[Cite as Ingram v. Progressive Motors, Inc., 2024-Ohio-4996.]
COURT OF APPEALS STARK COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
BRANDY INGRAM, INDIVIDUALLY : JUDGES: AND ON BEHALF OF HER MINOR CHILDREN : : Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, P.J. Plaintiffs-Appellants : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J. : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. -vs- : : Case No. 2023CA00147 : PROGRESSIVE MOTORS, INC. DBA : PROGRESSIVE CHRYSLER DODGE JEEP : : Defendant-Appellee : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Stark County Court of Common Pleas 2022 CV 01929
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: October 16, 2024
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiffs-Appellants: For Defendant-Appellee:
Brian L. Zimmerman Jesse Schmidt 229 Third Street N.W., Suite 200 4608 St. Clair. Ave. Canton, Ohio 44702 Cleveland, Ohio 44103 Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 2
Delaney, P.J.
{¶1} Plaintiffs-Appellants Brandy Ingram, individually and on behalf of her minor
children N.E. Ingram and N.A. Ingram, and Brenda Lilly appeal a Summary Judgment
Order by the Stark County Court of Common Pleas. The Defendant-Appellee is
Progressive Motors, Inc., DBA Progressive Chrysler Dodge Jeep. This Court affirms the
summary judgment.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶2} Plaintiff-Appellant Brandy Ingram took her 2014 Dodge Charger to
Defendant-Appellee Progressive Motors for service on August 5, 2022. As part of the
vehicle’s maintenance, Progressive Motors rotated the tires and performed a multi-point
vehicle inspection. A few days later, Ingram heard noises when she drove the car. She
contacted Progressive Motors but stated in her deposition that they did not call her back.
{¶3} On August 22, 2022, Ingram was driving herself and four others from her
home in Canton, Ohio, to Cleveland, Ohio, for her son’s football game. Her son, her
daughter, and a niece were in the backseat. The children’s grandmother, Brenda Lilly,
was in the front passenger seat. As Ingram merged onto Interstate 480 at about 60 miles
per hour, she heard rumbling coming from the car. The car began to shake, and the back
end dropped down to the roadway. There was smoke coming from the back. While
regaining control of the car, she stated that she narrowly missed hitting a motorcycle. She
was able to drive her car to the berm and stop.
{¶4} When she got out and looked at the car, Ingram noted that the driver’s side
wheel was separated from the car at the bottom and leaning in toward the top of the wheel Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 3
well. All four lug nuts were missing. A tow truck arrived, and the driver installed a spare
tire with new lug nuts. Lilly’s husband had driven up after they called and told him what
happened. She and the children drove back to Canton with him. Ingram drove her car
home from Cleveland.
{¶5} No one was physically injured and none of the Plaintiffs sought medical or
mental health treatment after the incident. In deposition, Ingram stated that after the event
she was nervous about driving on expressways and sometimes altered her routes to
avoid them. She was also “terribly worried” that had she almost hit a motorcyclist. Lilly,
the children’s grandmother, testified that the children were “petrified” and that she was
“extremely frightened” for herself and for them.
{¶6} Plaintiffs filed a complaint against Progressive Motors. The first cause of
action was that Progressive Motors violated Ohio’s Consumer Sales Practices Act.
Plaintiffs later conceded that they would no longer pursue that claim. The second claim
was for Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress, in which Plaintiffs claimed that
Progressive Motors breached its duty to exercise reasonable care when it tightened the
lug nuts and when it performed its multi-point inspection.
{¶7} Progressive Motors filed a motion for summary judgment. The court granted
the motion on the issue of the issue of negligent infliction of emotional distress on the
issue of damages. The court concluded that the emotional distress as alleged was “not
serious (both severe and debilitating) as a matter of law” and therefore unable to sustain
Plaintiffs’ claim. Plaintiffs have appealed this judgment. Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 4
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶8} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING THE MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF DEFENDANT-APPELLEE PROGRESSIVE
MOTORS, INC. AND DISMISSING THE UNDERLYING CLAIM FOR NEGLIGENCE.
ANALYSIS
{¶9} In their sole assignment of error, plaintiffs have argued that the trial court’s
summary judgment on the issue of negligent infliction of emotional distress was improper.
They have asked this Court to address whether a claim was properly made based on the
facts alleged, whether the trial court considered all the evidence in the light most favorable
to them, and whether the trial court erred in determining that their emotional distress was
not “severe and debilitating” as a matter of law. In their brief, they also addressed the
issue of causation. The trial court expressly did not rule on causation in granting the
motion. Because it is made moot by our resolution on the issue of damages, we will not
address it here.
