OPINION
HAROLD H. GREENE, District Judge.
This is an action under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, 26 U.S.C. § 7428, in which plaintiff Incorporated Trustees of the Gospel Worker Society (Society) seeks a declaratory judgment that it is, as a religious organization, exempt from taxation under Code sections 501(a) and 501(c)(3).
Before the Court is defendant’s motion for summary judgment. For the reasons stated below, the Court holds that plaintiff is no longer entitled to its tax exemption.
I
In 1895, Reverend William Musselman, a Mennonite minister, founded the Gospel Worker Society in New Jersey. The Society was incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania in 1906. Through the 1930’s it maintained missions in various cities in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New Jersey where its members engaged in public (evangelizing) efforts, such as distributing literature, conducting services, and holding street meetings. By the late 1930’s the members consisted of about 80 ladies, who wore uniforms, received no pay for their work, and were maintained by the Society. During this period, the literature distributed by the Society and additional Sunday School materials were printed by the members at their own press, known as the Union Gospel Press. On November 6, 1937, the Internal Revenue Service granted an exemption from income taxation to the Society under section 101(c) of the 1936 Revenue Act (the present section 501(c)(3)), as an organization carrying on charitable, educational, religious, and missionary activities, including the care and maintenance of mission workers and the dissemination of religious literature to charitable, penal, and reform institutions. The exemption letter found that the Society’s income was derived from gifts and the operation of the Gospel Press, and that this income was to be used to carry on the Society’s religious, charitable, educational, and missionary work. This exemption was upheld in 1953 in a determination by the Internal Revenue Service.
At present, Timothy T. Musselman, the grandson of the founder, is in charge of the Gospel Press. He is without formal church affiliation and his experience prior to joining the Press in 1958 was in the management of commercial plants. The Society membership now consists of 23 mostly elderly ladies, living in a home maintained by the organization at a cost of $500,000 a year. As of 1962, the last mission had closed down, all missionary activity of the Society had ceased due to the advancing age of the membership, and the only discernible activity of the Society, apart from the maintenance of the ladies, was the publication of religious literature through the
Gospel Press. Only four of the members actually work in the Press (either on an hourly wage or for a salary) and their input into the content of its publications consists largely in the review of the copy for type and smooth reading as distinguished from matters of substance. The members of the Society have little or no other involvement with its publication activities.
Contributors to the publications, and those responsible for substantive editing, are not members of the Society and they do not belong to any particular denomination.
The Gospel Press presently publishes a line of Sunday School materials, called the “Christian Life Series.” The content of the series is dictated by general guidelines established by the Society and such guidelines are given to the outside contributors. The guidelines are not specific with regard to doctrine, and they do not require the authors to advance beliefs in any way unique to the Society. In fact, the materials follow the non-denominational International Sunday School Uniform Lesson Plan, a set of topics prepared by the National Council of Churches — a practice also followed by a number of non-exempt commercial publishers of fundamentalist Christian literature.
The Gospel Press pays the Council a royalty of one percent for these topics, and the commercial publishers pay a similar royalty. The Press sells about 60 percent of its publications to Christian bookstores at a standard commercial discount
(again much as do the commercial publishers of Sunday School materials). These bookstores, which number approximately 1,00Q, resell the materials at list price to churches and individuals.
Although some Gospel Press publications are published at a loss, the organization has shown increasing profits since the 1960’s. Its accumulated surplus has grown from approximately 2 million dollars through the 1960’s to over 5.3 million dollars in 1978. The salaries of the top officials of UGP have similarly increased: Mr. Musselman, for example, received $25,080 in 1970, and $103,387 in 1978.
By a report of November 5, 1976, an IRS District Director in Ohio proposed to revoke plaintiff’s tax exemption, on the grounds that the religious and charitable activities for which the exemption had been granted had virtually ceased, and that the operation of the publishing business at a substantial profit indicated the existence of a trade or business unrelated to plaintiff’s exempt purposes. Plaintiff appealed this proposal to the Regional Commissioner in Cincinnati, who proposed agreement by plaintiff to status as a private foundation with unrelated business income. Plaintiff then appealed to the National Office, which determined on March 17, 1978, that plaintiff’s exemption be revoked. On July 12, 1978, a final adverse determination was made to revoke the Society’s exempt status effective as of July 1,1963, and the Regional Commissioner demanded that plaintiff file federal income tax returns for all years beginning July 1, 1970.
The instant action
followed. As indicated, it requests the Court to declare under Code section 7428
that the Society still qualifies for an exemption under section 501(a) as a 501(c)(3) exempt organization, and that defendant’s revocation of its exempt status was erroneous.
