[Cite as Insa v. Insa, 2016-Ohio-7425.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
MICHAL INSA : : Plaintiff-Appellant : Appellate Case No. 26909 : v. : Trial Court Case No. 2015-DV-446 : MAHAMADOU INSA : (Appeal from Domestic Relations : Court) Defendant-Appellee : :
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OPINION
Rendered on the 21st day of October, 2016.
JADE K. SMARDA, Atty. Reg. No. 0085460, 110 North Main Street, Suite 1600, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant
MAHAMADOU INSA, 4138 Pompton Court, Dayton, Ohio 45405 Defendant-Appellee-Pro Se
.............
HALL, J.
{¶ 1} Michal Folley Insa appeals from the trial court’s judgment entry overruling her
objections to a magistrate’s decision, vacating an ex parte temporary protection order -2-
against her estranged husband, appellee Mahamadou Insa, and dismissing her petition
for a full domestic violence civil protection order.1
{¶ 2} Michal advances four assignments of error. First, she contends the trial court
erred in declining to conduct an in camera interview of the parties’ minor child, who was
a protected person under the ex parte order. Second, she claims the trial court erred in
refusing to reopen the proceedings, after a hearing on her petition, to address newly
discovered evidence related to potential abduction of the child. Third, she asserts that the
trial court erred in dismissing her petition and vacating the ex parte order because its
decision is against the weight of the evidence. Fourth, she maintains that the trial court
erred in overruling her objections to its adoption of the magistrate’s decision based on her
non-compliance with Civ.R. 53, which was inapplicable.
{¶ 3} The record reflects that Michal filed her petition for a domestic violence civil
protection order in April 2015, seeking protection for herself and the parties’ minor child,
who was four years old. The pro se petition alleged the following acts of domestic violence
committed by Mahamadou:
Pushing when pregnant, threatening to hit, pushing when at the
[marital] residence[,] refusing to let either receive help for food [or]
medicine[.]
1 We note that Michal Insa died on August 12, 2015 before this appeal was instituted. (Doc. #25, Suggestion of Death). On February 19, 2016, we sustained a motion to substitute Michal’s adult daughter, Tamieka Boyd, as appellant on behalf of Michal’s minor child, who was a protected person under the ex parte order and on whose behalf Michal had sought a full domestic violence civil protection order. For purposes of clarity, however, we will continue to refer to Michal in our analysis despite the formal substitution of Boyd. To avoid confusion, we also will refer to Michal and Mahamadou Insa by their first names. -3-
Forcing his 2-4 yr old daughter to have sex with him by kissing her
and using his finger in his [sic] vagina atil [sic] screaming crying for the pain
that was cause. Slapping her at times[.]
Threatening to cause me harm by hotting [sic] me. Spit on me in the
pas[t].
(Doc. #1 at 2).
{¶ 4} After granting an ex parte temporary order protecting Michal and the child, a
magistrate held a two-day hearing in June and July 2015. The witnesses at the hearing
were Michal, psychologist Antoinette Cordell, Detective Elizabeth Alley, and Mahamadou.
For her part, Michal testified that she and Mahamadou had married in 2003 but were
estranged. She proceeded to recount allegations of sexual abuse committed by
Mahamadou against their child. She explained that the allegations came to light in late
January 2015 when she observed the child playing with a toy bear and a doll in a sexual
manner. (Tr. Vol. I at 12). The activity included the child taking her finger and “strok[ing]
between the baby doll’s legs.” (Id. at 137). According to Michal, the child stated that
“Baba” (the child’s name for Mahamadou) had been doing that to her. (Id. at 138). When
questioned further, the child mentioned an incident at a mosque. (Id.).
{¶ 5} Michal testified that she previously had suspected sexual abuse involving the
minor child. In particular, she mentioned an incident that occurred around December 2012
when the child was two years old. On that occasion, Mahamadou inadvertently “pocket
dialed” Michal’s phone. When she answered the phone, she heard the child singing in the
background. She then heard the child start screaming. According to Michal, the -4-
screaming continued for about 10 minutes. (Id. at 14-15). When she later questioned
Mahamadou about the incident, he told her to change the child’s diaper. (Id. at 17). Upon
doing so, she saw what appeared to be light blood. (Id.). It was “very faint” and a “pinkish
color.” (Id. at 127). She also occasionally noticed discharges in the child’s panties. Michal
brought the issue to the attention of a doctor, who treated the discharges with an
antibiotic. (Id. at 18). Michal also mentioned having taken the child to the hospital in 2012
“with concerns of an unusual rash.” (Id. at 19). At that time, the child was examined by
the Columbus Children’s Medical Center staff and her concerns were “dismissed.” (Id. at
141). The emergency room staff did not perceive the rash as a problem. (Id. at 142).
{¶ 6} With regard to the January 2015 incident involving the toy bear, the doll, and
the child’s related disclosures, Michal contacted the police and Care House of Dayton.
She also scheduled a vaginal examination at Children’s Medical Center in early February,
2015. (Id. at 18, 21, 36). Michal testified that she heard her daughter tell a detective that
Mahamadou had touched her “twah,” which was the child’s name for her “private area.”
