MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Jun 26 2020, 8:41 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT, M.M. ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE John R. Worman Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Evansville, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT, R.N. Monika Prekopa Talbot Deputy Attorney General Katharine Vanost Jones Indianapolis, Indiana Evansville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Termination June 26, 2020 of the Parent Child Relationship Court of Appeals Case No. of S.M., P.M., and R.M.; 19A-JT-2002 M.M. (Father) and R.N. Appeal from the Vanderburgh (Mother), Superior Court The Honorable Brett J. Niemeier, Appellants/Respondents, Judge v. Trial Court Cause Nos. 82D04-1808-JT-1557 82D04-1808-JT-1558 The Indiana Department of 82D04-1812-JT-2306 Child Services, Appellee/Petitioner.
Pyle, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 1 of 30 Statement of the Case [1] R.N. (“Mother”) and M.M. (“Father”) (collectively (“Parents”)) each appeal
the termination of the parent-child relationship with their three sons. Mother
argues that the trial court erroneously denied her motion to dismiss the
termination proceedings. Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion
when it admitted evidence. Parents argue that their due process rights were
violated because the Department of Child Services (“DCS”) failed to make
reasonable efforts to preserve the parent-child relationships and that there is
insufficient evidence to support the terminations. Concluding that: (1) the trial
court did not erroneously deny Mother’s motion to dismiss the termination
proceedings; (2) any error in the admission of Father’s evidence was harmless;
(3) DCS did not violate Parents’ due process rights; and (4) there is sufficient
evidence to support the terminations, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
[2] We affirm.
Issues 1. Whether the trial court erroneously denied Mother’s motion to dismiss the termination proceedings.
2. Whether any error in the admission of Father’s evidence was harmless.
3. Whether Parents’ due process rights were violated because DCS failed to make reasonable efforts to preserve the parent-child relationships.
4. Whether there is sufficient evidence to support the termination of the parent-child relationships.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 2 of 30 Facts [3] The facts most favorable to the termination reveal that Mother and Father are
the parents of P.M. (“P.M.”), who was born in February 2014; S.M. (“S.M.”),
who was born in December 2015; and R.M. (“R.M.”), who was born in
February 2018 (collectively (“the children”)). Parents first became involved
with DCS in 2014 when P.M. was born. At that time, Mother tested positive
for codeine, hydrocodone, and THC, and P.M. suffered from drug withdrawal
symptoms. Mother had a prescription for hydrocodone but not for any of the
other drugs. Parents entered into an informal adjustment with DCS, and the
case was eventually closed.
[4] In October 2016, Mother and Father were involved in a domestic altercation at
their home, and Father pointed a loaded gun at Mother. Both P.M. and S.M.
were home at the time. Father was arrested and charged with pointing a
firearm, criminal recklessness while armed with a deadly weapon, and criminal
confinement. However, the charges were dropped when Mother failed to
cooperate with law enforcement. Parents subsequently entered into another
informal adjustment with DCS. That case was also eventually closed. Mother
became involved with DCS a month later, in November 2016, when DCS filed
a petition alleging that Mother’s oldest son, T.D., was a CHINS.
[5] Six months later, in May 2017, three-year-old P.M. was nearly hit by a vehicle
while he was wandering unsupervised in a parking lot. At the time, Father was
slumped over the steering wheel of his vehicle, and Mother was in a nearby
store. Authorities were called to the scene, and Mother tested positive for Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 3 of 30 methamphetamine, amphetamines, oxycodone, benzodiazepines, and
buspirone. Mother had a prescription for buspirone but not for any of the other
drugs. Father tested positive for methamphetamine, amphetamines,
oxycodone, and benzodiazepines and did not have a prescription for any of the
drugs. Parents admitted that they had used methamphetamine together and
that Mother had given Father the oxycodone and benzodiazepines. Mother
had gotten the pills from several different physicians as well as from friends.
[6] Both P.M. and S.M. were removed from Parents that day because of Parents’
substance abuse and failure to supervise their children. DCS filed petitions
alleging that both children were CHINS. In August 2017, the trial court
adjudicated P.M. and S.M. to be CHINS. Also in August 2017, DCS dismissed
the CHINS case involving Mother’s oldest child because the child was placed in
a guardianship with his paternal grandmother.