II
Section 501(a) exempts from taxation organizations described in section 501(c)(3), that is,
Corporations ... organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable . .. or educational purposes ... no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.
Under the regulations, an organization is organized exclusively for exempt purposes if its articles of organization “limit the purposes of such organization to one or more exempt purposes” and “do not expressly empower the organization to engage, otherwise than as an insubstantial part of its activities, in activities which in themselves are not in furtherance of one or more exempt purposes.” 26 C.F.R. § 1.501(c)(3)-1(b). Plaintiff’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended in 1960, clearly meet this test.
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OPINION
HAROLD H. GREENE, District Judge.
This is an action under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, 26 U.S.C. § 7428, in which plaintiff Incorporated Trustees of the Gospel Worker Society (Society) seeks a declaratory judgment that it is, as a religious organization, exempt from taxation under Code sections 501(a) and 501(c)(3).
Before the Court is defendant’s motion for summary judgment. For the reasons stated below, the Court holds that plaintiff is no longer entitled to its tax exemption.
I
In 1895, Reverend William Musselman, a Mennonite minister, founded the Gospel Worker Society in New Jersey. The Society was incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania in 1906. Through the 1930’s it maintained missions in various cities in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New Jersey where its members engaged in public (evangelizing) efforts, such as distributing literature, conducting services, and holding street meetings. By the late 1930’s the members consisted of about 80 ladies, who wore uniforms, received no pay for their work, and were maintained by the Society. During this period, the literature distributed by the Society and additional Sunday School materials were printed by the members at their own press, known as the Union Gospel Press. On November 6, 1937, the Internal Revenue Service granted an exemption from income taxation to the Society under section 101(c) of the 1936 Revenue Act (the present section 501(c)(3)), as an organization carrying on charitable, educational, religious, and missionary activities, including the care and maintenance of mission workers and the dissemination of religious literature to charitable, penal, and reform institutions. The exemption letter found that the Society’s income was derived from gifts and the operation of the Gospel Press, and that this income was to be used to carry on the Society’s religious, charitable, educational, and missionary work. This exemption was upheld in 1953 in a determination by the Internal Revenue Service.
At present, Timothy T. Musselman, the grandson of the founder, is in charge of the Gospel Press. He is without formal church affiliation and his experience prior to joining the Press in 1958 was in the management of commercial plants. The Society membership now consists of 23 mostly elderly ladies, living in a home maintained by the organization at a cost of $500,000 a year. As of 1962, the last mission had closed down, all missionary activity of the Society had ceased due to the advancing age of the membership, and the only discernible activity of the Society, apart from the maintenance of the ladies, was the publication of religious literature through the
Gospel Press. Only four of the members actually work in the Press (either on an hourly wage or for a salary) and their input into the content of its publications consists largely in the review of the copy for type and smooth reading as distinguished from matters of substance. The members of the Society have little or no other involvement with its publication activities.
Contributors to the publications, and those responsible for substantive editing, are not members of the Society and they do not belong to any particular denomination.
The Gospel Press presently publishes a line of Sunday School materials, called the “Christian Life Series.” The content of the series is dictated by general guidelines established by the Society and such guidelines are given to the outside contributors. The guidelines are not specific with regard to doctrine, and they do not require the authors to advance beliefs in any way unique to the Society. In fact, the materials follow the non-denominational International Sunday School Uniform Lesson Plan, a set of topics prepared by the National Council of Churches — a practice also followed by a number of non-exempt commercial publishers of fundamentalist Christian literature.
The Gospel Press pays the Council a royalty of one percent for these topics, and the commercial publishers pay a similar royalty. The Press sells about 60 percent of its publications to Christian bookstores at a standard commercial discount
(again much as do the commercial publishers of Sunday School materials). These bookstores, which number approximately 1,00Q, resell the materials at list price to churches and individuals.
Although some Gospel Press publications are published at a loss, the organization has shown increasing profits since the 1960’s. Its accumulated surplus has grown from approximately 2 million dollars through the 1960’s to over 5.3 million dollars in 1978. The salaries of the top officials of UGP have similarly increased: Mr. Musselman, for example, received $25,080 in 1970, and $103,387 in 1978.
By a report of November 5, 1976, an IRS District Director in Ohio proposed to revoke plaintiff’s tax exemption, on the grounds that the religious and charitable activities for which the exemption had been granted had virtually ceased, and that the operation of the publishing business at a substantial profit indicated the existence of a trade or business unrelated to plaintiff’s exempt purposes. Plaintiff appealed this proposal to the Regional Commissioner in Cincinnati, who proposed agreement by plaintiff to status as a private foundation with unrelated business income. Plaintiff then appealed to the National Office, which determined on March 17, 1978, that plaintiff’s exemption be revoked. On July 12, 1978, a final adverse determination was made to revoke the Society’s exempt status effective as of July 1,1963, and the Regional Commissioner demanded that plaintiff file federal income tax returns for all years beginning July 1, 1970.