(Id. at 24-25). On the day of the vaginal exam, Michal spoke with Officer Alley, who,
according to Michal, questioned whether she had mental problems that may have
triggered the sexual-abuse complaint. (Id. at 40). At that point, Michal feared her
unspecified “past” may have been clouding the officer’s opinion with regard to the truth of
the allegations. (Id. at 41). The child underwent a medical examination that neither
confirmed nor ruled out the existence of sexual abuse. (Id. at 43-44).
{¶ 7} Michal also testified about an incident that occurred shortly before the
hearing when the child accused Mahamadou of having taken nude pictures of her. (Id. at
61-63). According to Michal, the child recalled that the pictures had been taken in her -5-
room when she was two years old. (Id. at 62-63). The only picture introduced at the
hearing, however, was benign and depicted the child’s face and body from approximately
the armpits up. (Hearing Exh. 9).
{¶ 8} Michal additionally testified that Mahamadou, who was from Niger, West
Africa, previously had expressed an interest in taking the child to live in Africa because
he believed the schools were better there. (Id. at 79). Michal expressed her own fear that
Mahamadou might take the child to Africa, continue to engage in sexual abuse, and
ultimately kill the child. (Id. at 81-82).
{¶ 9} On cross examination, Michal acknowledged having a prior felony record for
aggravated assault. (Id. at 95). She also admitted having reported being kidnapped and
saved by a farmer when she was 13 years old. (Id. at 97). When questioned about the
assertions in her petition, Michal clarified that her allegation of Mahamadou engaging in
“sex” with the child meant “fondling.” (Id. at 98-99).
{¶ 10} With regard to the petition’s allegations of physical abuse against her,
Michal acknowledged that they had occurred relatively long ago. In particular, she stated
that the alleged “pushing” was mostly mutual and had occurred at least five years earlier
when she was pregnant. (Id. at 118). The threats mentioned in the petition had occurred
in 2013 and 2014. (Id. at 120). As for the denial of food or medicine, Michal recalled
incidents when Mahamadou had believed the child did not need to go to the doctor and
when he had questioned her about her blood-pressure medicine. (Id. at 122-123). Michal
also mentioned one incident about a year earlier when Mahamadou had slapped the child.
(Id. at 133). She acknowledged that the slap was “not hard.” (Id. at 133). She also recalled
one incident the previous year when Mahamadou had spit on her. (Id. at 134). -6-
{¶ 11} The next witness was psychologist Cordell, who was called by Michal’s
counsel. Cordell stated that she had been seeing the child since April 2015. (Tr. Vol. II at
17). The sessions stemmed from Michal’s concerns about the child’s emotional behavior,
which included crying, screaming, refusing to eat, hitting her head, having nightmares,
and other things. (Id. at 18). Cordell testified that Michal had informed her of the child’s
sexual-abuse allegations. But her role was not “to investigate that or to figure out exactly
what may or may not have happened.” (Id. at 19). She did not conduct a sexual-abuse
investigation. (Id. at 37-38).
{¶ 12} In one of Cordell’s early sessions, the child reported that she did not want
to see her dad or live with him. (Id. at 26). When asked whether her father had hurt her,
the child responded “yes” but did not elaborate. (Id.). In a later session, the child reported
that her father had taken pictures of her with her clothes off. (Id. at 28). In none of Cordell’s
sessions did the child ever mention Mahamadou inappropriately touching her anywhere.
(Id. at 48). Cordell did not get the impression that the child was trying to remember
something that she had been coached to say. (Id. at 30). But she also never inquired
whether Michal had mentioned anything to her about her father. (Id. at 40). According to
Cordell, the child met the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. (Id. at 31).
{¶ 13} The next witness was Detective Alley, who was called by Mahamadou’s
counsel. Alley testified that she worked in the Special Victims Unit at the CARE House.
(Id. at 75). As part of her investigation, Alley spoke with Michal and the child about the
sexual-abuse allegations. As soon as she began the rapport-building portion of the child’s
interview, the child immediately said without being prompted or questioned that “Baba -7-
touched my twah.” (Id. at 80). Alley found this spontaneous statement to be unusual and
acknowledged that it raised “some concern.” (Id. at 80-81). The child provided few details
but described the touching as having occurred twice—once in a mosque and once in
Mahamadou’s truck. (Id. at 81, 87). On at least one of the two occasions, the child recalled
that he had touched her “twah” with a magnifying glass. (Id. at 88). The child provided no
other information, however, about what he had done with the magnifying glass. (Id.).
{¶ 14} Alley subsequently spoke to Mahamadou, who was cooperative. (Id. at 83).
He surrendered his cell phone and agreed to take a polygraph test, although no test ever
was administered. (Id. at 84). Alley described Michal as “very aggressive in wanting
charges to go forward[.]” (Id. at 85). Alley presented the results of her investigation to the
prosecutor’s office, and “charges were refused.” (Id. at 86, 99).
{¶ 15} On cross examination, Alley testified that she thought Michal’s behavior
during the course of the investigation was out of the ordinary:
* * * [S]he was wanting immediate answers the whole time. Showed
up at the CARE House multiple times, was bringing pictures of allegedly her
being naked and always calling with other concerns, things that happened
being addressed earlier, things that had come up including, oh, I remember
a magnifying glass being involved, I remember a magnifying glass in the
house.
