In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
__________________
NO. 09-22-00376-CV __________________
INTERFLOW FACTORS CORPORATION, Appellant
V.
HILTON HOLDINGS, LLC, Appellee
__________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 1 Jefferson County, Texas Trial Cause No. 136,199 __________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This case involves a dispute between a factoring company and an account
debtor.1 Interflow Factors Corporation (“Interflow”) purchased accounts owed to
Sharpe Security & Investigations, LLC, d/b/a Gulf Coast Security & Investigation
(“Gulf Coast”), which executed a “Factoring Agreement” assigning Interflow its
1Factoring is a process by which a business sells, at a discount, the right to
collect money before the money is paid. Houston Lighting and Power Co. v. Wharton, 101 S.W.3d 633, 636 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). 1 rights to certain invoices that Hilton Holdings, LLC (“Hilton”) was required to pay
Gulf Coast. After Hilton received notice of Interflow’s assignment, Hilton at some
point directly paid invoices to Gulf Coast instead of Interflow, and Interflow sought
to collect on those paid invoices. Interflow appeals the trial court’s final judgment
granting summary judgment in favor of Hilton and denying Interflow’s summary
judgment. For the reasons discussed below, we (1) reverse the trial court’s summary
judgment granting Hilton’s Motion for Summary Judgment, (2) reverse the trial
court’s summary judgment denying Interflow’s Motion for Summary Judgment, (3)
render judgment in favor of Interflow for $155,152.58 on its claim that section 9.406
of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”) required Hilton to directly pay Interflow
due to the assignment, and (4) remand the case to the trial court to determine the
amount of prejudgment interest, costs, reasonable attorney’s fees, and post-judgment
interest that Interflow is entitled to, if any. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §
9.406(a).
BACKGROUND
Hilton was in the business of selling furniture in Houston, Texas and hired
Gulf Coast to provide security services at Hilton’s place of business. Gulf Coast
submitted invoices to Hilton for payment of its security services. However, Interflow
purchased and was assigned certain accounts/invoices owed to Gulf Coast pursuant
2 to a Factoring Agreement, whereby the debtor, in this case Hilton, would make
payments directly to Interflow instead of Gulf Coast. Initially, Hilton made
payments directly to interflow, but at a later date and per the request of Gulf Coast,
Hilton stopped making payments to Interflow and started making payments directly
to Gulf Coast.
Interflow filed an Original Petition seeking damages from Hilton for
breaching a contract and failing to pay certain Gulf Coast invoices that had allegedly
been assigned to Interflow. Interflow alleged that in addition to the assigned
invoices, the Factoring Agreement granted Interflow a lien on future account
receivables Hilton owed to Gulf Coast regardless of whether they were factored by
Interflow. It should be noted that the original term of the Factoring agreement was
from June 21, 2013, through June 20, 2014. However, the “Term” of the agreement
was to be continued and renewed for successive one-year periods unless notice of
termination was given by either party.
Interflow factored invoices for Gulf Coast, which were owed by Hilton to Gulf
Coast. However, Hilton was aware that payment of the invoices was owed to
Interflow because a notice of Gulf Coast’s assignment was printed on each invoice
along with Interflow’s address for payment. Interflow also provided Hilton a “Notice
of Assignment” indicating that Gulf Coast assigned Interflow the right to collect
3 payment on present and future account receivables existing between Hilton and Gulf
Coast and that future payment should be directed to Interflow. In addition, the Notice
also provided that “This notice of assignment will remain in effect until Interflow
Factors Corporation provided written notification withdrawing the notice.”
Hilton initially made payment for invoices to Interflow. However, later
payment of invoices to Interflow stopped, and Hilton then made payment of invoices
to Gulf Coast. Interflow became aware that Hilton had paid invoices directly to Gulf
Coast totaling $155,152.58. Interflow claimed that Hilton owed Interflow the sum
of $155,152.58 because Interflow stood “in the shoes of Gulf Coast” to collect the
balance owed, which Interflow argued Hilton was obligated to pay Interflow under
section 9.406 of the UCC. See id. Interflow further alleged that by failing to pay the
invoices, Hilton was estopped from asserting any defenses based on the improper
payments it made to Gulf Coast. Interflow alleged that it demanded payment from
Hilton, Hilton breached the contract by failing to pay, and Interflow suffered
damages and was entitled to attorney’s fees and costs. Interflow attached to its
Plaintiff’s Original Petition the Notice of Assignment; Hilton’s account analysis; a
demand letter from Interflow to Hilton for payments owed based on the Factoring
Agreement; and the Affidavit of Dr. Keven J. Roy, the President of Interflow, who
averred that for a period, Hilton made payments on factored and non-factored
4 invoices directly to Interflow but then stopped without explanation; and a demand
letter from Interflow’s attorney to Hilton regarding payment of the outstanding
invoices, which was ignored.
