112 T.C. No. 10
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
INTERLAKE CORPORATION, SUCCESSOR IN INTEREST TO INTERLAKE, INC., AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 8258-96. Filed March 18, 1999.
P, as the result of a restructuring transaction, became the successor common parent of a consolidated group of corporations (the group). A, the former common parent of the group, became a wholly owned subsidiary of P. P then distributed, pro rata, to its shareholders, all of the issued and outstanding common shares of A, which became, as a result of the spinoff, a separate publicly traded corporation. Subsequent to the restructuring transaction, P and the group incurred a consolidated net operating loss (CNOL). P filed an application under sec. 6411, I.R.C., for a tentative refund of income tax attributable to the carryback of the postrestructuring transaction CNOL to 1984, a prespinoff year during which A controlled the group. A and its new group also incurred a postrestructuring transaction CNOL for which A filed an application under sec. 6411, I.R.C., for a tentative refund of income tax attributable to the carryback of its postrestructuring transaction CNOL to - 2 -
1981 and 1984, prespinoff years during which A controlled the group. After review by the Internal Revenue Service, the requested tentative refunds were issued to P and A, respectively. The tentative refunds issued to A were treated as rebate refunds with respect to P and the group for purposes of computing the group's deficiencies for 1981 and 1984. P contends that the tentative refunds in issue were paid to the wrong taxpayer, and therefore the tentative refunds do not constitute rebate refunds. R concedes that a refund issued to the wrong taxpayer, or to an unauthorized representative of the taxpayer is a nonrebate refund that may not be taken into account in determining the taxpayer's deficiency. However, R contends that payment to A was proper because A was an authorized representative of the group for purposes of the issuance of the tentative refunds. Held: The tentative refunds constitute nonrebate refunds with respect to P and the group because A's authority to act for the group, at least with respect to the issuance and receipt of the tentative refunds, terminated when A's affiliation with the group terminated. Accordingly, A was not an authorized recipient of the tentative refunds, and respondent cannot seek recovery of the tentative refunds from P through the deficiency procedures. Union Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 101 T.C. 130 (1993), distinguished.
John M. Newman, Jr., and Kenneth E. Updegraft, Jr., for
petitioner.
Lawrence C. Letkewicz, for respondent.
OPINION
WELLS, Judge: This matter is before the Court on the
parties' cross-motions for summary judgment pursuant to Rule
121(a). Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are
to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the taxable years in - 3 -
issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of
Practice and Procedure. Respondent determined deficiencies in
the Federal income tax of the Interlake Corp. and its
consolidated subsidiaries as follows:
Year Deficiency
1974 $78 1975 21 1976 19,750 1977 66 1978 19 1980 952,588 1981 1,751,739 1983 4,413,390 1984 9,796,362
After concessions by petitioner, only the deficiencies with
respect to 1981 and 1984 remain in issue. We must decide whether
certain tentative refund allowances that were paid to Acme Steel
Co. (formerly Interlake, Inc.), with respect to taxable years
1981 and 1984 constitute rebates to petitioner, Interlake Corp.
(successor in interest to Interlake, Inc.), and its consolidated
subsidiaries, for purposes of computing petitioner's deficiency,
if any, for taxable years 1981 and 1984.
Summary judgment may be granted if the pleadings and other
materials demonstrate that no genuine issue exists as to any of
the material facts and that a decision may be entered as a matter
of law. See Rule 121(b); Sundstrand Corp. v. Commissioner, 98
T.C. 518, 520 (1992), affd. 17 F.3d 965 (7th Cir. 1994). The
parties agree, and the record shows, that there is no genuine - 4 -
issue as to any material fact. Accordingly, we may render
judgment on the issue in this case as a matter of law. See Rule
121(b).
Background
Some of the facts and certain exhibits have been stipulated
by the parties for purposes of the instant motion. The
stipulation of facts is incorporated in this Opinion by
reference. When petitioner filed its petition in the instant
case, its principal place of business was located in Lisle,
Illinois.
As a result of a May 29, 1986, restructuring transaction
(restructuring transaction), petitioner became the successor
common parent of a consolidated group of corporations that had
previously been headed by Interlake, Inc. References to the
group are to the group of consolidated corporations controlled by
Interlake, Inc., before the restructuring transaction and then by
petitioner after the restructuring transaction.