[7] In September 2017, the trial court issued a CHINS dispositional order in the
cases involving P.M. and S.M. The order required Parents to: (1) complete a
parenting assessment and successfully complete all recommendations; (2)
complete a substance abuse assessment and successfully complete all
recommendations; (3) compete all recommendations of any domestic violence
assessment; (4) maintain suitable, safe, and stable housing; (5) obey the law; (6)
submit to random drug screens; (7) not consume any controlled substances and
only take prescription medicines for which a valid prescription existed and only
in the doses and frequencies specified in the prescription; (8) not commit any
acts of domestic violence; and (9) attend all scheduled visits with the children.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 4 of 30 The trial court subsequently ordered Father to participate in a domestic
violence treatment program. The initial plan was family reunification.
[8] In December 2017, DCS requested that the trial court find Mother in contempt
for failure to comply with the CHINS dispositional order. When R.M. was
born two months later in February 2018, the infant was immediately removed
from Parents because they had failed to comply with the September 2017
CHINS dispositional order. DCS filed a CHINS petition specifically alleging
that Parents’ “lack of compliance with [court-ordered] services to address
substance abuse, domestic violence, and other issues in the home prevent[ed]
[DCS] from ensuring [R.M.]’s safety in the home.” (Ex. Vol. 4 at 160). The
trial court adjudicated R.M. to be a CHINS in April 2018 and issued a CHINS
dispositional order in May 2018. The dispositional order contained the same
requirements as the September 2017 CHINS dispositional order.
[9] Also in April 2018, Vanderburgh County Sheriff’s Department Deputy Jeff
Fentress (“Deputy Fentress”) assisted United States Marshals (“the Marshals”)
with serving a felony warrant on Mother at her residence. The Marshals saw
Mother inside the residence, but she refused to answer the door. When the
Marshals entered the residence, they located Mother hiding under a pile of
clothes in the bathroom. While inside the residence, the Marshals and Deputy
Fentress found tramadol, naproxen, oxycodone, methamphetamine, and
paraphernalia scattered on the countertops and beds, in Mother’s purse, and on
shelves in the closets. The drugs and paraphernalia were easily accessible to a
young child. The Marshals and Deputy Fentress also found pills and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 5 of 30 methamphetamine in a tin box with Father’s name on it. The state charged
both Mother and Father with felony possession of controlled substances and
misdemeanor maintaining a common nuisance, specifically controlled
substances.
[10] In May 2018, Mother and Father were involved in another domestic violence
incident when Father grabbed Mother by her hair and pulled her to the ground.
He eventually put his hands around her neck and choked her to the point that
she almost passed out. Mother tried to escape several times, but Father kept
pulling her back into his trailer. Father was charged with strangulation,
domestic battery resulting in moderate bodily injury, and criminal confinement.
These charges violated the terms and conditions of Father’s bond in the April
2018 case. Later that month, Father was charged with invasion of privacy after
he violated a no-contact order with Mother by bringing her to his home. Father
was charged with invasion of privacy again after he violated the no-contact
order by telephoning Mother 147 times while he was incarcerated. This
charged also violated the terms and conditions of Father’s bond in the April
2018 case.
[11] DCS Family Case Manager Loussa Numa (“FCM Numa”) was assigned to the
case in July 2018. Two other case workers had already worked on the case
during the pendency of the proceedings. When she took over the case, FCM
Numa noticed that Parents had not complied with the 2017 and 2018 CHINS
dispositional orders. Mother was incarcerated, and Parents had been in and out
of jail over the course of the proceedings. In addition, Parents’ supervised visits
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 6 of 30 with the children had been stopped because Parents had not participated in
substance abuse treatment or submitted to random drug screens.
[12] In August 2018, DCS filed a petition to terminate Parents’ parental
relationships with P.M. and S.M. Parents appeared at a September 2018
hearing in the cases of P.M. and S.M. At the beginning of the hearing, Mother
asked for a continuance based on her allegation that she had been drugged,
raped, and left in a ditch the previous night. Father did not object to a
continuance but asked the trial court to reinstate his visitation with the children.
FCM Numa responded that visitation had been stopped because Parents had
not consistently attended the visits, which had been detrimental to the children.