Things that were just coming up as she thought about them that she
was always showing up at the CARE House for. That is unusual.
(Id. at 100).
{¶ 16} With regard to the alleged nude photos, Alley stated: -8-
* * * And actually [Michal] told me that [Mahamadou] had multiple
pictures on his phone that were inappropriate and she brought one to the
CARE House and said she was not able to get the other ones and when I
reviewed his phone, I found the exact same picture that she brought to me
and it was not an inappropriate picture. It was a picture of his child.
(Id. at 104).
{¶ 17} Alley stated that Michal identified the picture at issue (Exhibit 9) as one of
the objectionable “naked” photos she had found on Mahamadou’s phone. (Id. at 110).
Alley further testified that Montgomery County Children Services (MCCS) had started an
investigation as a result of Michal’s sexual-abuse allegations. That investigation resulted
in MCCS finding the allegations “unsubstantiated.” (Id. at 109). According to Alley, she
found “lots of inconsistencies in the story along the entire investigation.” (Id. at 114). They
included “inconsistencies with Michal’s story, the inconsistencies in the forensic interview
and the inconsistencies in speaking with her children.” (Id. at 114-115).
{¶ 18} For his part, Mahamadou testified and described his marriage to Michal as
“troubled.” (Id. at 122). He denied touching his daughter’s vaginal area or looking at it with
a “microscope.” (Id. at 128). He theorized that Michal may have fabricated her allegations
against him because she was “angry” at him. (Id.). With regard to the picture admitted
into evidence, he testified that he took it while watching television with the child, who was
wearing panties and was “not naked.” (Id. at 129). He also denied pushing Michal,
threatening her, depriving her of food or medicine, slapping the child, or spitting on Michal.
(Id. at 132-133).
{¶ 19} On cross examination, Mahamadou initially denied ever being alone with -9-
his daughter. (Id. at 136). He then acknowledged being alone with her one time. (Id. at
136-137). He proceeded to describe an incident where he and the child were sleeping in
the house while Michal went to the store. (Id.). He stated that was the only time he had
been “in the house alone” with the child. (Id.). When questioned about taking the child to
the mosque, Mahamadou explained that he and the child had not been alone in the house
before going there because Michal had been home. (Id. at 139). He admitted that he had
been alone with his daughter in his truck. (Id. at 140).
{¶ 20} Following the hearing, Michal’s counsel filed an August 26, 2015 suggestion
of death, indicating that Michal had died on August 12, 2015. (Doc. #25). The suggestion
of death included a motion under Civ.R. 59(A)(8) for a hearing to address new evidence
of imminent harm to the child. In support, the motion referenced an attached affidavit from
Michal’s adult son, Matthew Downs. He averred that he had met with Mahamadou to
discuss his mother’s death certificate. During the meeting, Mahamadou requested his
laptop and the child’s passport. (Doc. #25, Downs affidavit at ¶7). Downs did not turn over
the passport, but the request caused him to fear that Mahamadou might obtain the
passport, or a duplicate, and flee to Africa with the child. (Id. at ¶ 7-9).
{¶ 21} One day after counsel filed the suggestion of death and the Civ.R. 59
motion, the magistrate filed a decision dismissing the petition on the merits and vacating
the ex parte order. (Doc. #26). The decision included findings of fact that are consistent
with, but more abbreviated than, those set forth above and also consistent with the
hearing testimony. The magistrate found that Mahamadou had “testified credibly” and that
he had “credibly denied all of Michal’s allegations of abuse.” (Id. at 3). As for conclusions
of law, the magistrate stated: -10-
The evidence presented by Michal to support the allegations of
abuse are statements made by the 4 year old to Michal and others. These
statements lack detail and in one instance, related an inability of the child
to describe the alleged abuse by Mahamadou. Michal’s allegations have
been investigated by law enforcement and CSB. Despite the allegations, no
charges or action has been taken. It is found that Michal has failed to prove
by the preponderance of the evidence that Mahamadou has committed
domestic violence.
(Id.).
{¶ 22} Thereafter, on September 14, 2015, the trial court filed a judgment entry
adopting the magistrate’s decision. (Doc. #27). Therein, the trial court noted that no
objections to the magistrate’s decision had been filed under Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b). The trial
court found no error of law or defect on the face of the magistrate’s decision. It also
entered its own judgment vacating the ex parte order and dismissing Michal’s petition for
a domestic violence civil protection order. (Id. at 2).
{¶ 23} Fourteen days later, on September 28, 2015, Michal’s counsel filed
objections to the trial court’s adoption of the magistrate’s decision. (Doc. #28). In those
objections, counsel explained that Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(d) did not apply to domestic violence
civil protection order proceedings, which were governed by Civ.R. 65.1. Under that rule,
counsel noted that the proper procedure was to file objections within 14 days after the
trial court’s adoption of the magistrate’s decision. See Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(i). Because
the trial court adopted the magistrate’s decision on September 14, 2015, counsel argued -11-
that the September 28, 2015 objections were timely. Counsel proceeded to advance three
objections: (1) challenging the magistrate’s denial of a motion to conduct an in camera
interview of the child, (2) alleging error in the magistrate’s implicit denial of the Crim.R. 59
motion to address newly discovered evidence, and the (3) asserting that the “credible”
evidence did not support the magistrate’s ruling. (Doc. #28). In conjunction with the
objections, Michal’s counsel filed a praecipe for a hearing transcript and sought an
extension of time to file the transcript. (Doc. #29, 30).