The Restructuring
Prior to the restructuring transaction, Interlake, Inc., was
the common parent of the group. The group consisted of various
subsidiaries, including the Alabama Metalurgical Corp. (AMC).
Interlake, Inc., was a publicly owned corporation, and its shares
of common stock were listed and traded on the New York Stock
Exchange (NYSE).
Petitioner was organized on February 26, 1986, in
anticipation of the planned restructuring transaction. From its - 5 -
incorporation until the restructuring transaction on May 29,
1986, petitioner was a wholly owned subsidiary of Interlake,
Inc., and a member of the group.
As a result of the restructuring transaction, Interlake,
Inc., became a wholly owned subsidiary of petitioner, and AMC
became a wholly owned subsidiary of Interlake, Inc.1 Immediately
following the restructuring transaction, Interlake, Inc., changed
its name to Acme Steel Co. (Acme), which continued to use
Interlake, Inc.'s Federal identification number after the
restructuring transaction.
As a result of the restructuring transaction, petitioner
became the successor common parent of the continuing group.
Petitioner is a publicly owned corporation, and its shares of
common stock are listed and traded on the NYSE.
The Spinoff
On June 23, 1986, petitioner distributed, pro rata to its
shareholders, all of the issued and outstanding common shares of
Acme (spinoff). As a result of the spinoff, Acme became a
separate publicly traded corporation, the shares of which are
listed and traded on the National Association of Securities
Dealers Automated Quotation system.
The June 23, 1986, spinoff severed Acme's tie to the group.
Petitioner and Acme ceased to be members of the same consolidated
group, and, since the spinoff, they are not under common control.
1 All of the outstanding common shares of Interlake, Inc., were converted into common shares of petitioner. - 6 -
Additionally, neither petitioner nor Acme owns any shares of
stock in the other or any of the other's affiliates.
The parties do not stipulate as to the tax character of the
restructuring transaction or the spinoff.
The Tentative Refund Allowances
Petitioner
On their 1986 consolidated Federal income tax return, filed
on or about August 7, 1987, petitioner and the group reported a
consolidated net operating loss (CNOL) in the amount of
$8,461,369 and excess consolidated general business credits in
the amount of $1,496,693. The return was prepared on the basis
that petitioner is the successor common parent of the group, and
it included the taxable income or loss of petitioner and each
member of the group for either (1) the entire 52-53 week year
(beginning on December 30, 1985, and ending on December 28, 1986)
or (2) the portion of that taxable year during which each such
corporation was a member of the group.
On or about August 11, 1987, petitioner and the group filed,
with the Internal Revenue Service Center, Kansas City, Missouri
(service center), Form 1139, Corporation Application for
Tentative Refund. On the application, petitioner and the group
requested a tentative refund of income tax in the amount of
$5,346,097 attributable to the carryback of the 1986 CNOL and
excess consolidated business credits to the group's 1984 taxable
year. Petitioner attached to the application for tentative
refund allowance a statement detailing the restructuring - 7 -
transaction in which petitioner became the successor common
parent of the group.
On or about September 14, 1987, the service center, after
processing petitioner's application, made a tentative refund
allowance to petitioner in the amount of $5,346,097. The service
center charged the tentative refund allowance to the Federal
income tax account of the group for 1984 (i.e., to the tax
account of Acme).
Acme
Acme and its wholly owned domestic subsidiary, AMC, had a
short taxable year for 1986, which short taxable year began on
June 23 and ended on December 28. On their consolidated Federal
income tax return for the 27-week short taxable year ended on
December 28, 1986, Acme, and its consolidated subsidiary, AMC,
reported a CNOL in the amount of $29,286,968, the entire amount
of which was attributable to Acme. The return was prepared on
the basis that, after the spinoff, Acme and its consolidated
subsidiary, AMC, constituted a new consolidated group, which was
unrelated to petitioner and the group.