For example, when P.M. expected a visit and Parents failed to attend, the child
would defecate in his pants. Father explained that he had only missed visits
when he had been incarcerated. The trial court granted Mother’s request for a
continuance and Father’s request to reinstate visitation.
[13] At the late September 2018 rescheduled hearing in the cases of P.M. and S.M.,
FCM Numa reported that Mother had tested positive for methamphetamine
and amphetamines following the previous hearing. When the trial court asked
Mother if her alleged assailant had put the drugs in “[her] system[,]” Mother
responded that she did not remember. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 17). FCM Numa further
reported that both parents had appearances scheduled in criminal court that
afternoon. Mother had a pending forgery charge, and Father had violated the
terms of his bond in the April 2018 case when he missed an appointment with
his probation officer. He had missed the appointment because he had spent the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 7 of 30 night with Mother and had overslept. FCM Numa asked the trial court to
terminate Father’s recently reinstated visitation, which Father had not been able
to attend because of his arrest. The trial court temporarily suspended visitation
because it wanted to see what would happen with Parents’ criminal court
appearances.
[14] Both parents were incarcerated at the time of the next hearing in P.M.’s and
S.M.’s cases in October 2018. When the trial court mentioned scheduling a
termination hearing P.M.’s and S.M.’s cases, Mother stated that she was
“willing to waive the six[-]month time frame” to see whether DCS was going to
file a termination petition in R.M.’s case. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 27). DCS objected to
the delay. The trial court responded as follows to Mother’s request: “I’m going
to set trial dates, but it’s going to be later than normal so that, quite frankly,
[Parents] have more time to get their act together. If they don’t, then the baby
and the two older children can be tried at the same time.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 28). At
the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court told Parents that when they were
released from jail, “one of [their] very, very first phone calls should be to the
[DCS] case manager and [to] say what do I need to do, remind me, and how do
I do it. The responsibility is yours to get this done.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 30). The
trial court scheduled the termination hearing in the cases of P.M. and S.M. for
January 2019.
[15] In late October 2018, Father pled guilty to the April 2018 felony possession of a
controlled substance and misdemeanor maintaining a common nuisance
charges. Pursuant to the plea agreement, Father’s felony would be reduced to a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 8 of 30 misdemeanor if he successfully completed the terms and conditions of his
probation.
[16] DCS filed a petition to terminate the parental relationship between parents and
R.M. on December 19, 2018. At the January 2019 termination hearing
regarding all three children, the trial court observed that there had been a
discovery problem. Specifically, the computer disks that DCS had provided to
Parents had apparently been defective. Parents requested a continuance to
prepare their cases. The trial court responded that its “problem [was] that [it
had] time deadlines. These cases, at least on the older kids, were open[ed] in
August. Obviously, we can’t meet the current deadlines on those two older
kids[.]” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 35). Mother responded that she “would be willing to
waive the time lines, and would in fact request the Court [to] allow her to waive
the time lines” because she was incarcerated at the time. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 35).
Mother further asked the trial court “to draw a parallel to criminal rule 4, which
is waivable or the time at least tolls against the Defendant if the Defendant
makes the motion[.] And to not allow the times lines to be waived by the
parent, I think would violate due process and the ability of the parents to have a
fair trial.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 35-36). DCS objected to a continuance. The trial
court “grant[ed] the motions to continue based on the reasons stated” and
scheduled the termination hearing for all three children for April 2019, which
was the earliest date that the trial court, the CASA, the parties, and their
respective counsels were all available. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 36). At the end of the
hearing, DCS told the trial court that although it had previously offered Parents
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 9 of 30 substance abuse services, drug screens, supervised visits, couples counseling,
domestic violence services, and a parent aid, DCS had now terminated all
services. The trial court ordered DCS to continue to offer Parents drug screens
at the state’s expense and told Mother to contact FCM Numa as soon as she
was released from jail.