Hilton filed a Motion to Transfer and Original Answer and explained that at
some point the relationship between Gulf Coast and Interflow broke down due to
Interflow suing Gulf Coast for failing to pay money owed under the Factoring
Agreement. According to Hilton, Interflow also filed a series of cases against Gulf
Coast’s customers to attempt to collect money it believed Gulf Coast owed under
the Factoring Agreement. Hilton explained that Interflow’s counsel, Bill Richey,
entered into a Rule 11 Agreement with Gulf Coast’s counsel and agreed that Gulf
Coast could continue to receive revenue directly for its security services regardless
of whether Interflow had a proper claim to that revenue. Hilton further explained
that it paid either Interflow or Gulf Coast the money it owed under its security
services agreement with Gulf Coast, and when Gulf Coast failed to pay Interflow the
money it collected from Hilton, Interflow sued Hilton. Hilton asserted the following
affirmative defenses: payment of the full amount owed, waiver due to the Rule 11
Agreement, laches, ineffective notice, failure to provide proof of the assignment,
fraud, and quasi-estoppel. Attached to Hilton’s Original Answer is an email from
Interflow’s counsel, Bill Richey, to Jesse Corona, Gulf Coast’s counsel, showing
5 that Richey agreed to a modification of a Letter Agreement Proposal which stated
that Kevin Roy and Interflow would not take active steps to collect the accounts so
Gulf Coast could attempt to repair any damage to their clients caused by Interflow’s
attempted collection activities.
Interflow filed a traditional Motion for Summary Judgment, arguing that it
was entitled to summary judgment because there were no genuine issues as to any
material fact concerning Hilton’s liability to Interflow. Interflow stated that after
Hilton received the Notice of Assignment, Hilton made direct payments to Gulf
Coast totaling $155,152.58, and Hilton made no payments after receiving
Interflow’s demand letter. Interflow argued that it had a lien on the invoices that
Hilton owed to Gulf Coast, and Hilton was aware of the Notice of Assignment and
was obligated to make payments to Interflow under section 9.406(a). See id.
Interflow further argued that Hilton was estopped from asserting any defenses based
on the improper payments it made to Gulf Coast and not entitled to receive credit for
any payments. Interflow explained that since the balance owed was undisputed, the
matter should be resolved by summary judgment. Interflow attached the following
evidence to its Motion: the Factoring Agreement; UCC Financing Statement;
Contract between Hilton and Gulf Coast; Notice of Assignment; Hilton’s account
analysis; Letter from Bill Richey to Hilton; Affidavit of Kevin Roy; Affidavit of Bill
6 Richey; Hilton’s Response to Request for Admissions; and Interflow’s Original
Petition.
Hilton filed a Response to Interflow’s Motion for Summary Judgment,
arguing that it paid Interflow directly for the invoices that had been assigned to it,
but Interflow had no valid security interest in the remaining Gulf Coast invoices
because those invoices were never assigned to Interflow, and as such, Interflow had
no right to enforce its claim as an assignee against Hilton. Hilton alternatively argued
that the notice assigning invoices to Interflow was not a binding obligation that
required Hilton to pay Interflow for other invoices that were not assigned. Hilton
argued that it should be granted summary judgment on Interflow’s claim that it was
obligated to pay Interflow due to the assignment, because in this case, Interflow’s
remedy for Gulf Coast’s failure to pay its debts lies against Gulf Coast alone.
Hilton further argued that the Factoring Agreement did not qualify as a
security agreement because although it mentioned “Security,” the plain language of
the Factoring Agreement shows the parties intended to execute another document
that was to act as the security agreement. Hilton also argued that the fact that the
Factoring Agreement includes a list identifying property that was to serve as
collateral does not create a security agreement in that property. According to Hilton,
Interflow’s lack of a security agreement encumbering invoices issued by Gulf Coast
7 precludes it from having an enforceable security interest, thereby preventing it from
being able to assert a lien claim against the invoices Hilton paid directly to Gulf
Coast. Hilton alternatively argued that even if the Factoring Agreement qualified as
a security agreement, it was insufficient for failing to sufficiently identify the
security to which it allegedly applies.
Hilton explained that Interflow only identified one legal basis for its claim it
was entitled to summary judgment, which was section 9.406(a) of the UCC, and that
section allowed Interflow to demand that Hilton pay it directly on any bill that had
been assigned to Interflow. Hilton maintained that Interflow admitted that Hilton
paid all the assigned invoices but sought to enforce a lien against claimed security
that was never assigned to Interflow. Hilton also argued that section 9.406(a) only
applies if there is an assignment of property, which is not the case here, because
Interflow only sought to enforce a lien against some future payment to be made.