{¶ 24} On October 22, 2015, the trial court granted an extension of time until
November 7, 2015 for the transcript to be filed. (Doc. #30). But four days later, on October
26, 2015, the trial court overruled the objections to its adoption of the magistrate’s
decision without addressing them, asserting that (1) there had been no request for
findings of fact or conclusions of law, (2) a transcript had not been ordered, and (3) the
objections were untimely under Civ.R. 53. (Doc. #31). This appeal followed.
{¶ 25} As a means of analysis, we turn first to Michal’s fourth assignment of error,
which challenges the trial court’s overruling of her objections. We find Michal’s argument
on this issue persuasive. Contrary to the trial court’s assertions, a transcript of the hearing
before the magistrate had been ordered and the trial court itself had just granted an
extension of time for it to be filed. With regard to the trial court’s statement about no
findings of fact or conclusions of law being requested, the magistrate’s decision that the
trial court adopted already contained explicit “findings of fact and conclusion of law.”
Finally, with regard to the trial court’s concerns about non-compliance with Civ.R. 53,
Michal’s objections clearly and correctly pointed out that Civ.R. 53 did not apply and that
the objections were governed by Civ.R. 65.1. -12-
{¶ 26} Under Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(i), a party has 14 days to file written objections
to a trial court’s adoption of a magistrate’s denial of a protection order. “Notably, unlike
Civ.R. 53, a party may not object to the magistrate’s grant or denial of a protection order
under Civ.R. 65.1.” Heimann v. Heekin, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130613, 2014-Ohio-
4276, ¶ 7. Here the trial court adopted the magistrate’s denial of a protection order on
September 14, 2015. The trial court’s entry adopting the magistrate’s decision was
directly appealable at that point. See Civ.R. 65.1(G). Alternatively, Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(i)
gave Michal the option to file objections within 14 days of the trial court’s adoption of the
magistrate’s decision. That is what occurred here. The objections were timely filed on
September 28, 2015.2 As a result, the trial court erred in overruling them as untimely
under Civ.R. 53.
{¶ 27} Ordinarily we would remand a case for the trial court to properly apply the
appropriate rule and render a corrected decision. However, in the unique circumstances
of this appeal we decline to do so for several reasons. Civ.R. 65.1, unlike Civ.R. 53, does
not provide for a request for findings of fact and conclusions of law (see Civ.R.
53(D)(3)(a)(ii)), suggesting a more streamlined proceeding for protection orders. Under
Civ.R. 65.1 the trial court may adopt the magistrate’s denial or grant of a protection order
“upon review of the order and a determination that there is no error of law or other defect
evident on the face of the order.” Civ.R. 53 allows the court to “hear a previously-referred
matter, take additional evidence, or return a matter to a magistrate,” Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(b),
2 We note that the timely filing of objections stayed the time for appeal until after the trial court ruled on them. See Civ.R. 65.1(G). Civ.R. 65.1 objections do not stay the trial court’s order. Therefore, Michal’s present appeal was timely as well. -13-
and it requires the trial court to undertake “an independent review as to the objected
matters.” Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(d). Each of those options is absent from Civ.R. 65.1, which
indicates that court action includes only “adoption, modification, or rejection,” of a
magistrate’s decision, Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(c)(iv), and no standard of review is designated.3
Here, the trial court determined “[t]he court further finds there is no error in law, or defect
on the face of the Magistrate Decision.” (Doc. #27). We also observe that two of the
assignments of error, whether the magistrate was required to interview the child and
whether failure to grant the Civ.R. 59 motion constitutes an abuse of discretion are legal
questions. The trial court would be in no better or worse position than are we to decide
those issues. Similarly, regarding the third assignment, suggesting that the magistrate
decision is against the weight of the evidence, if the trial court is unable to hear evidence
itself, then it is subject to drawing conclusions only from review of the same transcript and
record that we have before us. Finally, the trial court’s entry of judgment against Michal
constituted an appealable order, whether or not objections were filed. Civ.R. 65.1(G).
Therefore, we proceed to address the remaining assignments of error, which raise
precisely the same issues raised in the objections. Based on our determination infra that
the remaining three assignments of error all lack merit, the trial court’s overruling of the
objections as untimely constituted harmless error. Accordingly, the fourth assignment of
error is overruled.
{¶ 28} In her first assignment of error, Michal contends the trial court erred in
declining to conduct an in camera interview of the parties’ child, who was a protected
3We indicate only what the rules contain and do not determine whether or not a court may have inherent authority to take additional evidence or return a matter to a magistrate upon objection under Civ.R. 65.1. -14-
person under the ex parte order. Michal initially raised this issue in a June 3, 2015 motion.
(Doc. #17). She then raised it again during the evidentiary hearing. (Tr. Vol. I at 170).