The instant action
followed. As indicated, it requests the Court to declare under Code section 7428
that the Society still qualifies for an exemption under section 501(a) as a 501(c)(3) exempt organization, and that defendant’s revocation of its exempt status was erroneous.
II
Section 501(a) exempts from taxation organizations described in section 501(c)(3), that is,
Corporations ... organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable . .. or educational purposes ... no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.
Under the regulations, an organization is organized exclusively for exempt purposes if its articles of organization “limit the purposes of such organization to one or more exempt purposes” and “do not expressly empower the organization to engage, otherwise than as an insubstantial part of its activities, in activities which in themselves are not in furtherance of one or more exempt purposes.” 26 C.F.R. § 1.501(c)(3)-1(b). Plaintiff’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended in 1960, clearly meet this test.
The question therefore becomes whether or not plaintiff meets the operational test set forth in the statute and the regulations. An organization is operated exclusively for exempt purposes
if it engages primarily in activities which accomplish one or more of such exempt purposes .... An organization will not be so regarded if more than an insubstantial part of its activities is not in further
anee of an exempt purpose. 26 C.F.R. § 1.501(c)(3)-l(c)(l). '
The cases interpreting the operational test fall into two types of factual patterns. The first type involves an organization conducting religious activities which also carries on a trade or business for profit. The main inquiry in this type of situation is whether the profit-producing activity is merely incidental to and in furtherance of the religious activities and their exempt purpose.
Clearly, plaintiff does not fit this pattern. On the factual record of this case the Court finds that plaintiff’s primary, if not sole, activity is the income-producing publishing enterprise of the Press. All other significant activities of the Society appear to have ceased years ago.
The second type of case involves an organization whose sole activity is an income-producing one. Since “it is possible for such an activity to be carried on for more than one purpose ... the critical inquiry is whether petitioner’s primary purpose for engaging in its sole activity is an exempt purpose, or whether its primary purpose is the non-exempt one of operating a commercial business producing net profits for petitioner.”
BSW Group Inc. v. Commissioner,
70 T.C. 352, 356 (1978).
It is a factual question whether plaintiff’s primary purpose in turning a profit has been to further the exempt purpose for which it was organized,
and the Court is able to resolve that issue here on the basis of the record before it.
The first factual circumstance which the Court must take into account is the 5.3 million dollars accumulated profits possessed by plaintiff as of 1978. Although the fact that an organization’s profits are very large is not conclusive of a non-exempt purpose, it is “evidence indicative of a commercial character.”
Scripture Press Foundation v. United States, supra,
285 F.2d at 803. See
American Institute for Economic Research v. United States,
302 F.2d 934, 938, 157 Ct.Cl. 548 (1962);
BSW Group, Inc. v. Commissioner, supra,
70 T.C. at 357;
Golden Rule Church Association v. Commissioner,
41 T.C. 719, 731 (1964).
Plaintiff asserts that these funds have been gradually set aside since 1970, when a decision was made that the Press’ publishing plant needed a thorough renovation and expansion. It is contended that the expansion was designed better to spread the Gospel, and that this purpose is clearly exempt and in conformance with the purposes for which the Society was organized.
While it is theoretically conceivable that a religious purpose may underlie the enormous accumulation of profits since 1970, the sheer size of the surplus and the lack of anything more concrete than the word of plaintiff’s officers as to its future use militates against such a finding.
Even if it be assumed,
arguendo,
that the funds now accumulated will eventually be used for expansion, it would not help plaintiff’s case, for the purpose of the expansion may well be the accumulation of still greater profits. Plaintiff has given the Court no basis to find otherwise.
Another material circumstance is the abrupt increase in the salaries of the top personnel of the Gospel Press. As stated above, Mr. Musselman’s salary increased from approximately $25,000 in 1970 to over $100,000 in 1978. Two other top officials have received increases from $16,153 to $72,377 and from $5,790 to $42,896, respeetively, in the same time period. The officers of a tax-exempt organization may of course receive remuneration for their services without jeopardizing the exemption. See
Pulpit Resource v. Commissioner, supra,
70 T.C. at 612.
However, the substantial amount of the salaries at present and the rapidity of their rise is troubling. While they may not be directly indicative of profits inuring “to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual” as prohibited by section 501(c)(3) and the regulations thereunder, they are at least suggestive of a commercial rather than non-profit operation.