Hilton maintained that section 9.406(a) does not allow Interflow to force Hilton to
pay money directly to Interflow to discharge the lien. Hilton further argued that
Interflow should be quasi-estopped from pursuing its claims because the Rule 11
Agreement allowed Hilton to make payments to Gulf Coast. Hilton attached the
following evidence to its response: Affidavit of Hilton Koch; contract between
Hilton and Gulf Coast; the Factoring Agreement; letter from Interflow to Hilton;
8 Rule 11 Agreement between Interflow and Gulf Coast; and a January 2020 email
from Interflow’s counsel regarding his client’s claims.
In the January 2020 email from Bill Richey to Drew Taggart, Richey stated
that there was no specific assignment of the unpaid invoices because they did not
exist when the Factoring Agreement was executed, and he explained that the current
unpaid invoices were future receivables that were assigned by Gulf Coast to secure
its obligation to Interflow. Richey asked Taggart if Hilton made any direct payments
to Gulf Coast after receiving the Notice of Assignment. Taggart responded and
notified Richey that he was to consider his email as a formal request under section
9.406(c) for proof that the assignment of the Hilton invoices had been made. See id.
§ 9.406(c) (stating that if requested by the account debtor, an assignee shall
reasonably furnish proof that the assignment has been made, and unless the assignee
complies, the account debtor may discharge its obligation by paying the assignor
even if the debtor received the required notification of assignment). It should be
noted Taggart’s request was made after all the complained of payments were made
from 2017 through 2018.
Hilton filed a traditional Motion for Summary Judgment, arguing that it was
entitled to summary judgment because Interflow had no security interest in the Gulf
Coast invoices that were never assigned to it and no right to enforce its claims as a
9 factor/assignee against Hilton. Hilton argued that the Factoring Agreement did not
qualify as a security agreement or sufficiently identify the collateral securing the
loan, the Notice of Assignment did not obligate Hilton to pay to discharge
unassigned invoices, and Interflow’s remedy is against Gulf Coast for failing to pay
its debts. Hilton also argued that article 9.406(a) did not apply to Interflow’s claimed
lien on unassigned accounts because a lien against some future payment does not
constitute an assignment of that payment to the lienholder. Hilton explained that
Interflow’s Rule 11 agreement with Gulf Coast allowed Hilton to pay Gulf Coast
directly for the invoices about which it now complains. Hilton attached the following
evidence to its motion: Affidavit of Hilton Koch; Factoring Agreement; February
2017 Notice of Assignment letter from Interflow to Hilton; August 2017 Rule 11
Agreement between Interflow and Gulf Coast; and January 2020 email from Bill
Richey to Drew Taggart.
Interflow filed a Brief in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment
and attached additional summary judgment evidence. Interflow argued the Factoring
Agreement was a security agreement granting it a security interest in future
receivables owned by Gulf Coast, and the Factoring Agreement described the
collateral as including, all present and future accounts, contract rights, and notes
receivable. Interflow argued that despite making payments to Gulf Coast, Hilton
10 must still pay it for the unpaid invoices because section 9.406(a) prevented Hilton
from claiming credit for the payments it made to Gulf Coast, and Interflow denied
that it agreed Hilton could pay Gulf Coast directly. Interflow included additional
summary judgment evidence which it argued showed that section 9.406(a) applied
and that an assignment included a security interest. That evidence included a June
2017 email from Kevin Roy to Jon Stup of Hilton, in which Roy stated that he
understood that Gulf Coast was no longer providing security services for Hilton, and
Roy asked Stup to provide a list of outstanding invoices so he could close the
account. In his reply email, Stup stated “Mr. Sharp with Gulf Coast said to mail
everything to him, in Houston[,]” and Roy’s response recommended that Stup please
adhere to the Notice of Assignment sent by Interflow and inquired if Stub had made
any direct payments to Gulf Coast.
The trial court denied Interflow’s Motion for Summary Judgment, granted
Hilton’s Motion for Summary Judgment, and dismissed Interflow’s claims against
Hilton with prejudice.
ANALYSIS
In two issues, Interflow complains the trial court erred by granting Hilton’s
Motion for Summary Judgment and denying its Motion for Summary Judgment. We
review summary judgment orders de novo. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v.
11 Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). The party moving for traditional summary
judgment must establish that (1) no genuine issue of fact exists, and (2) it is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc.
v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex. 1995). If the moving party produces evidence
entitling it to summary judgment, the burden shifts to the non-movant to present
evidence that raises a fact issue. Walker v. Harris, 924 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Tex. 1996).