On or about September 17, 1987, Acme and its consolidated
subsidiary filed, with the service center, two Forms 1139,
Corporation Application for Tentative Refund. On the first Form
1139, Acme and its consolidated subsidiary requested a tentative
refund of income tax in the amount of $11,298,371, attributable
to the carryback of the Acme 1986 short-year CNOL to Acme's
(i.e., the group's) 1984 and 1985 tax years. Included in the - 8 -
application package was a copy of petitioner's Form 1120X,
Amended U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return, for the taxable year
1984.2 That Form 1120X indicates that petitioner is the
"Successor in interest to Interlake, Inc. [i.e., Acme] and
Consolidated Subsidiaries."
On the second Form 1139, Acme and its consolidated
subsidiary requested a tentative refund of income tax in the
amount of $148,692 attributable to the carryback of $174,931 of
investment tax credits and certain credits for increasing
research activity from Acme's (i.e., the group's) 1984 tax year
to Acme's (i.e., the group's) 1981 tax year.3
After reviewing the two Forms 1139 filed by Acme and its
consolidated subsidiary, the service center advised Acme that it
could not process the first Form 1139 (relating to 1984 and 1985)
as filed because it did not take into account the tentative
refund allowance previously made to petitioner and the group with
respect to Acme's (i.e., the group's) 1984 tax year. Acme then
filed, on or about October 26, 1987, a revised Form 1139 for tax
2 Petitioner filed the Form 1120X on or about Oct. 31, 1986, subsequent to the restructuring transaction and spinoff, to eliminate $2,120,691 of investment tax credit (ITC) carryovers from 1982 and 1983. As a result of an Internal Revenue Service audit, the group's tax liability for 1980 and 1981 was sufficiently increased to absorb the 1982 and 1983 ITC's as carrybacks. 3 Acme also filed Form 8302, Application for Electronic Funds Transfer of Tax Refund of $1 Million or More, in which it requested that the tentative refunds for 1984 and 1985 be wired to an account maintained by Acme at the First Natl. Bank of Chicago. - 9 -
years 1984 and 1985 which took into account the earlier tentative
refund allowance paid to petitioner. On the revised Form 1139,
Acme and its consolidated subsidiary requested tentative refunds
of income tax for 1984 and 1985 in the amounts of $3,109,026 and
$3,524,388, respectively.
On or about November 1, 1987, the service center, after
processing Acme's revised Form 1139 relating to 1984 and 1985 and
the original Form 1139 relating to 1981, made tentative refund
allowances (tentative refunds) to Acme as follows:
Amount of Tentative Refund Taxable Year Allowance Ended
$148,692 12/27/81 3,109,026 12/30/84 3,524,388 12/29/85
The service center charged the tentative refund allowances
that it paid to Acme to the Federal income tax account of the
group for 1984 (i.e., to the tax account of Acme). Neither
petitioner nor the group received, directly or indirectly, any
portion of the tentative refunds paid to Acme.
Examination of Acme's 1986 Tax Return
A subsequent examination of Acme's 1986 short-year Federal
income tax return resulted in a determination by the Internal
Revenue Service (Service) that Acme and its consolidated
subsidiary did not sustain a CNOL in the amount of $29,286,968,
as claimed on their 1986 consolidated Federal income tax return.
Instead, the Service determined that Acme and its consolidated
subsidiary have a CNOL in the amount of $13,180,810 for the 1986 - 10 -
short-year, and that the entire CNOL is attributable to Acme in
accordance with section 1.1502-79(a)(3), Income Tax Regs.4
Several consequences arise from the Service's determination. The
first consequence is that no portion of the $13,180,810 CNOL
sustained by Acme for its 1986 short taxable year is allowable as
a carryback to Acme's (i.e., the group's) 1985 taxable year.
Secondly, the entire $13,180,810 CNOL is allowable as a carryback
to Acme's (i.e., the group's) 1984 taxable year. The final
consequence is that there are no excess investment tax credits
and/or credits for increasing research activity arising during
Acme's (i.e., the group's) 1984 taxable year that can be carried
back to Acme's (i.e., the group's) 1981 taxable year.
Computation of Petitioner's Deficiency for 1981 and 1984
Respondent treated the tentative refunds paid to Acme as
rebates to petitioner and the group in the computation of the
group's deficiencies for 1981 and 1984.