Finally, she raised the issue in her unsuccessful objections, arguing that the refusal to
interview the child violated R.C. 3109.04(B)(1) as well as the child’s due-process right to
be heard.
{¶ 29} Upon review, we find no violation of the statute or due process. We begin
with the statute. It provides:
(B)(1) When making the allocation of the parental rights and responsibilities
for the care of the children under this section in an original proceeding or in
any proceeding for modification of a prior order of the court making the
allocation, the court shall take into account that which would be in the best
interest of the children. In determining the child's best interest for purposes
of making its allocation of the parental rights and responsibilities for the care
of the child and for purposes of resolving any issues related to the making
of that allocation, the court, in its discretion, may and, upon the request of
either party, shall interview in chambers any or all of the involved children
regarding their wishes and concerns with respect to the allocation.
(Emphasis added.) R.C. 3109.04(B)(1).
{¶ 30} Michal cites R.C. 3109.04(A) for the proposition that the foregoing rule
applies in the context of her motion for a civil protection order. In relevant part, R.C.
3109.04(A) provides:
(A) In any divorce, legal separation, or annulment proceeding and in any
proceeding pertaining to the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities -15-
for the care of a child, upon hearing the testimony of either or both parents
and considering any mediation report filed pursuant to section 3109.052 of
the Revised Code and in accordance with sections 3127.01 to 3127.53 of
the Revised Code [The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforcement Act], the court shall allocate the parental rights and
responsibilities for the care of the minor children of the marriage. Subject to
division (D)(2) of this section, the court may allocate the parental rights and
responsibilities for the care of the children in either of the following ways:
(1) * * * allocate the parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the
children primarily to one of the parents, designate that parent as the
residential parent and the legal custodian of the child, and divide between
the parents the other rights and responsibilities for the care of the children,
including, but not limited to, the responsibility to provide support for the
children and the right of the parent who is not the residential parent to have
continuing contact with the children.
(2) * * * allocate the parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the
children to both parents and issue a shared parenting order requiring the
parents to share all or some of the aspects of the physical and legal care of
the children in accordance with the approved plan for shared parenting.
* * *.
{¶ 31} Michal argues that, under R.C. 3109.04(A), her petition for a protection
order was a “proceeding pertaining to the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities
for the care of a child.” This is so, she contends, because her petition sought a temporary -16-
allocation of parental rights and responsibilities (Doc. #1 at 2) and because the protection-
order statute, R.C. 3113.31(E)(1)(d), allows a court issuing a protection order to
“[t]emporarily allocate parental rights and responsibilities for the care of, or establish
temporary parenting time rights with regard to, minor children, if no other court has
determined, or is determining, the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities for the
minor children or parenting time rights[.]” Based on the premise that her petition came
within the scope of R.C. 3109.04(A), Michal insists the trial court was obligated by R.C.
3109.04(B)(1) to grant her motion for an in camera interview.
{¶ 32} We find Michal’s argument to be unpersuasive. As a threshold matter, “we
must review all of R.C. 3109.04 rather than an isolated phrase to determine the legislative
intent.” State ex rel. Thompson v. Spon, 83 Ohio St.3d 551, 554, 700 N.E.2d 1281 (1998).
“ ‘In reviewing a statute, a court cannot pick out one sentence and disassociate it from
the context, but must look to the four corners of the enactment to determine the intent of
the enacting body.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Wilson, 77 Ohio St.3d 334, 336, 673 N.E.2d
1347 (1997). After reviewing R.C. 3109.04(A) and (B) in their entirety, we believe the
requirement to interview a child in camera at the request of a party did not apply to
Michal’s protection-order petition.
{¶ 33} On the surface, R.C. 3109.04(A) arguably does appear to apply to Michal’s
petition, which tangentially “pertained” to the allocation of parental rights insofar as a trial
court temporarily may allocate those rights when granting a protection order. On closer
examination, however, we are convinced that R.C. 3109.04(A) and (B) do not apply. We
reach this conclusion for several reasons. First, R.C. 3109.04(A) explicitly obligates a trial
court to allocate parental rights in one of two ways: (1) by designating one party the -17-
residential parent and the legal custodian, and dividing between the parties the other
rights and responsibilities for the care of the children, including child-support and
parenting time or (2) by entering a shared-parenting order. Both of these options are
applicable to traditional divorce or related custody proceedings. They exceed the scope
of the temporary allocation that occurs in the context of a protection order. Here, for
example, the ex parte protection order simply awarded “temporary custody” to Michal and
suspended Mahamadou’s “visitation rights.” (Doc. #3 at ¶ 11-12). The order did not
designate Michal as the “residential parent.” Nor did it proceed to divide between the
parties any other rights and responsibilities including child support. It did not do so
because the protection-order statute, R.C. 3113.31, does not require these
determinations. Moreover, Michal’s untimely death also means that the domestic relations
court no longer has authority to allocate parental rights because there is only one parent
remaining.
{¶ 34} Second, R.C. 3109.04(B)(1) directs a court consider “the best interest of the
children” when allocating parental rights and responsibilities under that section. To assist
in this statutory best-interest determination, R.C. 3109.04(B)(1) requires an in camera
interview of a child at either parent’s request. Notably, however, the civil protection order
statute, R.C. 3113.31, does not “specifically require the trial court to consider the ‘best
interest factors’ [in R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)] used for creating or modifying a shared parenting
plan, or determining companionship rights.” Couch v. Harrison, 12th Dist. Clermont No.