In determining whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary
judgment, evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be taken as true. Nixon v. Mr.
Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548–49 (Tex. 1985). We review the summary
judgment record “in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every
reasonable inference and resolving any doubts against the motion.” City of Keller v.
Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 824 (Tex. 2005).
When both parties move for summary judgment on the same issue and the
trial court grants one motion and denies the other, the reviewing court considers the
summary judgment evidence presented by both parties and determines all the
questions presented. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289
S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). If the reviewing court determines that the trial court
erred, the reviewing court typically renders the judgment the trial court should have
rendered. Id. We must affirm the summary judgment if any grounds asserted in the
12 motion are meritorious. Tex. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n v. Patient Advocates of Tex.,
136 S.W.3d 643, 648 (Tex. 2004).
Hilton’s Motion for Summary Judgment
We first determine whether Hilton was entitled to judgment as a matter of law
on its claim that the Factoring Agreement did not qualify as a security agreement or
sufficiently identify the collateral securing the loan. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c);
Fielding, 289 S.W.3d at 848. Section 9.102 of the UCC defines “security agreement”
as “an agreement that creates or provides for a security interest.” Tex. Bus. & Com.
Code Ann. § 9.102(a)(74). “Security interest means an interest in personal property
or fixtures which secures payment or performance of an obligation.” Id. §
1.201(b)(35). “Collateral” is “the property subject to a security interest[,]” including,
among other things, accounts and payment intangibles. Id. § 9.102(a)(12)(B). An
“account” means “a right to payment of a monetary obligation . . . for services
rendered or to be rendered[.]” Id. § 9.102(a)(2). A security agreement must define
the collateral to enable the debtor and other interested persons to identify the
property that the creditor may claim as security. Carmel Fin. Corp., Inc. v. Castro,
514 S.W.3d 291, 296 (Tex. App.―Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (citation
omitted); see Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.203. A financing statement is the
13 instrument designed to notify third parties that there may be an enforceable security
interest in the party. Carmel Fin. Corp., Inc., 514 S.W.3d at 296 (citation omitted).
Article Nine of the UCC applies to any transaction, regardless of its forms,
that creates a security interest in personal property or fixtures by contract, including
a sale of accounts. Morgan Bldgs. and Spas, Inc. v. Turn-Key Leasing, Ltd., 97
S.W.3d 871, 876 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied) (citation omitted); see Tex.
Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.109(a)(3). “Generally, the test for creation of a security
interest is whether the transaction was intended to have the effect as security,
because parties must have intended that their transaction fall within the scope of
Article Nine.” Morgan Bldgs. and Spas, Inc., 97 S.W.3d at 876 (citing Superior
Packing, Inc. v. Worldwide Leasing & Fin., Inc., 880 S.W.2d 67, 71 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied)). We look to the transaction to determine if
the parties intended to create a security interest in the type of property specified in
section 9.102 of the Code for the purpose of securing payment of an obligation. Id.
(citation omitted). “No formal wording is required, and the court, in arriving at the
intent of the parties, should examine the substance of the documents in light of the
circumstances of the case.” Id. The intent of the parties is determined by examining
“‘the entire writing in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of
the contract so that none will be rendered meaningless.’” Id. (quoting Coker v.
14 Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983)). Documents executed contemporaneously
for the same purpose and as part of the transaction should be read and construed
together to determine the parties’ intent. Id. (citing Jones v. Kelley, 614 S.W.2d 95,
98 (Tex. 1981)). Additionally, to create a security interest, the security agreement
must describe the collateral with sufficient particularity to identify it. Sanders v.
Comerica Bank, Inc., 274 S.W.3d 861, 863 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.);
see Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.108. A description of collateral reasonably
identifies the collateral if it identifies the collateral by category. Tex. Bus. & Com.
Code Ann. § 9.108(b)(2).
The eighteen page Factoring Agreement includes a section titled “Security,”
which provides that to secure Gulf Coast’s indebtedness to Interflow, Gulf Coast
shall grant Interflow “a continuing security interest in the ‘Collateral’ as defined in
and pursuant to the terms of a Commercial Security Agreement and certain other
Related Documents, in form and satisfactory to [Interflow], to be executed by Seller
contemporaneously herewith[.]” The Factoring Agreement lists the Collateral,
which includes, among other items, equipment, accounts, inventory, and general
intangibles, and the accounts included “[a]ll present and future accounts[,] contract
rights, notes receivable, chattel paper, . . . [and] documents[.]” In addition, the
Factoring Agreement further provided:
15 Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary contained herein, the security interest granted by this security agreement secures the payment and performance of all the liabilities and obligations of the debtor to the secured party of every kind and description, due or to become due, now existing or hereafter arising. Debtor agrees that any such further or future indebtedness or obligation is reasonably within the contemplation of the parties hereto.