Summary Judgment and Standard of Review
{¶10} Civ.R. 56 provides for summary judgment and states in pertinent part:
Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
{¶11} In considering such a motion, a trial court may not resolve any
ambiguities in the evidence presented. Inland Refuse Transfer Co. v. Browning- Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 5
Ferris Inds. of Ohio, Inc., 15 Ohio St.3d 321 (1984). Rather, it should enter
summary judgment only if it appears that no material fact is genuinely disputed,
and, after construing the allegations most favorably towards the non-moving party,
it determines that reasonable minds could draw only one conclusion from the
undisputed facts. Hounshell v. Am. States Ins. Co., 67 Ohio St.2d 427 (1981).
{¶12} Once the motion is made by the moving party and supported as
provided in the rule, “an adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or
denials of the party's pleadings, but the party's response, by affidavit or as
otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a
genuine issue for trial.” Civ. R. 56(E). A fact is material if it affects the outcome of
the case under the applicable substantive law. Guernsey Cnty. Community Dev.
Corp. v. Speedy, 2023-Ohio-1796, ¶ 24 (5th Dist.), citing Russell v. Interim
Personnel, Inc., 135 Ohio App.3d 301 (6th Dist. 1999).
{¶13} On appeal, motions for summary judgment are reviewed de novo.
Doe v. Shaffer, 90 Ohio St.3d 388 (2000). When reviewing a trial court's decision
to grant summary judgment, an appellate court stands in the shoes of the trial court
and uses the same standard and evidence. Smiddy v. The Wedding Party, Inc., 30
Ohio St.3d 35 (1987).
Motion for Summary Judgment
{¶14} In this case, Progressive Motors moved for summary judgment. It
argued that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because plaintiffs could
not prove elements of negligent infliction of emotional distress. Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 6
{¶15} First, Progressive Motors argued that expert testimony was
necessary to prove breach and causation. It noted that the accident occurred 23
days after the repair, during which Ingram drove the car for 1,000 miles. Based on
the type of repair, the time lapse, and the usage, Progressive Motors claimed that
expert testimony was necessary to demonstrate that the failure was due to
negligent repair and not some intervening cause.
{¶16} Next, Progressive Motors argued that Plaintiffs could not establish
that they faced any peril. It claimed that because the event did not cause contact
with another vehicle or between other vehicles, the Plaintiffs were never in actual
peril.
{¶17} Finally, Progressive Motors argued that even construing the facts in
the Plaintiff’s favor, there was no issue of material fact as to the emotional injury
Plaintiffs suffered. Based on the testimony of Ingram and Lilly, their emotional
injury did not rise to the level of severe emotional distress required by a negligent
infliction of emotional distress claim.
{¶18} The Plaintiffs responded to the motion and argued that a jury did not
need expert testimony to understand that failure to tighten the lug nuts caused the
wheel to become loose. They argued that the wheel detaching and the car
dropping to the pavement put the Plaintiff’s in actual physical peril. On the issue of
their emotional injuries, Plaintiffs did not point to specific facts, but claimed the
entirety of their deposition testimony was evidence of their emotional distress and
how the event affected them. Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 7
{¶19} The trial court granted summary judgment. It did not reach the issue
of causation because it determined Plaintiffs’ emotional distress did not rise to the
level required as a matter of law. It stated “Plaintiffs have failed to adequately
assert a claim of emotional distress that was ‘serious,’ i.e. severe and debilitating
as a matter of law, rendering Plaintiffs unable to cope with the distress.”
{¶20} After conducting a de novo review, this Court agrees that the
emotional distress incurred was not severe and debilitating as a matter of law,
making it insufficient to prove damages. Accordingly, summary judgment was
appropriate.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
{¶21} The Ohio Supreme Court has long recognized a cause of action for
negligent infliction of serious emotional distress. Schultz v. Barberton Glass Co. 4
Ohio St.3d 131, paragraph one of the syllabus (1983). The cause of action allows
a plaintiff to recover for purely emotional injuries without proof of a
contemporaneous physical injury when the plaintiff is directly involved in an
accident. Heiner v. Moretuzzo, 73 Ohio St.3d 80, 85 (1995).
{¶22} In Schultz and subsequent cases, the Court acknowledged that
“[s]erious emotional distress can be as severe and debilitating as physical injury
and is no less deserving of redress.” Paugh v. Hanks, 6 Ohio St.3d 72, 78 (1983),
citing Schultz 4 Ohio St.3d at 135. The Court underscored, however, “the element
of ‘seriousness’ as a necessary component required” to maintain a claim for relief.
Id. Unlike cases where the cause of action arises from a physical injury and courts
“have allowed recovery for emotional distress accompanied by the slightest injury,” Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 8
a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress requires more. Loudin v.