CA2000-08-063, 2001 WL 121108, *3 (Feb. 12, 2001). “Had the legislature intended to
have trial courts weigh the best interest factors in R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) before allocating
parental rights and responsibilities in a civil protection order, it would have expressly so -18-
declared.” Id. Instead, “R.C. 3113.31 demonstrates a clear and unambiguous legislative
intent to enable the trial court to immediately provide for the temporary safety and
protection of minor children.” Id. Because a trial court is not required to consider the R.C.
3109.04 best-interest factors, or even to make an explicit best-interest determination,
when resolving a request for a civil protection order, R.C. 3109.04(B)(1)’s requirement for
a trial court to conduct an in camera interview to determine a child’s best interest does
not apply.4
{¶ 35} Third, this court and others have recognized that a temporary allocation of
parental rights in the context of a protection order does not constitute a “prior decree
allocating parental rights and responsibilities” under R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), which
requires a change in circumstances and a best-interest determination before modifying a
“prior decree.” See, e.g., In re A.N., 2d Dist. Greene Nos. 2010 CA 83, 2011 CA 7, 2011-
Ohio-2422. This is so because “a protection order ‘is not regarded as a custody
proceeding. Rather, * * * [i]t is only a temporary order that lasts until the issue is litigated
in domestic relations or juvenile court.’ ” Id. at ¶ 12, quoting Tabler v. Meyers, 173 Ohio
App.3d 657, 2007-Ohio-6219, 880 N.E.2d 103, ¶ 14 (7th Dist.). Although In re A.N.
involved a different issue, it supports our determination that a temporary allocation of
parental rights in a protection-order proceeding falls outside the scope of R.C. 3109.04
because such a proceeding is not a custody proceeding under that statute.
{¶ 36} Fourth, the Ohio Supreme Court in Spon, supra, expressly rejected an
4 This is not to say, of course, that a child’s “best interest” is not relevant in a protection- order proceeding. We are simply pointing out that, unlike R.C. 3109.04, the protection- order statute, R.C. 3113.31, does not require the explicit, statutory best-interest determination that underlies the in camera interview requirement. -19-
argument that a reference in R.C. 3109.04(C) to the allocation of parental rights “in any
proceeding” included the temporary allocation of such rights in a protection-order
proceeding. The issue was important in Spon because the application of R.C. 3109.04(C)
would have triggered a requirement for certain findings of fact and conclusions of law that
were not made. After reviewing R.C. 3109.04 in its entirety, however, the Ohio Supreme
Court determined that R.C. 3109.04(C)—notwithstanding its reference to “any
proceeding” allocating parental rights—actually applied only to “final decrees allocating
parental rights and responsibilities or subsequent modification of final decrees rather than
temporary orders allocating parental rights and responsibilities.” Spon at 554. Michal’s
argument is similar. She relies on R.C. 3109.04(A)’s reference to “any proceeding
pertaining to the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities” to argue that R.C.
3109.04(B)(1)’s requirement for an in camera interview applied to her protection-order
proceeding. In addition to our analysis above, Spon supports our rejection of her
argument and our conclusion that R.C. 3109.04 had no applicability in the context of her
petition for a protection order.
{¶ 37} We are equally unpersuaded by Michal’s due-process argument. The
simplest response to it is that the trial court never deprived her child of an opportunity to
be heard. Based on the reasoning set forth above, the trial court had no statutory
obligation, under R.C. 3109.04(B)(1), to conduct an in camera interview of the child. That
does not mean, however, that the child could not testify as a witness at the hearing,
provided she was competent to do so. The trial court never prohibited the child from
testifying. It merely urged counsel not to call the child as a witness, pointing out that the
four-year-old’s competence would need to be established. (Tr. Vol. I at 171). At that point, -20-
Michal’s counsel, noting psychologist Cordell’s recommendation that the child not testify,
declared that he would not put the child on the stand. (Id.). Counsel’s own decision not to
call the child, even if motivated by concerns about possible psychological harm, simply
does not establish a due-process deprivation.5 Accordingly, the first assignment of error
is overruled.
{¶ 38} In her second assignment of error, Michal claims the trial court erred in
refusing to reopen the proceedings to address newly discovered evidence of “imminent
harm.” This argument concerns the motion filed one day before the magistrate’s ruling.
Therein, Michal invoked Civ.R. 59(A)(8), which authorizes a new trial based on newly
discovered evidence, and expressed concern that Mahamadou might be planning to
remove the child from the United States. In support, she provided the above-referenced
affidavit from Matthew Downs, who averred that Mahamadou had requested, but not
received, the child’s passport.
{¶ 39} The magistrate implicitly overruled the Civ.R. 59 motion when vacating the
ex parte protection order and dismissing Michal’s petition. The trial court did likewise
when it adopted the magistrate’s decision and later overruled Michal’s objections, which
raised the Civ.R. 59 issue. We review the denial of a motion under Civ.R. 59 for an abuse
of discretion. In re H.Y., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26082, 2014-Ohio-2674, ¶ 18.