Gulf Coast agreed to execute financing statements, security agreements, and other
documents which Interflow deemed necessary or desirable in order to create,
maintain, perfect, or preserve the security interest in the Collateral in favor of
Interflow.
The record also includes Interflow’s UCC Financing Statement, which was
filed in March 2016, and lists Gulf Coast as the debtor and Interflow as the secured
party, and that statement provided that Gulf Coast granted unto Interflow a
continuing security interest in the collateral, which included, among other things,
“[a]ll present and future accounts[,] contract rights, notes receivable, chattel paper, .
. . documents, together with any and all books of account . . . .” In addition, the UCC
Financing Statement also and likewise provided:
Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary contained herein, the security interest granted by this security agreement secures the payment and performance of all the liabilities and obligations of the debtor to the secured party of every kind and description, due or to become due, now existing or hereafter arising. Debtor agrees that any such further or future indebtedness or obligation is reasonably within the contemplation of the parties hereto.
16 Finally, the UCC Financing Statement states that Gulf Coast shall grant Interflow a
security interest in the collateral as defined in and pursuant to the terms of a
Commercial Security Agreement and certain other Related Documents, in form and
substance satisfactory to Interflow, that Gulf Coast will execute contemporaneously
herewith. The record also includes Gulf Coast’s contract with Hilton for the period
of June 23, 2016, through June 30, 2017.
After reviewing the transaction as a whole, we hold that the Factoring
Agreement, as well as the UCC Financing Statement, qualifies as a security
agreement and that it reasonably identifies the collateral by category. See id. §§
9.102(a)(74), 9.108(b)(2); Sanders, 274 S.W.3d at 863; Morgan Bldgs. and Spas,
Inc., 97 S.W.3d at 876. Accordingly, we conclude that Hilton was not entitled to
judgment as a matter of law on its claim that Interflow had no security interest and
no right to enforce its claims against Hilton. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Fielding,
289 S.W.3d at 848.
We next determine whether Hilton was entitled to judgment as a matter of law
on its claims that the Notice of Assignment did not obligate Hilton to pay to
discharge unassigned invoices and that section 9.406(a) did not apply to Interflow’s
claimed lien on unassigned accounts because a lien against some future payment
does not constitute an assignment of that payment to the lienholder. Hilton argued
17 that section 9.406(a) only applies to an assignment of factored invoices and not a
claimed lien against a security interest. Hilton maintained that section 9.406(a) does
not allow Interflow to force Hilton to pay money directly to Interflow to discharge
the lien.
“Under the Code Construction Act, we are required to construe uniform acts
included in a code ‘to effect its general purpose to make uniform the law of those
states that have enacted it.’” Fetter v. Wells Fargo Bank Tex., N.A., 110 S.W.3d 683,
687 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (quoting Tex. Gov’t Code Ann.
§ 311.028); see also Sw. Bank v. Info. Support Concepts, Inc., 149 S.W.3d 104, 110
(Tex. 2004) (quoting Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.028). Section 1.103 of the UCC
states:
(a) This title must be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies, which are:
(1) to simplify, clarify and modernize the law governing commercial transactions;
(2) to permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage and agreement of the parties; and
(3) to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.
(b) Unless displaced by the particular provisions of this title, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating cause shall supplement its provisions.
18 Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 1.103; see Holloway-Houston, Inc. v. Gulf Coast
Bank & Tr. Co., 224 S.W.3d 353, 362–63 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no
pet.). “Although the Official UCC Comments following the code provisions are not
law, they are persuasive authority concerning interpretation of the statutory
language.” Fetter, 110 S.W.3d at 687 (citations omitted). The commentary to section
1.103 states that the UCC “preempts principles of common law and equity that are
inconsistent with either its principles or its purposes and policies.” Tex. Bus. & Com.
Code Ann. § 1.103 cmt. 2.
Section 9.406(a) of the UCC provides:
. . . [A]n account debtor on an account, chattel paper, or a payment intangible may discharge its obligation by paying the assignor, until, but not after, the account debtor receives a notification, authenticated by the assignor or the assignee, that the amount due or to become due has been assigned and that payment is to be made to the assignee. After receipt of the notification, the account debtor may discharge its obligation by paying the assignee and may not discharge the obligation by paying the assignor.
Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.406(a). Section 9.406 provides that once Interflow
notified Hilton about the assignment, Hilton can discharge its debt only by paying
Interflow directly. See id.; Tempay, Inc. v. Tanintco, Inc., No. 05-15-00130-CV,
2016 WL 192596, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 15, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.).