Radiology Services, Inc., 2011-Ohio-1817, ¶¶ 19-20, emphasis added.
{¶23} In Schultz, a large sheet of glass fell off a truck onto the highway and
crashed into the windshield of another vehicle. The driver of that vehicle was not
physically injured, but endured serious emotional distress that was supported by
the expert testimony of three medical doctors and a psychologist. In upholding the
verdict, the Court recognized that the injury of emotional distress was
independently compensable and that the trial court properly awarded damages for
an emotional injury.
{¶24} Paugh is seen as a companion to Schultz, and an effort to delineate
standards for the spectrum of recovery it created. Paugh, 6 Ohio St.3d at 74, 78.
In Paugh, the Court reviewed the history of the tort and the variations of it that
existed over time. The Court noted that, prior to Schultz, an emotional injury could
not support a cause of action unless it was accompanied by a physical injury. Id.
at 75. Mental distress was seen as a “parasitic” claim or “pain and suffering
damages.” Id. After the cause of action evolved over several iterations in cases,
courts stated that the required emotional injury could not be proved unless the
emotional injury was so great that it manifested somehow on a physical level. Id.
at 76-77. The Court in Paugh expressly rejected the need for a psychosomatic
disorder to prove emotional distress, stating “’advancements to modern science
lead us . . . to conclude that psychic injury is capable of bring proven despite the
absence of a physical manifestation of such injury.” Id. at 77, citation omitted. It
reiterated, however, that the emotional injury must be serious. Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 9
{¶25} The term serious means more than “trifling mental disturbance, mere
upset or hurt feelings.” Id. at 78. It is “emotional injury which is both severe and
debilitating.” Id., paragraph three(a) of the syllabus. It may be found when “a
reasonable person, normally constituted, would be unable to cope adequately with
the mental distress engendered by the circumstances of the case.” Id. at 78. Some
examples include “traumatically induced neurosis, psychosis, chronic depression,
or phobia.” Id., citation omitted. The plaintiff in Paugh suffered from fainting and
hyperventilating. She was hospitalized and given medication, began treating with
a nurse at a mental health center, experienced serious nightmares, was afraid to
be left home alone, was afraid to cross the streets or being exposed to traffic and
was afraid to drive the family car. Id., paragraph four of the syllabus. She was
ultimately admitted to a psychiatric ward for one week for observation where it was
determined that she suffered from anxiety trauma. Id.
{¶26} Determining whether an injury is serious must be made on a case-
by-case basis. Id. at 80. There is no fixed rule to resolve the question. Id. A court
must determine, as a matter of law, whether there is proof of emotional distress
that is more than mere upset. White v. Bhatt, 2017-Ohio-9277 (5th Dist.), citing
Paugh, at 78. In White, this Court stated:
“The intensity and the duration of the distress are factors to be considered in determining its severity. * * * It is for the court to determine whether on the evidence severe emotional distress can be found; it is for the jury to determine whether, on the evidence, it has in fact existed.”
Id., ¶ 26, quoting Cruz v. English Nanny & Governess School Inc., 2017-Ohio-4176
(8th Dist.), emphasis added in original, quoting Comment j to Restatement of the
Law 2d, Torts 77, Section 46 (1965) Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 10
{¶27} In White, a brother and sister brought a negligent infliction claim for
how their mother was treated during end of life care. The trial court found that they
failed to establish all the elements of their claim and granted summary judgment.
{¶28} The evidence revealed that the son took three weeks of
bereavement leave and then returned to work. He sought counseling on one
occasion. He did not seek treatment for anxiety or depression, he was able to work,
and he was able to maintain good relationships with his family. His sister stated
that she was treating for depression prior to her mother’s death and that her
physician recommended therapy. Her anxiety and depression had worsened since
her mother’s death and, as a result, her medications had been changed.
{¶29} The Court determined that the emotional distress was inextricably
linked to the death of their mother and lacked a causal relationship to her medical
care. ¶ 28. Given the specific facts, expert testimony was required to differentiate
what emotional distress was caused by her care as opposed to their grief over her
death. Id. In the absence of such testimony, this Court found that the plaintiffs failed
to present evidence “that they suffered serious emotional injury specifically caused
by the treatment of their mother.” Id., ¶ 29. Accordingly, summary judgment was
proper. Id.
{¶30} In addition to subjective testimony from the plaintiff, objective proof
of such an emotional injury may help establish the level of the injury. Expert
testimony, while not required, may help determine if the mental distress is serious.