5 We note too that Michal testified about the child’s concerns and allegations, as did Cordell. “When the child’s interests are aligned with a parent’s, as a practical matter, the child’s wishes and concerns will be advanced by that parent.” In re A.G., 139 Ohio St.3d 572, 2014-Ohio-2597, 13 N.E.3d 1146, ¶ 72. In In re A.G., which Michal cites, the Ohio Supreme Court upheld the exclusion of a minor child from custody proceedings, over a due-process objection, noting the availability of other avenues for the child’s wishes to be made known. Here, however, the trial court did not exclude the parties’ minor child from the protection-order proceedings. Michal’s counsel did that by making the decision not to attempt to have the child testify. -21-
{¶ 40} We see no abuse of discretion here for at least two reasons. First, we are
unconvinced that a fear of “abduction,” at least under the circumstances of this case, is
grounds for a domestic violence civil protection order. The pertinent statute defines
“domestic violence,” for purposes of a protection order, as committing one or more of the
following acts against a family or household member:
(a) Attempting to cause or recklessly causing bodily injury;
(b) Placing another person by the threat of force in fear of imminent serious
physical harm or committing a violation of section 2903.211 [menacing by
stalking] or 2911.211 [aggravated trespass] of the Revised Code;
(c) Committing any act with respect to a child that would result in the child
being an abused child, as defined in section 2151.031 of the Revised Code;
(d) Committing a sexually oriented offense.
R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(a)-(d).
{¶ 41} A fear that Mahamadou might accompany his own daughter to Africa
following his wife’s death does not appear to fit within any of the foregoing grounds. This
is particularly true if the allegations of abuse are discounted based on the trial court’s
finding that they were not proven by the preponderance of the evidence (an issue we will
address infra). In opposition to this conclusion, Michal cites Reynolds v. Reynolds, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 18436, 2001 WL 62552 (Jan. 26, 2001). In that case, the trial court
cited evidence of physical abuse and threats, a threat of abduction, and menacing by
stalking as grounds to issue a domestic violence protection order. Id. at *1-*3 (quoting the
trial court’s opinion). On review, however, this court focused on the defendant’s physical -22-
threats and acts of violence, not the trial court’s remark about abduction. Id. at *4.
{¶ 42} Second, even if abduction fears can justify a domestic violence civil
protection order, it was not an abuse of discretion to refuse to reopen the proceedings in
this case. Michal’s protection-order petition contained no allegations concerning a fear of
abduction. At the subsequent hearing, she briefly mentioned Mahamadou wanting to have
the parties’ child educated in Africa. (Tr. Vol. I at 79). Michal also expressed her own
interest in taking a trip to Africa. (Id.). She then theorized that Mahamadou might take the
child to Africa, engage in sexual abuse there, and then kill the child. (Id. at 81-82). Michal’s
hearing testimony provides little, if any, objective support for these concerns, particularly
considering that the trial court found her sexual abuse concerns not proven. Nor does the
fact that, after the hearing and after his wife’s death, Mahamadou, the child’s father,
requested his own daughter’s passport.
{¶ 43} With proper supporting evidence, fears of abduction might be relevant to
the issuance of a domestic violence civil protection order, especially in conjunction with a
finding that a defendant is engaging in acts of physical or sexual abuse that are likely to
continue in the new location. On the record before us, however, we are unconvinced that
the newly discovered evidence at issue—Mahamadou’s request for his own daughter’s
passport after his wife’s death—probably would have changed the result with regard to
the dismissal of the petition for a protection order. Absent that showing, denial of the
Civ.R. 59 motion was not an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Rogers v. Rogers, 2d Dist.
Miami No. 95-CA-7, 1995 WL 461262, *2 (Aug. 2, 1995) (recognizing that to succeed on
a new-trial motion under Civ.R. 59(A)(8) a movant must show, inter alia, that the new
evidence will probably change the result). Accordingly, the second assignment of error is -23-
overruled.
{¶ 44} In her last remaining assignment of error, Michal challenges the trial court’s
dismissal of her petition and vacation of the ex parte order as being against the weight of
the evidence. She advances two arguments in support. First, she contends she proved
sexual abuse by the preponderance of the evidence. Second, she claims the magistrate
and the trial court failed to address the abduction issue.
{¶ 45} “When assessing whether a protection order should have been issued, the
reviewing court must determine whether there was sufficient credible evidence to prove
by a preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner was entitled to relief.” Weismuller
v. Polston, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2011-06-014, 2012-Ohio-1476, ¶ 19. “Under the civil
manifest-weight standard, ‘[i]f competent, credible evidence exists to support the trial
court’s decision, it must be affirmed.’ ” Wise v. Wise, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23424,
2010-Ohio-1116, ¶ 9, quoting Gevedon v. Ivey, 172 Ohio App.3d 567, 2007–Ohio–2970,
876 N.E.2d 604, ¶ 60 (2d Dist.). “In a civil manifest-weight analysis, ‘the court reviews the
trial court’s rationale and the evidence the trial court has cited in support of its decision.’