Section 9.406 does not specifically address revocation or specifically designate an
19 ending date for the assignment. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.406(a);
Tempay, Inc., 2016 WL 192596, at *8. “‘[A]fter a debtor receives notice of a valid
assignment, payment made by the debtor to the assignor or to any person other than
the assignee is made at the debtor’s peril and does not discharge the debtor from
liability to the assignee.’” Tempay, Inc., 2016 WL 192596, at *8 (quoting Holloway-
Houston, Inc., 224 S.W.3d 357–63) (concluding account debtor was required to pay
the same debt twice after relying on assignor’s request to no longer make payments
in accordance with the notice from the assignee but instead make payments directly
to assignor) (other citations omitted).
The commentary to section 9.102, titled Definitions and Index of Definitions,
states that Article Nine refers to the “assignment” or the “transfer” of property
interest, which are undefined terms. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.102 cmt. 26.
Comment 26 explains that this “Article generally follows common usage by using
the terms ‘assignment’ and ‘assign’ to refer to transfers of rights to payment, claims,
and liens and other security interests.” Id. Additionally, the summary judgment
includes commentary from the Permanent Editorial Board for the UCC (“UCC
Board”) regarding the use of the term “assignment.” Permanent Editorial Bd. for the
Unif. Commercial Code: Commentary No. 21 Use of The Term “Assignment” in
Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (2020),
20 https://www.ali.org/media/filer_public/a1/67/a167ba0e-8983-4ec4-9ad0-8c77899c
3c06/commentary-21-final.pdf (last visited June 27, 2023). The UCC Board
explained that Article 9 applies to both an outright assignment of ownership of
specified payment rights and to the assignment of specified payment rights for
security (“SISO”), such as a security interest. See id. at 3–4.
The Factoring Agreement shows that Interflow agreed to purchase certain
accounts of Gulf Coast during the period of June 21, 2013, to June 20, 2014, and
Interflow’s purchase of the “Purchased Accounts” shall constitute an irrevocable
assignment to Interflow of ownership and payment thereof. Again, it should be noted
that this “Term” of the agreement was to be continued and renewed for successive
one-year periods unless notice of termination was given by either party. However,
there is nothing in this record evidencing that the agreement was terminated. On
February 14, 2017, Interflow notified Hilton that on June 21, 2013, Gulf Coast
assigned and transferred to Interflow its right to collect payments on present and
future accounts receivables existing between Hilton and Gulf Coast. Interflow
requested that Hilton direct present and future payments to its address and informed
Hilton that the Notice of Assignment would remain in effect until Interflow provided
written notification withdrawing the notice. However, there is nothing in the record
evidencing that Interflow ever provided written notification withdrawing said notice.
21 The record includes Hilton’s account analysis which shows that after it received
Interflow’s notice it made five direct payments to Interflow, but from May 2017
through May 2018, Hilton made payments directly to Gulf Coast totaling
$155,152.58.
In November 2019, Interflow sent Hilton a letter stating that it provided the
Notice of Assignment on February 14, 2017, June 16, 2017, and June 17, 2017, and
Interflow demanded payment of the $155,152.58 Hilton paid Gulf Coast. Interflow
explained that after Hilton received the Notice of Assignment, it was required to pay
Interflow and that any payments Hilton made directly to Gulf Coast could not be
used to discharge its liability on the assigned invoices. Interflow stated that it was
unaware if Gulf Coast represented that the Notice of Assignment was no longer
effective, but if it had made such a representation, Hilton was not allowed to rely on
Gulf Coast’s word. The record does not show that Interflow provided Hilton written
notification withdrawing the notice. Rather, the record shows that in the June 2017
email, Interflow’s Kevin Roy advised Hilton’s Jon Stup to adhere to the Notice of
Assignment sent by Interflow after Stup reported that Gulf Coast requested Stup to
make direct payments to Gulf Coast. In his affidavit, Roy averred that Hilton stopped
making payments after it received notice of the assignment, and Interflow’s counsel,
Bill Richey, averred that Hilton did not respond to his demand for payment. The
22 record also includes Hilton’s Responses to Plaintiff’s Discovery Requests, in which
it admitted that after receiving the Notice of Assignment, it made direct payments to
Gulf Coast totaling $155,152.58. Hilton also admitted that it received Interflow’s
demand letter and made no payments to Interflow. Hilton included the affidavit of
Hilton Koch, its general manager, who averred that Hilton paid all invoices ever
owed to Gulf Coast.
