FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CATHERINE INGLE, Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 04-55927 v. D.C. No. CV-99-01297-RHW CIRCUIT CITY, a Virginia corporation, OPINION Defendant-Appellant. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Robert H. Whaley, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted March 21, 2005* Pasadena, California
Filed May 18, 2005
Before: Harry Pregerson, David R. Thompson, and Kim McLane Wardlaw, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Pregerson
*The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a)(2).
5367 INGLE v. CIRCUIT CITY 5369
COUNSEL
Rex Darrell Berry, Livingston & Mattesich Law Corporation, Sacramento, California, for defendant/appellant Circuit City Stores, Inc.
Michael H. Crosby, San Diego, California, for the plaintiff/ appellee.
OPINION
PREGERSON, Circuit Judge:
In this appeal we consider Circuit City’s renewed petition to compel arbitration, in which it again asks the district court to compel former employee Catherine Ingle to arbitrate her employment-related claims. In Ingle v. Circuit City Stores, 5370 INGLE v. CIRCUIT CITY Inc., 328 F.3d 1165 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Ingle I”), we held that Circuit City’s arbitration agreement with Ingle, which required her to arbitrate any employment-related claims as a condition of employment, was procedurally and substantively unconscionable under California contract law, and thus unen- forceable. Accordingly, we affirmed the district court’s denial of Circuit City’s motion to compel arbitration of Ingle’s state and federal employment discrimination and harassment claims. On January 26, 2004, the Supreme Court denied Cir- cuit City’s petition for a writ of certiorari. See Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Ingle, 540 U.S. 1160 (2004).
Less than a month after the parties returned to the district court to litigate Ingle’s discrimination and harassment claims, Circuit City filed a renewed petition to compel arbitration. In its petition, Circuit City argued that this court’s en banc deci- sion in EEOC v. Luce, Forward, Hamilton & Scripps, 345 F.3d 742 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (“Luce Forward”), filed four-and-a-half months after Ingle I,1 implicitly undermined the holding of Ingle I. Circuit City claimed that because Luce Forward weakened the holding of Ingle I, the district court did not need to comply with our decision in Ingle I and could compel Ingle to arbitrate her discrimination and harassment claims against Circuit City. The district court disagreed and denied Circuit City’s renewed petition to compel arbitration. Circuit City appeals.
“The denial of a petition to compel arbitration is immedi- ately appealable under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(B).” Ferguson v. Countrywide Credit Indus., Inc., 298 F.3d 778, 782 n.4 (9th Cir. 2002). We affirm. 1 Our decision in Ingle I was filed on May 13, 2003. Our decision in Luce Forward was filed on September 30, 2003. INGLE v. CIRCUIT CITY 5371 DISCUSSION
1. The Law of the Case
[1] Under the law of the case doctrine, “a court is generally precluded from reconsidering an issue previously decided by the same court, or a higher court in the identical case.” United States v. Lummi Indian Tribe, 235 F.3d 443, 452 (9th Cir. 2000). This doctrine has developed to “maintain consistency and avoid reconsideration of matters once decided during the course of a single continuing lawsuit.” 18B Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure: Jurisdiction 2d § 4478, at 637-38 (2002). Because application of the doc- trine is discretionary, we review a district court’s decision to apply the law of the case for an abuse of discretion. See Lummi Indian Tribe, 235 F.3d at 452.
[2] A district court abuses its discretion in applying the law of the case doctrine only if (1) the first decision was clearly erroneous; (2) an intervening change in the law occurred; (3) the evidence on remand was substantially different; (4) other changed circumstances exist; or (5) a manifest injustice would otherwise result. See id. at 452-53.
2. Circuit City’s Renewed Petition Lacks Merit
Circuit City argues that Luce Forward undermined Ingle I and, therefore, constitutes an intervening change in the law.2 2 After the parties finished briefing, Circuit City submitted an additional citation pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) directing our attention to Nagrampa v. Mailcoups, Inc., 401 F.3d 1024 (9th Cir. 2005). That case, however, is inapposite because it examined an arbitra- tion clause embedded in a larger franchise agreement. As the court in Nagrampa explicitly recognized, its analysis was confined to such agree- ments and had no application to stand-alone arbitration agreements. See id. at 1028 n.4. As Circuit City concedes in its 28(j) submission, the arbitra- tion agreement held unconscionable in Ingle I is a stand-alone arbitration agreement. 5372 INGLE v. CIRCUIT CITY According to Circuit City, the district court should have granted its renewed petition to compel arbitration despite our decision in Ingle I. We disagree.