[17] The termination hearing began in April 2019. Father testified that he and
Mother had known each other for fifteen years and had been in a relationship
for eight years. Father admitted that he had smoked marijuana daily for ten
years and that he and Mother had smoked marijuana in the evenings and on the
weekends during the course of their relationship. According to Father, he and
Mother had started using pills together weekly about four years ago when
Mother began sharing her prescription pills with Father. Mother and Father
then began using methamphetamine together. Father admitted that he had
used drugs until his arrest in April 2018 but maintained that he had not used
drugs since that time. Father explained that although he had not participated in
counseling pursuant to the CHINS dispositional orders and had been removed
from the Safe Haven shelter and the NOW counseling program following his
missed probation appointment in September 2018, he had subsequently been
readmitted to the programs and now regularly attended counseling. Father
admitted that his counselor had recommended that he not have contact with
Mother because “it was not beneficial for [his] recovery,” and Father “make[s]
bad decisions when [he is] around her.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 89, 90). Despite his
counselor’s admonition, Father and Mother had talked to each other one to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 10 of 30 three times a week for the past year, and had been intimate in April 2019, just
two weeks before the termination hearing. Father further testified that he had
recently been compliant with the terms and conditions of his probation because
he did not “wanna go back to jail.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 94). Father also testified that
he had a job and that his work schedule was 5:00 p.m. until 5:00 a.m. At the
time of the hearing, he did not have childcare for his children and had
previously told FCM Numa that he would “rely on [Mother] for child care.”
(Tr. Vol. 2 at 113).
[18] During Father’s testimony, DCS offered into evidence DCS Exhibit P, Father’s
drug screen compliance reports, which had been compiled by Redwood
Toxicology Laboratory. The reports, which did not include drug test results,
revealed that Father had failed to attend more than forty scheduled drug screens
from 2016 until 2018. Father objected that there was not “any essential and
necessary foundation laid” for the exhibit. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 117). The trial court
concluded that the exhibit was a certified record and admitted it over Father’s
objection.
[19] Also at the termination hearing, FCM Numa testified that Father had
completed the CHINS court-ordered substance abuse evaluation but had never
followed the assessor’s recommendations. FCM Numa also testified that DCS
had filed at least one information for contempt as to Father because of his lack
of compliance with the CHINS dispositional orders. FCM Numa recognized
that Father had recently “achieved the desired goal of working on sobriety” and
was participating in NOW counseling services through the probation
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 11 of 30 department. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 135). However, FCM Numa stated that she
“honestly . . . just fe[lt] like [Father was] going through the motions because of
his probation” and was still concerned about his ability to care for his three
children. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 144). She further explained that although the CHINS
dispositional orders were issued in September 2017 and May 2018, Father had
not participated in services until November 2018, when the trial court had
ordered him to participate in services through the probation department as part
of his plea agreement for the April 2018 drug charges. FCM Numa also
pointed out that in January 2019, Father had attended only one of twenty-six
sessions in a domestic violence program. Father told FCM Numa that he did
not need to participate in the program because he did not have domestic
violence problems and that the program conflicted with his job. FCM Numa
believed that Father had refused to participate in the program because it had not
been ordered through his probation. In addition, although Father was
submitting drug screens through the probation office, he was not regularly
submitting the drug screens that DCS had requested.
[20] FCM Numa further testified that Mother had never participated in any drug
treatment or mental health programs because Mother “felt like she did not need
any services.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 137). FCM Numa also testified that DCS had filed
several informations for contempt as to Mother because she had failed to
comply with the CHINS dispositional orders. According to FCM Numa, she
remained concerned about Mother’s ability to care for the children because she
had never “complied with treatment. And then throughout the life of the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 12 of 30 case[,] she was still testing positive for prescriptions and illegal drugs.” (Tr.
Vol. 2 at 144). FCM Numa also testified that Mother had never asked about
how her children were doing and, during the course of the CHINS proceedings,
Mother’s visits with the children had never progressed beyond supervised
visitation. At the time of the termination hearing, Mother was living with a
friend and did not have enough space for the three children to live with her.
[21] Also during the hearing, Father’s probation officer, Melinda Littell (“Probation
Officer Littell”) testified that, from April 2018 until October 2018, Father had
violated the conditions of his bond five times by committing additional offenses
and by failing to attend drug screens and probation meetings. However, Father
had been compliant with probation requirements, including drug screens,
probation meetings, and counseling since being sentenced in November 2018.
