International Assoc. of Machin v. Ray Allen

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedSeptember 13, 2018
Docket17-1178
StatusPublished

This text of International Assoc. of Machin v. Ray Allen (International Assoc. of Machin v. Ray Allen) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
International Assoc. of Machin v. Ray Allen, (7th Cir. 2018).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 17‐1178 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS DISTRICT TEN and LOCAL LODGE 873, Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

RAY ALLEN, in his capacity as Secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, et al., Defendants‐Appellants. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. No. 16‐CV‐77 — William M. Conley, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED SEPTEMBER 15, 2017 — DECIDED SEPTEMBER 13, 2018 ____________________

Before MANION, ROVNER, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. Wisconsin’s Act 1 of 2015, codi‐ fied at Wis. Stat. § 111.01 et seq., changed many provisions of that State’s labor laws. This case deals with a narrow provi‐ sion of Act 1 that attempts to change the rules for payroll de‐ ductions that allow employees to pay union dues through dues‐checkoff authorizations. 2 No. 17‐1178

A dues‐checkoff authorization is a contract between an employer and employee for payroll deductions. These are “arrangements whereby [employers] would check off from employee wages amounts owed to a labor organization for dues, initiation fees and assessments.” Felter v. Southern Pacific Co., 359 U.S. 326, 330–31 (1958). By signing an authorization, the employee directs the employer to deduct union dues or fees routinely from the employee’s paycheck and to remit those funds to the applicable union. Many of these authoriza‐ tions are irrevocable for a specified period—often one year— for reasons of administrative simplicity. See Dkt. 43 at 2 (Eli‐ zondo Aff.); see also N.L.R.B. v. Atlanta Printing Specialties and Paper Prods. Union 527, 523 F.2d 783, 786 (5th Cir. 1975). The union itself is not a party to the authorization, which is effec‐ tive if and only if the employee wishes. Federal law has long provided, however, that unions can bargain collectively with employers over the standard terms of dues‐checkoff authori‐ zations. The Taft‐Hartley Act imposes three limits on dues‐ checkoff authorizations: the authorization must be (1) indi‐ vidual for each employee, (2) in writing, and (3) irrevocable for no longer than one year. See 29 U.S.C. § 186(a)(2), (c)(4). Wisconsin’s Act 1 attempts to shorten this maximum period to thirty days. See 2015 Wis. Act 1, § 9, codified at Wis. Stat. § 111.06(1)(i). The district court found that Wisconsin’s attempt to im‐ pose its own time limit on dues‐checkoff authorizations is preempted by federal labor law, and the court issued a per‐ manent injunction barring enforcement of that provision. In‐ ternational Ass’n of Machinists District 10 v. Allen, No. 16‐cv‐77, 2016 WL 7475720, at *7 (W.D. Wis. Dec. 28, 2016). We affirm. No. 17‐1178 3

This case is controlled by the Supreme Court’s summary af‐ firmance in a case finding a nearly identical State law preempted. Sea Pak v. Indus., Tech. & Prof. Employees, Div. of Nat’l Maritime Union, 400 U.S. 985 (1971) (mem.). We reject Wisconsin’s effort to undermine the precedential force of Sea Pak, which is fully consistent with more general federal labor law preemption principles. See, e.g., Machinists v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commʹn, 427 U.S. 132, 140–42, 153 (1976). Wisconsin’s attempt to short‐circuit the collective bargaining process and to impose a different dues‐checkoff standard is preempted by federal law. I. Factual and Procedural History A. Wisconsin Act 1 Before Act 1 was enacted in 2015, Wisconsin law had al‐ lowed so‐called union security agreements in which unions and employers would agree that employees would be re‐ quired either to join the union or pay fair‐share fees. That changed with Act 1’s “right‐to‐work” provisions, which pro‐ hibit employers from requiring their employees to pay dues or fees to a union. See International Union of Operating Engi‐ neers Local 139 v. Schimel, 863 F.3d 674, 676–77 (7th Cir. 2017), excerpting 2015 Wis. Act 1, § 5, codified at Wis. Stat. § 111.04(3)(a). Act 1 provides in part: “No person may require, as a condition of obtaining or continuing employment, an in‐ dividual to … Pay any dues, fees, assessments, or other charges … to a labor organization.” § 111.04(3)(a)(3). This also meant that Wisconsin employers and unions could no longer enter into an enforceable mandatory union security agree‐ ment—a term in a collective bargaining agreement where an employer promises the union that, as a condition of employ‐ ment, it will require its employees to maintain membership in 4 No. 17‐1178

the union. We held in Schimel that this “right‐to‐work”/man‐ datory union security agreement portion of Act 1 is not preempted by federal law. 863 F.3d at 677.1 The section of Act 1 challenged in this lawsuit attempts a less dramatic change in labor law. It requires employers to terminate dues‐checkoff authorizations within thirty days of receiving written notice from the employee. 2015 Wis. Act 1, § 9, codified at Wis. Stat. § 111.06(1)(i). This challenged provi‐ sion reads: (1) It shall be an unfair labor practice for an em‐ ployer individually or in concert with others: … (i) To deduct labor organization dues or assess‐ ments from an employeeʹs earnings, unless the employer has been presented with an individ‐ ual order therefor, signed by the employee per‐ sonally, and terminable by the employee giving to the employer at least 30 days’ written notice of the termination. This paragraph applies to the extent permitted under federal law. B. The Dispute at the John Deere Plant This case stems from a complaint filed with the Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, the State agency that enforces Wisconsin’s wage laws. Lisa Aplin, an assembler at a John Deere plant in Wisconsin, signed a dues‐checkoff au‐ thorization in November 2002. Her authorization instructed John Deere to deduct union dues from her paychecks and to

1 Schimel followed our decision in Sweeney v. Pence, 767 F.3d 654 (7th

Cir. 2014), where a divided panel upheld an identical Indiana law, and rehearing en banc was denied by an equally divided court. No. 17‐1178 5

remit them to the International Association of Machinists Dis‐ trict 10 and Local Lodge 873, the plaintiffs‐appellees here, which we refer to as the Machinists or the union. Aplin’s au‐ thorization said that it was “irrevocable for one (1) year or un‐ til the termination of the collective bargaining agreement … whichever occurs sooner.” It also provided that it would be automatically renewed for successive one‐year periods unless the collective bargaining agreement terminated or Aplin gave notice during a fifteen‐day annual period. The authorization also provided that it was “independent of, and not a quid pro quo for, union membership.” This arrangement remained in effect until 2015. As the State explains, dues‐checkoff authori‐ zations like this are a convenient way for employees to pay their union dues or fair‐share fees.

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International Assoc. of Machin v. Ray Allen, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/international-assoc-of-machin-v-ray-allen-ca7-2018.