We conclude that Hilton was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its
claim that section 9.406(a) did not apply to Interflow’s claimed lien on unassigned
accounts because comment 26 of section 9.102 explained that the term “assignment”
included the transfer of rights to liens and other security interests. See Tex. Bus. &
Com. Code Ann. § 9.102 cmt. 26; see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Fielding, 289
S.W.3d at 848. We also conclude that Hilton was not entitled to judgment as a matter
of law on its claim that the Notice of Assignment did not obligate Hilton to pay
Interflow to discharge the alleged unassigned invoices. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c);
Fielding, 289 S.W.3d at 848. The summary judgment evidence shows that Interflow
notified Hilton that (1) its account had been assigned and it had the right to collect
payments on present and future account receivables; (2) it should direct current and
future payments to Interflow; and (3) the notice will remain in effect until Interflow
provided written notification withdrawing the notice. The evidence further shows
23 that after receiving the Notice of Assignment and being advised in writing to adhere
to the Notice of Assignment, Hilton tendered payments to Gulf Coast at its own peril
and failed to discharge its debt to Interflow pursuant to section 9.406. See Holloway-
Houston, Inc., 224 S.W.3d at 361; BOC Grp., Inc, v. Katy Nat. Bank, 720 S.W.2d
229, 231 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, no writ.).
Hilton also moved for summary judgment on its claim that Interflow’s Rule
11 agreement with Gulf Coast allowed Hilton to pay Gulf Coast directly for the
invoices about which it now complains. Hilton argued that Interflow should be
quasi-estopped from pursuing its claims because the Rule 11 Agreement allowed
Hilton to make payments to Gulf Coast.
The Factoring Agreement includes the following provision:
1.4 In order to avoid objections and loss of trade from its customers through the collection of Purchased Accounts by [Interflow] directly from the Account-Debtors, Seller may make collections of the Purchased Accounts as trustees for [Interflow] as long as no Event of Default has occurred . . . . [Interflow] may terminate Seller’s right and privilege of collection at any time without notice, and this right shall immediately terminate without notice in any case upon Seller’s suspension of business, or the occurrence of any Event of Default described in Section 6.1(1). Seller agrees that all funds so collected shall be held by Seller in trust for [Interflow] and may not be commingled with funds of Seller. Seller agrees that it will transfer or deliver to [Interflow] . . . on the day of receipt and in the form received . . . all original checks, drafts, notes, and other evidences of payment received in full payment or on account of any Purchased accounts together with all original statements or vouchers pertaining to them.
24 The August 2017 Rule 11 Agreement applied to the purchased accounts and
states as follows:
1. Both of our clients will report to their counsel any money received to date on each account, which will be shared with opposing counsel. Supporting documents will be provided.
2. Gulf Coast AND Interflow will not take active steps to collect the accounts.
3. Both of our clients will report to their counsel any money received from this date forward on each account, which will be shared with opposing counsel. One hundred percent (100%) of that money will be held in trust by the counsel for the party that received it, until further order by the Court or further agreement by the parties as to the disposition of the funds
This is a temporary agreement. The purpose of this agreement is to preserve the status quo while providing revenue for Gulf Coast. Ultimately, if we don’t reach another agreement, then we will be scheduling a temporary injunction hearing on an agreed date. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, this agreement will be superseded by any order entered by the court.
Also, any actions taken in accordance with this agreement can’t be used as evidence of wrongdoing by either party.
The parties’ Rule 11 discussions also showed that Interflow’s attorney proposed the
following concerning the purchased accounts:
. . . “Gulf Coast would report to my firm any money received on any account from this point forward. The funds will be accounted for as to which client/invoice they derived from. Gulf Coast would retain
25 75 percent of the funds for normal and ordinary operating expenses. The remaining 25 percent would be placed in my firm’s trust account or an escrow account maintained by my law firm. That 25 percent would remain in the trust or escrow account until further order by the Court or further agreement by the parties as to the disposition of the funds.
Hilton also included Bill Richey’s November 2017 email to Gulf Coast’s
counsel enclosing a Rule 11 Agreement reached by Interflow and Gulf Coast in
August 2017, showing the parties agreed they both would not take active steps to
collect the accounts. Richey’s email explained that Gulf Coast had lost accounts,
clients, and officers due to Interflow’s collection activities and that any agreement
regarding the future collection of purchased accounts would be handled by Gulf
Coast so it could repair any damage to their remaining clients. We note that none of
the communications concerning the Rule 11 Agreement were sent to Hilton, and
there is no evidence in the record showing that Interflow provided written
notification to Hilton that the Notice of Assignment was no longer effective or that
it had authorized Gulf Coast to accept payments on its behalf. Instead, the record
shows that Interflow advised Hilton to adhere to the Notice of Assignment.