According to Probation Officer Littell, Father was on track to successfully
complete a program that would reduce his felony conviction to a
misdemeanor.1
[22] CASA Ruth Kauk (“CASA Kauk”) testified that she had been assigned to the
case in June 2018. At that time, Parents had not been compliant with the
CHINS dispositional orders. Specifically, according to CASA Kauk, Father
had missed multiple drug screens and had not started “screening until his
1 It appears that Mother had also been offered the opportunity to participate in a diversion program to reduce her felony conviction to a misdemeanor conviction. However, she was apparently terminated from the program when she violated a no-contact order by talking to Father.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 13 of 30 release from incarceration in July of 2018.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 180). CASA Kauk
also testified that although Father had begun complying with his probation
requirements after his sentencing in November 2018, Father continued to refuse
to participate in CHINS court-ordered programs. For example, in January
2019, Father told CASA Kauk that he would not be participating in the
domestic violence program because “he’d never touched [Mother] and did not
have a domestic violence problem.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 181). Further, in January or
February 2019, Father told CASA Kauk that because he worked the night shift,
he only had time for probation appointments, work, and sleep. The only
possible option for childcare that he had identified was Mother. According to
CASA Kauk, Father believed that Mother was mentally and emotionally ready
to provide childcare to the three children. Father also told CASA Kauk that it
was not possible for him to switch shifts or jobs.
[23] CASA Kauk was also concerned that Parents “get in trouble together and they
lead each other to make poor decisions. They have a pattern of incarceration.”
(Tr. Vol. 2 at 183). According to CASA Kauk, Father had spent 109 days in
jail in 2018, which included jail time for the April 2018 drug charges, the May
2018 domestic violence charges, and the May 2018 invasion of privacy charges.
All of these incidents involved Mother. CASA Kauk pointed out that “Father
[had done] well for periods of time and then Mother and Father get back
together and all of a sudden (indiscernible).” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 185). Father had
also served jail time for missing probation appointments, drug screens, and
counseling appointments. CASA Kauk agreed that “this [was] all time that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 14 of 30 they could’ve been spending participating in services and spending time with
their children.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 184).
[24] Testimony regarding the children revealed that P.M. and S.M. had been in
foster care for more than two years, and that R.M. had been in foster care for
his entire life. S.M. and R.M. were thriving in the same pre-adoptive foster
home, and P.M was in a foster home with the possibility that he would be
placed with maternal grandmother. P.M. required therapy for behavior issues,
and S.M. had been diagnosed with global developmental delay. CASA Kauk
testified that S.M.’s foster mother had reported that S.M.’s behavioral problems
had “dramatically decreased. He head[-]bang[ed] only once a month now.
And the self-harming behavior ha[d] also decreased.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 186). FCM
Numa testified that P.M. and S.M. both had routines that “ha[d] to continue in
order for them to be able to function.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 148). According to FCM
Numa, the children needed “a stable parent, a sober parent. That parent needs
to be able to provide shelter for the kids, food, clothing, proper supervision,
have daycare line up if they need to, making sure that the kids are attending
scheduled appointments.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 148). When asked whether a
continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to the well-being of
the children, both CASA Kauk and FCM Numa responded that it did. Both
service providers also testified that termination and adoption were in the
children’s best interests.
[25] At the end of the first day of the hearing, the parties agreed to continue it until
May 16, 2019. At the May hearing, Father testified that although his work
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 15 of 30 schedule would be changing to 10:00 a.m. until 8:00 p.m. at some unspecified
point in the future, he still did not have a plan for childcare. He also did not
have suitable housing for the children although he claimed that he had saved
enough money to obtain it. Father also admitted that FCM Numa had offered
him referrals for services in the past. However, he claimed that he did not
know that DCS-provided services were not permanent and would lapse if he
failed to participate in them or was incarcerated. Father further admitted that
he had failed to tell his counselor that he had been intimate with Mother but
further explained that the counselor had “put [him] on a no[-]contact with
[Mother] while [Father] was in the counseling services [and] [the counselor
had] released [Father] from all that.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 212).
[26] At the end of the hearing, Mother asked the trial court to order services for her.
The trial court responded that Mother could participate in services voluntarily
but that it was not going to order the State to provide them. The trial court also
ordered the parties to submit findings of fact and conclusions thereon within
thirty days.