The parties stipulated that if the tentative refunds
constitute "rebates" to petitioner and the group, then, without
taking into account certain unapplied payments made by
petitioner,5 petitioner and the group are liable for deficiencies
for 1981 and 1984 in the amounts of $1,709,109 and $2,090,177,
4 Acme has agreed to extend the statutory period for assessment applicable to it and its consolidated subsidiary's 27- week short taxable year ended Dec. 28, 1986. 5 Unapplied payments were made by petitioner on Aug. 31, 1992, in the amounts of $616,285.76, $2,509.14, and $3,925,935.52 for taxable years 1980, 1982, and 1983, respectively. - 11 -
respectively. If, however, the tentative refunds do not
constitute "rebates" to petitioner and the group, then (1)
petitioner and the group are liable for a deficiency in the
amount of $1,560,417 for 1981, and (2) there is no deficiency in
the income tax of petitioner and the group for 1984. Instead,
for 1984, petitioner and the group are entitled to recover an
overpayment of the income tax of the group in the amount of
$1,018,849.
Discussion
The issue we must decide is whether the tentative refunds
paid to Acme with respect to 1981 and 1984 constitute rebates to
petitioner and the group for purposes of computing the group's
deficiencies for 1981 and 1984, if any, pursuant to section 6211.
Section 6211(a) defines the term "deficiency" as the amount by
which the tax actually imposed exceeds--
(1) the sum of
(A) the amount shown as the tax by the taxpayer upon his return, if a return was made by the taxpayer and an amount was shown as the tax by the taxpayer thereon, plus
(B) the amounts previously assessed (or collected without assessment) as a deficiency, over--
(2) the amount of rebates, as defined in section 6211(b)(2), made.[6] [Emphasis added.]
6 Reduced to mathematical terms, the statutory definition of the term "deficiency" may be stated as follows:
Deficiency = correct tax - (tax on return + prior assessments - rebates) = correct tax - tax on return - prior assessments + rebates
(continued...) - 12 -
Section 6211(b)(2) defines a "rebate" as an abatement,
credit, refund, or other repayment made on the ground that the
tax imposed was less than the amount shown on the return and the
amounts previously assessed or collected without assessment. See
also Groetzinger v. Commissioner, 69 T.C. 309, 314 (1977).
Accordingly, not all refunds are rebates. See O'Bryant v. United
States, 49 F.3d 340 (7th Cir. 1995); Groetzinger v. Commissioner,
supra at 312. Generally, a rebate refund is issued on the basis
of a substantive recalculation of the tax owed. See O'Bryant v.
United States, supra at 342. A nonrebate refund, however, is
issued, not because of a determination by the Commissioner that
the tax paid is not owing, but for some other reason, such as a
mistake made by the Commissioner. Id. The rebate versus
nonrebate distinction arises from the definition of the term
"deficiency" contained in section 6211; rebate refunds can be
included in deficiency computations, while nonrebate refunds
cannot. Id.
Petitioner contends that, because the tentative refunds were
delivered to the wrong taxpayer, those tentative refund
allowances constitute, for purposes of determining whether the
group has deficiencies for 1981 and 1984, nonrebate refunds with
respect to petitioner and the group. Petitioner contends that
6 (...continued) See Midland Mortgage Co. v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. 902, 907 (1980); Kurtzon v. Commissioner, 17 T.C. 1542, 1548 (1952). - 13 -
section 1.1502-78(b)(1), Income Tax Regs., required delivery of
the tentative refunds to petitioner, as the successor common
parent for the group. Accordingly, petitioner argues, the
tentative refunds are not rebate refunds with respect to
petitioner and the group and cannot be included in the
computation of the group's deficiencies for the years in issue.
Respondent concedes that a refund issued to the wrong
taxpayer, or to an unauthorized representative of the taxpayer,
is a nonrebate refund which may not be taken into account in
computing the taxpayer's deficiency. Respondent, however, argues
that the tentative refunds were not issued to the wrong taxpayer.
Respondent contends that payment to Acme was proper because,
pursuant to section 1.1502-78(b)(1), Income Tax Regs., and Union
Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 101 T.C. 130 (1993), both Acme and
petitioner were authorized recipients of the tentative refunds.
Accordingly, respondent argues, because the tentative refunds
were paid to an authorized recipient, such refunds constitute
rebate refunds with respect to the group for purposes of
computing its deficiencies for 1981 and 1984.