Our decision in Luce Forward was narrow. We considered only whether the Civil Rights Act of 1991 precluded employ- ers from requiring employees, as a condition of employment, to waive their right to bring future Title VII claims in court. Luce Forward, 345 F.3d at 749. Sitting en banc in Luce For- ward, we overruled our previous decision in Duffield v. Rob- ertson Stephens & Co., 144 F.3d 1182 (9th Cir. 1998), and held that the Civil Rights Act of 1991 does not preclude employers from requiring employees to arbitrate their future Title VII claims as a condition of employment. See id. at 745 (“We now conclude that . . . Duffield was wrongly decided; we therefore overrule it ourselves.”). The en banc court exam- ined the text of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and concluded that there was nothing in the text of the statute that precluded employers from requiring employees to arbitrate their future Title VII claims as a condition of employment. See id. at 751- 52.
[3] Luce Forward did not limit or overrule Ingle I; nor did Luce Forward even address or cite Ingle I. Ingle I held that, as a matter of California contract law, Circuit City’s compul- sory arbitration agreement was unconscionable and hence, unenforceable. Ingle, 328 F.3d at 1180. Luce Forward did not examine California contract law at all. Rather, Luce Forward was a narrowly written decision overruling Duffield and hold- ing that the Civil Rights Act of 1991 does not preclude an employer from requiring an employee to arbitrate Title VII claims as a condition of employment. See Luce Forward, 345 F.3d at 745.
[4] Post-Luce Forward, we continue to examine compul- sory arbitration agreements to determine if they comport with state contract law. For example, we recently held that a 1998 version of Circuit City’s arbitration agreement was uncon- INGLE v.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CATHERINE INGLE, Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 04-55927 v. D.C. No. CV-99-01297-RHW CIRCUIT CITY, a Virginia corporation, OPINION Defendant-Appellant. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Robert H. Whaley, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted March 21, 2005* Pasadena, California
Filed May 18, 2005
Before: Harry Pregerson, David R. Thompson, and Kim McLane Wardlaw, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Pregerson
*The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a)(2).
5367 INGLE v. CIRCUIT CITY 5369
COUNSEL
Rex Darrell Berry, Livingston & Mattesich Law Corporation, Sacramento, California, for defendant/appellant Circuit City Stores, Inc.
Michael H. Crosby, San Diego, California, for the plaintiff/ appellee.
OPINION
PREGERSON, Circuit Judge:
In this appeal we consider Circuit City’s renewed petition to compel arbitration, in which it again asks the district court to compel former employee Catherine Ingle to arbitrate her employment-related claims. In Ingle v. Circuit City Stores, 5370 INGLE v. CIRCUIT CITY Inc., 328 F.3d 1165 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Ingle I”), we held that Circuit City’s arbitration agreement with Ingle, which required her to arbitrate any employment-related claims as a condition of employment, was procedurally and substantively unconscionable under California contract law, and thus unen- forceable. Accordingly, we affirmed the district court’s denial of Circuit City’s motion to compel arbitration of Ingle’s state and federal employment discrimination and harassment claims. On January 26, 2004, the Supreme Court denied Cir- cuit City’s petition for a writ of certiorari. See Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Ingle, 540 U.S. 1160 (2004).
Less than a month after the parties returned to the district court to litigate Ingle’s discrimination and harassment claims, Circuit City filed a renewed petition to compel arbitration. In its petition, Circuit City argued that this court’s en banc deci- sion in EEOC v. Luce, Forward, Hamilton & Scripps, 345 F.3d 742 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (“Luce Forward”), filed four-and-a-half months after Ingle I,1 implicitly undermined the holding of Ingle I. Circuit City claimed that because Luce Forward weakened the holding of Ingle I, the district court did not need to comply with our decision in Ingle I and could compel Ingle to arbitrate her discrimination and harassment claims against Circuit City. The district court disagreed and denied Circuit City’s renewed petition to compel arbitration. Circuit City appeals.
“The denial of a petition to compel arbitration is immedi- ately appealable under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(B).” Ferguson v. Countrywide Credit Indus., Inc., 298 F.3d 778, 782 n.4 (9th Cir. 2002). We affirm. 1 Our decision in Ingle I was filed on May 13, 2003. Our decision in Luce Forward was filed on September 30, 2003. INGLE v. CIRCUIT CITY 5371 DISCUSSION
1. The Law of the Case
[1] Under the law of the case doctrine, “a court is generally precluded from reconsidering an issue previously decided by the same court, or a higher court in the identical case.” United States v. Lummi Indian Tribe, 235 F.3d 443, 452 (9th Cir. 2000). This doctrine has developed to “maintain consistency and avoid reconsideration of matters once decided during the course of a single continuing lawsuit.” 18B Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure: Jurisdiction 2d § 4478, at 637-38 (2002). Because application of the doc- trine is discretionary, we review a district court’s decision to apply the law of the case for an abuse of discretion. See Lummi Indian Tribe, 235 F.3d at 452.
[2] A district court abuses its discretion in applying the law of the case doctrine only if (1) the first decision was clearly erroneous; (2) an intervening change in the law occurred; (3) the evidence on remand was substantially different; (4) other changed circumstances exist; or (5) a manifest injustice would otherwise result. See id. at 452-53.