[27] In July 2019, before the trial court had issued its order in the termination cases,
Parents each filed a motion to dismiss the termination cases because the trial
court had held the termination hearing outside the 180-day time limit set forth
in INDIANA CODE § 31-35-2-6(a)(2). Although Mother has not included a copy
of her motion in her appendix, she apparently argued that the trial court had
violated her due process rights because it had failed to follow the statutory
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 16 of 30 timeline regarding termination hearings. In addition, Father asked the trial
court to reopen the evidence. The trial court denied Parents’ motions.
[28] In August 2019, the trial court issued an eighteen-page order terminating the
parental relationships between Parents and P.M., S.M., and R.M. In its order,
the trial court concluded, in relevant part, as follows:
10. Court agrees with DCS and CASA that continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the children’s well- being. Parents’ habitual patterns of behavior, especially their recurring involvement in criminal acts, demonstrate that they are unable to make decisions in their own best interests, let alone make decisions in the best interest of the child. See Castro vs. State Office of Family and Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 374 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) trans. denied. Both parents have missed out on a great deal of time with the children due to their incarceration. Mother has been incarcerated numerous times since these cases started, up until February of this year. Father has been incarcerated at least one hundred and nine days just since April 23, 2018.
11. The children have stability in their current home. The Court agrees with CASA Kauk that [P]arents’ inconsistency poses a threat to the child[ren]’s current stability. CASA described the child[ren]’s relationship with parents as “back and forth,” adding that it is this “inconsistency that really hurts.”
12. When asked why he was complying with terms of probation this time around when he had not previously, Father said “I don’t want to go to jail.” When asked why he had started to comply with substance abuse services, Father cited “jail,” “probation,” and the “hopes to see his boys again,” in that order. The children were removed from Father’s care in May of 2017. These services were available and have been ordered by the Court for over one (1) year. Father has just recently Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 17 of 30 demonstrated compliance since jail and probation began to threaten his liberty. The children need a caretaker that will make him their priority.
13. The parents have also established through their previous actions a[n] habitual pattern of returning to one another, despite the weight of evidence suggesting this is not in their own best interest. The parents have a history of using illegal substances with one another and engaging in instances of serious domestic violence. These shared activities have repeatedly led to their contemporaneous incarceration. Parents’ behaviors and decision-making while they are together pose a threat to their own well-being, as well as the well-being of the child[ren]. The Court cannot ignore this pattern when determining the probability of future neglect or deprivation of the children.
14. See In re A.K.[924 N.E.2d 212,] 224 [(Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. dismissed] (finding that continuing in a relationship with an unfit parent may form the basis for the Court’s finding that continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the child’s well-being).
[29] Each parent separately appeals the termination of his and her relationships with
their three children.
Decision [30] Mother argues that the trial court erroneously denied her motion to dismiss the
termination proceedings. Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion
when it admitted evidence. Parents argue that their due process rights were
violated because the DCS failed to make reasonable efforts to preserve the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 18 of 30 parent-child relationships and that there is insufficient evidence to support the
terminations. We address each of these contentions in turn.
1. Mother’s Motion to Dismiss
[31] Mother first contends that the trial court erroneously denied her motion to
dismiss the termination cases. She specifically argues that the trial court failed
to complete the termination hearing in compliance with INDIANA CODE § 31-
35-2-6.
[32] “Matters of statutory interpretation present pure questions of law; as such,
these questions are review de novo.” Rodriguez v. State, 129 N.E.3d 789, 793
(Ind. 2019). INDIANA CODE § 31-35-2-6 provides as follows:
(a) Except when a hearing is required after June 30, 1999, under section 4.5 of this chapter, the person filing the petition shall request the court to set the petition for a hearing. Whenever a hearing is requested under this chapter, the court shall:
(1) commence a hearing on the petition not more than ninety (90) days after a petition is filed under this chapter; and
(2) complete a hearing on the petition not more than one hundred eighty (180) days after a petition is filed under this chapter.