Section 6411(a) authorizes a corporation that has sustained
a net operating loss (NOL) to apply for a tentative carryback
adjustment of the tax for the prior taxable year to which the NOL
is carried. The application of section 6411, however, is subject
to such conditions, limitations, and exceptions as prescribed by
regulation when the applicant made or was required to make a
consolidated return either for the year in which the NOL arose, - 14 -
or for the prior taxable year to which the NOL is carried. See
sec. 6411(c). Section 1.6411-4, Income Tax Regs.,
cross-references section 1.1502-78, Income Tax Regs., for rules
applicable to consolidated groups.
Section 1.1502-78, Income Tax Regs., provides, in part, as
follows:
(a) General Rule.--If a group has a consolidated net operating loss, a consolidated net capital loss, or a consolidated unused investment credit for any taxable year, then any application under section 6411 for a tentative carryback adjustment of the taxes for a consolidated return year or years preceding such year shall be made by the common parent corporation to the extent such loss or unused investment credit is not apportioned to a corporation for a separate return year pursuant to §1.1502-79(a), (b), or (c). In the case of the portion of a consolidated net operating loss or consolidated net capital loss or consolidated unused investment credit to which the preceding sentence does not apply, and in the case of a net capital or net operating loss or unused investment credit arising in a separate return year which may be carried back to a consolidated return year, the corporation or corporations to which any such loss or credit is attributable shall make any application under section 6411.
(b) Special Rules.--(1) Payment of refund. Any refund allowable under an application referred to in paragraph (a) of this section shall be made directly to and in the name of the corporation filing the application, except that in all cases where a loss is deducted from the consolidated taxable income or a credit is allowed in computing the consolidated tax liability for a consolidated return year, any refund shall be made directly to and in the name of the common parent corporation. The payment of any such refund shall discharge any liability of the Government with respect to such refund. [Emphasis added.]
The dispute in the instant case centers around the
application of section 1.1502-78(b)(1), Income Tax Regs., with - 15 -
respect to payment of the tentative refunds.7 The second clause
of section 1.1502-78(b)(1), Income Tax Regs., as emphasized
above, is applicable to the facts of the instant case because the
NOL in issue was carried back and deducted from the group's
consolidated taxable income for the consolidated return years
1981 and 1984. Petitioner contends that, pursuant to section
1.1502-78(b)(1), Income Tax Regs., the service center was
required to direct payment of the tentative refunds to
petitioner, the successor common parent of the group. Respondent
argues that the term "common parent corporation" in section
1.1502-78(b)(1), Income Tax Regs., refers to either the common
parent of the group for the consolidated taxable year for which
the tentative refund is made (i.e., Acme), at least where such
common parent remains in existence, or the group's successor
common parent (i.e., petitioner).
If the common parent is the same in the loss year and in the
carryback year, there is no question to which corporation section
1.1502-78(b)(1), Income Tax Regs., directs payment. Where,
however, the common parent for the group in the loss year is
different from the common parent for the group in the carryback
year, as in the instant case, the regulations are unclear as to
where payment of the tentative refund must, or may, be directed.
Section 1.1502-78(b)(1), Income Tax Regs., does not indicate
7 The parties agree that Acme properly relied on sec. 1.1502- 78(a), Income Tax Regs., in filing its applications for tentative refund allowance of the tax paid by the group for the taxable years 1981 and 1984. - 16 -
whether the authorized recipient common parent corporation is the
common parent for the year in which the NOL arose or for the
prior consolidated taxable year to which the NOL is carried.8
Accordingly, we must decide which common parent (petitioner
or Acme) is authorized under section 1.1502-78(b)(1), Income Tax
Regs., to receive the tentative refunds. Absent clear direction
from section 1.1502-78, Income Tax Regs., we look elsewhere in
the consolidated return regulations for guidance to identify the
entity that is the authorized recipient of the tentative refunds.
A central feature of the consolidated return regulations is
the role of the common parent as the exclusive agent for the
consolidated group with respect to all procedural matters. See
Southern Pac. Co. v. Commissioner, 84 T.C. 395, 401 (1985); sec.
1.1502-77(a), Income Tax Regs. In delineating the scope of the
common parent's agency, the regulations specifically provide that
the common parent shall act as agent for all the affiliates for
such purposes as receiving deficiency notices, executing waivers,
filing refund claims, and receiving refunds. Southern Pac. Co.
v. Commissioner, supra; sec. 1.1502-77(a), Income Tax Regs.