Powell v. Grant Med. Ctr., 2002-Ohio-443, ¶¶ 15-16. Lay witnesses acquainted
with the plaintiff may also testify as to any “marked changes in the emotional or Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 11
habitual makeup that they discern in the plaintiff after the accident occurred.” Id. at
¶ 16.
{¶31} In its motion for summary judgment, Progressive Motors argued that
the alleged emotional distress was not severe in that it did not stop Plaintiffs from
going about their daily lives or leave them unable to cope. To support its argument,
Progressive Motors pointed to specific testimony in the depositions that Plaintiffs
did not seek any psychiatric treatment or counseling. Ms. Ingram testified that she
may avoid highways, but she still drove her car on them with the children in the
car. Ms. Lilly testified that there was no activity that she could no longer do after
the accident, and that she was “bothered that day and a couple of days after that.”
{¶32} In Plaintiffs’ response to the motion for summary judgment, they did
not point to specific facts to support their broad statement that “a jury could
reasonably conclude” that they suffered serious emotional distress. They simply
stated that “Plaintiffs have presented testimony throughout their depositions
explaining how this event affected them at the time and since.”
{¶33} This Court has reviewed the deposition transcripts of both women.
Each testified about herself and the children. They did not provide any
observations about how the incident affected each other. Both agreed that they
were not physically injured and that they did not seek any medical or mental health
care, including counseling.
{¶34} Ms. Ingram testified that she was “scared,” had “anxiety,” and was
“nervous” to drive. She claimed that she will never forget certain things that
happened such as the car dropping down or seeing the motorcycle next to her. Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 12
She had “trauma” over what could have happened to the children. She is nervous
about the quality of her car’s repairs. Although she stated that she no longer drove
to Cleveland for her son’s football games, she further explained that the season
was over, and the spring games were local. Similarly, she stated that she missed
a day of work, but it was because she had to take her car in to be repaired.
{¶35} Ms. Lilly testified that she did not miss any work, and that she still
drives on a regular basis. She was scared during the event of the oncoming traffic.
She stated that the event lasted only a few seconds and she was scared, she was
“traumatized.” After a few days she was back to normal, and the accident did not
affect her life. In the interrogatories referenced in her deposition, Ms. Lilly was
asked to name any treatment she received, and to describe the nature of her
injuries. To each question she responded, “there were no physical injuries.”
{¶36} Regarding the children, Lilly testified that, at the time of the accident,
they were “petrified” and crying and that they worried for their mom as she drove
the car home. Ingram testified that, after the accident, her daughter was scared
when they hit a bump or crossed the rumble strips on a highway. She said both
children were “a nervous wreck” and scared it was going to happen again. Despite
their fears, Ingram maintained that nothing has stopped them from doing
everything that they previously did in life. Lilly also did not describe any debilitating
effects on the children. There was no testimony from either that the children missed
any activities or school following the accident.
{¶37} In their reply brief to this Court, Plaintiffs argued that summary
judgment was inappropriate based on this Court ‘s holding in Williams v. Toy 2023- Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 13
Ohio-1844 (5th Dist.). In Toy, a woman was walking her two dogs and a neighbor’s
dog jumped a fence and began attacking both dogs. The issue raised for summary
judgment was whether the plaintiff could recover for witnessing an injury to her
dogs. This Court determined, however, that the claim was not brought as a
bystander to the injury suffered by the dogs, but rather because the plaintiff was in
fear of being injured herself in the ensuing attack. In negligent infliction of
emotional distress cases, Ohio courts have limited recovery to either when the
plaintiff is a bystander to an accident or when the plaintiff experiences fear
associated with physical consequences to him or herself. High v. Howard, 64 Ohio
St.82 (1992).
{¶38} Toy is distinguishable from the case before us, however, on the issue
of damages. The plaintiff in Toy testified that she could no longer leave her home
due to fear. She provided medical testimony that she suffered from post-traumatic
stress disorder and was on medication. Finally, a friend testified that she had
witnessed changes in the plaintiff because of the dog attack. She no longer went
on walks and was more anxious, emotional, and fearful. It is this critical evidence
of serious emotional distress that the Plaintiffs are lacking.
{¶39} After reviewing the pleadings and the deposition testimony, and
conducting a de novo review, this Court concludes that while the event was
certainly difficult and the emotional responses justified, they did not rise to the level
of serious harm as required by a cause of action for negligent infliction of emotional
distress. Stark County, Case No. 2023CA00147 14
CONCLUSION
{¶40} Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, the
emotional distress suffered did not rise to the required level of serious as a matter
of law. Summary judgment was proper in this case. The judgment of the Stark
County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
By: Delaney, P.J.,
Gwin, J. and
Baldwin, J., concur.