” Id. In so doing, a reviewing court must remain mindful that evaluating evidence and
assessing witness credibility are primarily functions of the trier of fact. Weismuller at ¶ 19.
{¶ 46} Having examined the record, we do not find that the trial court’s dismissal
of Michal’s petition is against the weight of the evidence. The record supports a finding
that Michal failed to prove her domestic-violence allegations by the preponderance of the
evidence.
{¶ 47} With regard to the sexual-abuse allegations, Michal contends the
magistrate and the trial court “gave undue deference” to (1) the absence of criminal -24-
charges against Mahamadou, (2) the child’s inability to describe in detail what she
claimed he had done to her, and (3) psychologist Cordell’s failure to gather information
from Mahamadou, CARE House, or law enforcement. Although the magistrate’s decision
noted these facts, among others, we are unpersuaded that the magistrate or the trial court
gave “undue deference” to them. The lack of criminal charges or even a civil abuse case
by MCCS certainly was not dispositive. But the magistrate and the trial court were entitled
to consider those facts, which were addressed during the hearing. Likewise, the child’s
inability to describe “in detail” what Mahamadou allegedly had done, while
understandable, was a relevant consideration. We do not find that the trial court gave that
fact undue deference. Nor are we persuaded that undue deference was given to the fact
that Cordell did not gather information from certain entities or individuals (beyond
requesting records from Care House), which was addressed on cross examination.
{¶ 48} Michal also argues that the trial court’s reliance on a lack of medical
evidence substantiating sexual abuse was misplaced. Once again, however, that fact,
while not dispositive, remained a relevant consideration. The fact that the child’s medical
examination was essentially normal certainly did not rule out the possibility of sexual
abuse. But the trial court was entitled to take into account the lack of corroborating
medical evidence when assessing whether Michal had proven her allegations by the
preponderance of the evidence. As Michal correctly points out on appeal, the fact that
Cordell saw no indication of the child being “coached” also was a relevant consideration.
But that fact was not dispositive either with regard to the veracity of the child’s allegations
or Michal’s ability to prove them. Finally, Michal claims Mahamadou’s contradictory and
extreme statements about being, or not being, alone with the child undermined his -25-
testimony, which the magistrate expressly found credible. We disagree. Although
Mahamadou did appear to contradict himself when questioned about being alone with the
child, the magistrate noted that “English is not his first language.” (Doc. #26 at 3). The
magistrate and the trial court reasonably could have determined that he was confused
about the scope of the questions rather than dishonest. Based on our review of the record
as a whole, the trial court’s conclusion regarding Michal’s failure to prove her sexual-
abuse allegations by the preponderance of the evidence is not against the weight of the
{¶ 49} The only remaining issue is whether the trial court’s ruling is against the
weight of the evidence because it failed to address the abduction issue. We conclude that
it is not. In our view, on this record, use of the term abduction is unnecessarily strong and
unsupported. As noted above, Michal’s petition for a protection order did not contain any
allegations regarding threats of abduction. The issue arose during the hearing only
tangentially in the context of Michal mentioning Mahamadou wanting to have the child
educated in Africa, expressing her own interest in taking a trip to Africa, and speculating
that Mahamadou might take the child to Africa, engage in sexual abuse there, and then
kill the child. (Tr. Vol. I at 79-82). Particularly in light of Michal’s failure to allege abduction
concerns in her petition, we are unconvinced that this foray into abduction compelled the
magistrate or the trial court to make an explicit ruling as to whether abduction concerns
warranted a protection order. Mahamadou’s request for his child’s passport at a time
when he is the child’s only parent because of Michal’s death is completely unlike Reynolds
v. Reynolds, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18436, 2001 WL 62552, cited as support by
appellant. In Reynolds, the petitioner’s former spouse “stated that he would abduct her -26-
daughter from her residence while she was sleeping, or from her school during the day.”
Mr. Reynolds came to the petitioner’s parent’s home “demanding his F***ing kid” and
threatening to kill her family. There were several other incidents of domestic violence
which also supported the Reynolds protection order. In any event, we have determined
above that, on the record before us, the concerns raised in testimony or the speculations
of Michal’s family after her death did not warrant further inquiry or support the imposition
of a protection order. The third assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 50} The judgment of the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court, Domestic
Relations Division, is affirmed.
WELBAUM, J., concurs.
FROELICH, J., dissenting: {¶ 51} I agree with the majority that the procedural circumstances of this case are
unique; however, the Civil Rules provide for the trial court to rule on objections to its
judgment entry adopting a magistrate’s decision, and I would not find such error in this
case to be harmless.
{¶ 52} How the trial court would have weighed the alleged inconsistencies in
Mahamadou’s testimony, the absence of criminal charges, Dr. Cordell’s testimony, the
child’s lack of specificity, or other parts of the transcript which it never saw are unknown
to us.
{¶ 53} The trial court may well have held exactly as we now have (that the
temporary protection order was appropriately denied) or it may have held otherwise
(finding that the temporary protection order should not have been dismissed). But our -27-
role is to review the trial court’s judgment after it reviewed the transcript and ruled on the
objections; I would remand for the court to rule on the objections.
..........
Copies mailed to:
Jade K. Smarda Mahamadou Insa Hon. Denise L. Cross