8 Additionally, we note that the examples set forth in sec. 1.1502-78(c), Income Tax Regs., provide no instruction as to where payment should be directed when the common parent in the loss year is different than the common parent in the carryback year. The common parent in sec. 1.1502-78(c) Examples (1) to (3), Income Tax Regs., is the same in both the loss year and in the carryback year. Consequently, there is no question in the examples as to where payment should be directed. Sec. 1.1502- 78(c) Example (4), Income Tax Regs., is inapposite because it involves a consolidated net operating loss carryback to a separate return year rather than to a consolidated return year. - 17 -
Section 1.1502-77(a), Income Tax Regs., provides, in part, as
The common parent, for all purposes (other than the making of the consent required by paragraph (a)(1) of §1.1502-75, the making of an election under section 936(e), the making of an election to be treated as a DISC under §1.992-2, and a change of the annual accounting period pursuant to paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of §1.991-1) shall be the sole agent for each subsidiary of the group, duly authorized to act in its own name in all matters relating to the tax liability for the consolidated return year.
By its terms, the above-quoted regulation contemplates that
the common parent's authority to act as agent for the
consolidated group arises on a year-by-year basis with respect to
the group's consolidated income tax liability. Southern Pac. Co.
v. Commissioner, supra at 401. Accordingly, for any given year
in which a consolidated return is filed, the entity that is the
common parent for that particular year continues as the sole
agent with respect to any procedural matters that may arise in
connection with the group's tax liability for that year. Id. Of
course, if the common parent ceases to exist, its authority to
act for the group terminates. Id. In Southern Pac. Co., we held
that if the old common parent in a reverse acquisition, as
specified in section 1.1502-75(d)(3)(i), Income Tax Regs., does
not continue to exist after the reorganization, the new common
parent succeeds the old common parent as the agent of the group
for purposes of the issuance of notices of deficiency for years
both before and after the reorganization. Southern Pac. Co. v.
Commissioner, supra at 404. - 18 -
Respondent contends that under the authority of Union Oil
Co. v. Commissioner, 101 T.C. 130 (1993), Acme is an authorized
recipient of the tentative refunds. In Union Oil Co., we held
that, if the old common parent in a reverse acquisition, as
specified in section 1.1502-75(d)(3)(i), Income Tax Regs.,
continues to exist after the reorganization, both the old common
parent and the new common parent are agents for the affiliated
group for purposes of the issuance of notices of deficiency for
years before the reverse acquisition. Union Oil Co. v.
Commissioner, supra at 140. Union Oil Co. is distinguishable
from the instant case because the old common parent remained
affiliated with the group after the reorganization. We did not
have occasion in Union Oil Co. to consider whether a former
common parent that is no longer affiliated with the group is an
authorized representative of the group for purposes of receiving
tentative refunds relating to years during which it controlled
the group where the group has a new common parent. Accordingly,
Union Oil Co. is not dispositive of the issue involved in the
instant case.
After considering Southern Pac. Co. v. Commissioner, supra,
and Union Oil Co. v. Commissioner, supra, and considering the
arguments of the parties and the facts of the instant case, we
conclude that Acme's authority to act for the group, at least
with respect to the issuance and receipt of tentative refunds,
terminated when its affiliation with the group terminated. With
respect to the group, it is as though Acme ceased to exist. Cf. - 19 -
Southern Pac. Co. v. Commissioner, supra. Accordingly, Acme was
not an authorized recipient of the tentative refunds. We believe
that the result we reach today is consistent with, and a logical
extension of, the rationale underlying our earlier decisions in
Southern Pac. Co. v. Commissioner, supra, and Union Oil Co. v.
Commissioner, supra.
Consequently, we hold that the tentative refunds are
nonrebate refunds with respect to petitioner and the group for
purposes of computing the group's deficiencies for 1981 and 1984.
Therefore, respondent cannot seek recovery of the tentative
refunds from petitioner through the deficiency procedures.
We have considered the parties' remaining arguments and find
them to be either without merit or unnecessary to reach.
To reflect the foregoing,
An appropriate order
will be issued.