2. Circuit City’s Renewed Petition Lacks Merit
Circuit City argues that Luce Forward undermined Ingle I and, therefore, constitutes an intervening change in the law.2 2 After the parties finished briefing, Circuit City submitted an additional citation pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) directing our attention to Nagrampa v. Mailcoups, Inc., 401 F.3d 1024 (9th Cir. 2005). That case, however, is inapposite because it examined an arbitra- tion clause embedded in a larger franchise agreement. As the court in Nagrampa explicitly recognized, its analysis was confined to such agree- ments and had no application to stand-alone arbitration agreements. See id. at 1028 n.4. As Circuit City concedes in its 28(j) submission, the arbitra- tion agreement held unconscionable in Ingle I is a stand-alone arbitration agreement. 5372 INGLE v. CIRCUIT CITY According to Circuit City, the district court should have granted its renewed petition to compel arbitration despite our decision in Ingle I. We disagree.
Our decision in Luce Forward was narrow. We considered only whether the Civil Rights Act of 1991 precluded employ- ers from requiring employees, as a condition of employment, to waive their right to bring future Title VII claims in court. Luce Forward, 345 F.3d at 749. Sitting en banc in Luce For- ward, we overruled our previous decision in Duffield v. Rob- ertson Stephens & Co., 144 F.3d 1182 (9th Cir. 1998), and held that the Civil Rights Act of 1991 does not preclude employers from requiring employees to arbitrate their future Title VII claims as a condition of employment. See id. at 745 (“We now conclude that . . . Duffield was wrongly decided; we therefore overrule it ourselves.”). The en banc court exam- ined the text of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and concluded that there was nothing in the text of the statute that precluded employers from requiring employees to arbitrate their future Title VII claims as a condition of employment. See id. at 751- 52.
[3] Luce Forward did not limit or overrule Ingle I; nor did Luce Forward even address or cite Ingle I. Ingle I held that, as a matter of California contract law, Circuit City’s compul- sory arbitration agreement was unconscionable and hence, unenforceable. Ingle, 328 F.3d at 1180. Luce Forward did not examine California contract law at all. Rather, Luce Forward was a narrowly written decision overruling Duffield and hold- ing that the Civil Rights Act of 1991 does not preclude an employer from requiring an employee to arbitrate Title VII claims as a condition of employment. See Luce Forward, 345 F.3d at 745.
[4] Post-Luce Forward, we continue to examine compul- sory arbitration agreements to determine if they comport with state contract law. For example, we recently held that a 1998 version of Circuit City’s arbitration agreement was uncon- INGLE v. CIRCUIT CITY 5373 scionable under Washington state law because the agreement was “excessively one-sided” in favor of Circuit City. See Al- Safin v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 394 F.3d 1254, 1262 (9th Cir. 2005). We noted that Luce Forward “forecloses Al- Safin’s arguments that Duffield prohibits enforcement of the arbitration agreement,” id. at 1258 n.2, but nevertheless held the agreement unconscionable, and hence unenforceable, as a matter of state law, id. at 1262.
[5] In sum, Circuit City’s claim that Luce Forward some- how overruled or undermined Ingle I is not persuasive. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Circuit City’s renewed petition to compel arbitration.
3. Sanctions Against Circuit City
[6] Ingle contends that Circuit City’s present appeal is friv- olous and requests that we impose sanctions under 28 U.S.C. § 1912, 28 U.S.C. § 1927, and Federal Rule of Appellate Pro- cedure 38. Specifically, Ingle asks for the imposition of dou- ble costs, attorney’s fees, or both. “An appeal is considered frivolous if the result is obvious or the appellant’s arguments are wholly without merit.” Adriana Int’l Corp. v. Thoeren, 913 F.2d 1406, 1417 (9th Cir. 1990).
[7] As discussed above, Circuit City’s position in this appeal is wholly without merit. We therefore impose sanc- tions in the form of double costs and reasonable attorney’s fees under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38. See Har- rah’s Club v. Van Blitter, 902 F.2d 774, 777 (9th Cir. 1990) (imposing sanctions in the form of double costs and attorney’s fees where appellant’s claim was “utterly meritless”). Ingle has failed, however, to provide evidence that Circuit City’s latest appeal was motivated by bad faith. Accordingly, we decline to impose sanctions under 28 U.S.C. § 1927. See T.W. Elec. Service, Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Assoc., 809 F.2d 626, 638 (9th Cir. 1987) (declining to impose sanctions under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 because, even though the substance of the 5374 INGLE v. CIRCUIT CITY appeal was nonmeritorious, there was no evidence of bad faith).
CONCLUSION
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. Ingle’s request for sanctions against Circuit City in the form of dou- ble costs and attorney’s fees is GRANTED.