Furthermore, there is nothing in the record evidencing that Hilton had any privity of
contract with the Rule 11 Agreement between Gulf Coast and Interflow, nor that
Hilton was a third-party beneficiary of said Rule 11 Agreement. See First Bank v.
Brumitt, 519 S.W.3d 95, 102 (Tex. 2017) (explaining party claiming third-party
26 beneficiary status must show that the contracting parties intended to secure a benefit
to that third party and entered into that contract directly for the third party’s benefit);
Gore v. Smith, No. 05-19-00156-CV, 2020 WL 4435312, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas
Aug. 3, 2020, pet. denied) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (stating that
privity exists if the defendant contracted with the claimant or someone who assigned
its cause of action to the claimant and explaining law firm was third-party
beneficiary of the Rule 11 Agreement because the agreement clearly and
unequivocally expressed the parties’ intent to directly benefit the law firm).
While the UCC’s provisions do not control when the parties have contracted
and negotiated a specific agreement, there is no evidence that Interflow or Gulf Coast
notified Hilton of the Rule 11 Agreement or that Interflow authorized Hilton to pay
Gulf Coast directly. See Cadence Bank, N.A. v. Elizondo, 642 S.W.3d 530, 534 &
n.4 (Tex. 2022); Lenape Res. Corp. v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., 925 S.W.2d 565,
570 (Tex. 1996) (discussing Article 2 of the UCC and parties being able to vary
those provisions by agreement). Instead, the evidence shows that in June 2017, two
months before Interflow and Gulf Coast entered into the Rule 11 Agreement, Hilton
informed Interflow that Gulf Coast requested that it pay Gulf Coast directly, and
Interflow advised Hilton to adhere to the Notice of Assignment despite Gulf Coast’s
request. The evidence also shows that Hilton began paying Gulf Coast directly in
27 May 2017, before the parties reached any agreement, and Hilton made direct
payments totaling $155,152.28 to Gulf Coast until June 2018.
We have already explained that the UCC preempts principles of common law
and equity, including estoppel, that are inconsistent with its purposes and principles,
and Hilton’s argument is an attempt to persuade this Court that it can discharge its
debt by paying the assignor instead of the assignee and avoid the clear directives
mandated by section 9.406 to pay the assignee. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§
1.103 & cmt. 2, 9.406; Holloway-Houston, Inc., 224 S.W.3d at 363 & n.4. We hold
that Hilton cannot rely on estoppel to supplant the clear directives mandated by
section 9.406. We conclude that Hilton was not entitled to judgment as a matter of
law on its claim that Interflow should be quasi-estopped from pursuing its claims
because the Rule 11 Agreement allowed Hilton to make payments to Gulf Coast. See
Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Fielding, 289 S.W.3d at 848. Having concluded that Hilton
was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on any of its summary judgment
claims, we further conclude the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in
favor of Hilton. We sustain Interflow’s first issue.
Interflow’s Motion for Summary Judgment
Interflow moved for summary judgment on its claim that Hilton was aware of
the Notice of Assignment and obligated to make payments to Interflow under section
28 9.406(a) and that Hilton was estopped from asserting any defenses based on the
improper payments it made to Gulf Coast. Interflow argued that the matter should
be resolved by summary judgment because the balance owed was undisputed. We
have already explained that Hilton was required to make payments to Interflow
under section 9.406(a) and that Hilton was estopped from asserting its estoppel
defense. The summary judgment evidence shows that after receiving Interflow’s
Notice of Assignment, Hilton at some point made direct payments to Gulf Coast
totaling $155,152.58, Interflow demanded payment, and Hilton made no payments
to Interflow. We hold that Interflow was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on
its claim that Hilton was required to make payments to Interflow under section
9.406(a) and that Hilton failed to directly pay Interflow payments totaling
$155,152.58. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Fielding, 289 S.W.3d at 848; see also Tex.
Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.406(a). We conclude the trial court erred in denying
summary judgment in favor of Interflow. We sustain Interflow’s second issue.
CONCLUSION
Having sustained both of Interflow’s issues, we reverse the trial court’s
summary judgment granting Hilton’s Motion for Summary Judgment, reverse the
trial court’s summary judgment denying Interflow’s Motion for Summary Judgment,
render judgment in favor of Interflow for $155,152.58, and remand the case to the
29 trial court to determine whether Interflow is entitled to any reasonable and necessary
attorney’s fees, costs, prejudgment interest, and post-judgment interest.
REVERSED AND RENDERED IN PART; REVERSED AND
REMANDED IN PART.
W. SCOTT GOLEMON Chief Justice
Submitted on July 5, 2023 Opinion Delivered October 12, 2023
Before Golemon, C.J., Horton and Wright, JJ.