Finally, it is significant that the Gospel Press is in direct competition with a number of commercial publishers. Like these publishers, the Gospel Press follows the lesson plan provided by the National Council of Churches; like them, it pays a royalty to the National Council; like them it sells dealers using a similar standard commercial discount; and like them, it directs its publications at the same non-denominational market.
It has been held that “[cjompetition with commercial firms is strong evidence of the predominance of non-exempt commercial purposes.”
BSW Group, Inc. v. Commissioner, supra,
70 T.C. 358;
American Institute for Economic Research, supra,
302 F.2d at 938.
Although none of the factual circumstances enumerated above, taken singly, is conclusively determinative of a non-exempt purpose behind the Press’ publishing activities (the sole activity seriously conducted by the Society), taken together they present a picture of a publishing enterprise the primary purpose of which is profits, not salvation. To put it another way, to find that the primary purpose behind the activities of the Gospel Worker Society at the present time is religious rather than commercial would be “to avoid reality.”
Fides Publishers Association v. United States, supra,
263 F.Supp. at 935.
Plaintiff in essence argues that the Court must nevertheless hold it to be tax exempt because to do otherwise would amount to governmental interference with religion in violation of the First Amendment. That argument is not well taken. As stated by the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit,
The receiving of an exemption is ... a matter of legislative grace and not a constitutional right. As long as exemptions are denied by the Commissioner on a nondiscriminatory basis using specific and reasonable guidelines and without inquiry into the merits of the particular religious doctrines, the withholding of religious exemptions is permissible under the Constitution.
Parker v. Commissioner,
365 F.2d 792, 795 (8th Cir. 1966),
cert. denied,
385 U.S. 1026 [87 S.Ct. 752, 17 L.Ed.2d 674] (1967). See also
Winters v. Commissioner,
468 F.2d 778, 781 (2d Cir. 1972).
Plaintiff has not shown that the revocation was in any way based upon a judgment of the merits of the religious tenets contained in Gospel Press publications; nor has it attempted to prove illegal discrimination in the revocation of exemption. Indeed, other organizations whose primary activities consist of the publication and distribution of religious literature at a profit have consistently been held liable for the tax on their income, however religiously inspired the sale of such literature might be. See e.
g., Christian Manner International, Inc. v. Commissioner, supra; Scripture Press Foundation v. United States, supra.
The Court therefore holds that the Gospel Worker Society no longer qualifies as an exempt organization under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.
Ill
The IRS also revoked the Society’s exemption effective July 1,1963, and required it to file federal income tax returns for the year beginning July 1, 1970, and all subsequent years. The reason given for this retroactive revocation was that “all missions and missionary activity ceased by [July 1, 1963].”
26 C.F.R. § 601.201(1)(5) provides that revocations of prior rulings will not be applied retroactively where
(i) there has been no misstatement or omission of material facts, (ii) the facts subsequently developed are not materially different from the fact on which the ruling was based, (iii) there has been no change in the applicable law, (iv) the ruling was originally issued with respect to a prospective or proposed transaction,
and
(v) the taxpayer directly involved in the ruling acted in good faith in reliance upon the ruling and the retroactive revocation would be to his detriment (emphasis added).
Plaintiff submits that it meets all of the tests enumerated in this regulation. The Court cannot agree. The facts upon which the revocation is based are materially different from the facts upon which the 1937 ruling and its affirmation in 1953 were based, and the Society therefore does not qualify under the second condition of the regulation. At those earlier times, the Society’s missionary work was thriving, and it could realistically be said that the income produced by its publishing enterprise was used to carry on its religious and missionary
activities. Since approximately 1960, the situation has drastically changed. The printing and distribution of religious literature is no longer an integral part of and incidental to the religious activities of plaintiff, because those activities have effectively ceased to exist. Meanwhile, the publishing business has taken on more and more of a commercial hue and has become a highly efficient business venture.
Plaintiff has not met its burden of showing that IRS’s action was erroneous in revoking its exemption retroactively to 1963, and in requiring returns to be filed beginning in 1970. See note 6,
supra.
1963 was the first year in which the Society ceased to operate any missions; 1970 was the year in which its accumulated surplus began its drastic rise.
Plaintiff has presented no reason why the Court should reject these particular dates as ill-chosen. The Court affirms the final adverse determination of the Internal Revenue Service of July 12,1978, declares under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code that the Gospel Worker Society does not qualify as a tax-exempt organization under sections 501(a) and 501(c)(3), effective retroactively to July 1,1963, and directs that plaintiff file federal income tax returns for the year beginning July 1, 1970 and all subsequent years. An order is being entered accordingly contemporaneously herewith.