. Supplementation of Discovery Responses 12 Defendants also seek sanctions based on their contention that Plaintiff provided improper 13 responses to certain discovery requests and did not provide the subject information until compelled 14 to do so by the Court. See, e.g., Docket No. 317 at 4-10. Plaintiff responds that it provided 15 responses to the discovery requests that were propounded and that it should not be penalized for 16 producing discovery that was ordered after a ruling on the related motion to compel. See, e.g., 17 Docket No. 321 at 19-22. 18 The inquiry in addressing a request for Rule 37(c)(1) sanctions based on propounded 19 discovery is whether a party violated its duty to supplement its discovery responses. See Fed. R. 20 Civ. P. 37(c)(1) (providing that sanctions may be predicated on a Rule 26(e) violation). The 21 supplementation duty is triggered when a party “learns” that its discovery response was incomplete 22 or incorrect. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e)(1)(A). Hence, as recognized by Defendants in their motion, 23 supplementation in this context “means correcting inaccuracies . . . based on information that was 24 not available at the time of the initial disclosure.” Docket No. 317 at 10. The basis of Defendants’ 25 motion is not that Plaintiff obtained new information from which it learned that its discovery 26 responses were incomplete or incorrect, and that Plaintiff failed to supplement. Defendants’ 27 motion is predicated on the notably different contention that Plaintiff purposefully crafted 28 improper responses to discovery and then subsequently provided the information at issue after the 1} Court granted discovery motion practice. See id. at 4-10. Even assuming Defendants’ 2|)| characterizations of Plaintiff’s conduct is accurate, which is disputed, the motion does not explain how the square peg of alleged conduct fits within the round hole of the duty to supplement. Having 4] failed to meaningfully explain how the conduct described constitutes a failure to “supplement,” Defendants failed to meet their burden of establishing such a violation. 6] V. CONCLUSION 7 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS in part Defendants’ motion for 8|| sanctions in that Plaintiff is prohibited from introducing into evidence either ISI00174867 and 9] ISI00174868, as well as any code used to transfer lines to TV display or hexadecimal code. The 10] Court otherwise DENIES Defendants’ motion for sanctions. With respect to the information 11] within ISI00174866, this denial is without prejudice to Defendants bringing a renewed motion for Rule 37(c)(1) sanctions limited to that specific document. That motion must be filed no later than 13|| October 8, 2025. 14 IT IS SO ORDERED. 15 Dated: September 24, 2025

17 United SoPRE agistrate Judge 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28