(b) If a hearing is not held within the time set forth in subsection (a), upon filing a motion with the court by a party, the court shall dismiss the petition to terminate the parent-child relationship without prejudice.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 19 of 30 [33] Here, DCS filed its termination petitions for P.M. and S.M. on August 23,
2018, and for R.M. on December 19, 2018. The combined termination hearing
for all three children began on April 18, 2019 and was completed on May 16,
2019. Although the April and May 2019 hearings were timely as to R.M.’s
termination petition, they were not timely as to the termination petitions for
P.M. and S.M. because they were not completed within the one-hundred-
eighty-day timeline set forth in the statute. However, we conclude that Mother
invited this error and cannot now seek to use the error to her advantage.
[34] The Indiana Supreme Court recently explained as follows:
The invited-error doctrine is based on the doctrine of estoppel and forbids a party from taking advantage of an error that she commits, invites, or which is the natural consequence of her own neglect or misconduct. Where a party invites the error, [he or] she cannot take advantage of that error. In short, invited error is not reversible error.
Matter of J.C., 142 N.E.3d 427, 432 (Ind. 2020) (internal citations omitted).
[35] Here, our review of the evidence reveals that, at the October 2018 hearing in the
cases of P.M. and S.M., Mother said she was “willing to waive the six[-]month
time frame” to see whether DCS was going to file a termination petition in
R.M.’s case. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 27). Then, at the January 2019 termination hearing,
Mother requested that the trial court “allow her to waive the [statutory] time
line” because she was incarcerated at the time. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 35). Mother
further asked the trial court to draw a parallel to Criminal Rule 4, which tolls
the time against a criminal defendant when the defendant files a motion to Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 20 of 30 continue the trial. Mother also argued that the trial court would be committing
a due process violation if it refused to allow her to waive the statutory timeline.
[36] Because Mother affirmatively waived the 180-day statutory requirement and
invited the court to conduct the hearings outside the statutory time requirement,
Mother cannot now invoke the requirement as a basis for reversal. See J.C., 142
N.E.2d at 432 (citing In re N.C., 83 N.E.3d 1265, 1267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017))
(concluding that a parent in a TPR case could be afforded no relief on appeal
where, when the hearing was being scheduled, the court reporter proposed a
hearing date 222 days after the petition’s filing and the parent’s counsel
responded, “That sounds good”). The trial court did not erroneously deny
Mother’s motion to dismiss the termination proceedings.2
2. Admission of Evidence
[37] Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence.
Specifically, he contends that Exhibit P, the toxicology lab’s compliance
reports, constituted inadmissible hearsay. However, at the termination hearing,
Father’s sole argument was that DCS had failed to establish a foundation for
the exhibit. Father has therefore waived appellate review of the hearsay
2 Mother also appears to argue that the trial court should have dismissed the termination proceedings because the trial court’s termination order was entered more than ninety days after the last day of the termination hearing in violation of Indiana Trial Rule 53.2(A). However, Trial Rule 53.2(A) does not contemplate a dismissal if the trial court fails to enter an order within ninety days. Rather, pursuant to the rule, Mother was entitled to move to withdraw the proceedings from the trial court and request that the Indiana Supreme Court appoint a special judge to rule on the petition. Mother, however, did not so move. The trial court did not erroneously deny Mother’s motion to dismiss the termination proceedings.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 21 of 30 argument because he did not raise it at the termination hearing. See Konopasek
v. State, 946 N.E.2d 23, 27 (Ind. 2011) (explaining that an objection for one
evidentiary ground does not preserve another evidentiary ground for appeal).
[38] Waiver notwithstanding, any error in the admission of this exhibit was
harmless. This is because the remaining evidence presented at the termination
hearing, including Father’s testimony that he had continued to use drugs until
April 2018 and the evidence as discussed below, satisfies this Court that there is
no substantial likelihood that the challenged evidence contributed to the
judgment. See Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of E.T., 808 N.E.2d
639, 646 (Ind. 2004) (explaining that the improper admission of evidence is
harmless error when the judgment is supported by substantial independent
evidence to satisfy the reviewing court that there is no substantial likelihood
that the questioned evidence contributed to the judgment).
3. Reasonable Efforts and Due Process
[39] Parents argue that DCS failed to make reasonable efforts to preserve the parent-
child relationships, resulting in a violation of their due process rights. When
DCS seeks to terminate parental rights, “it must do so in a manner that meets
the prerequisites of due process.” In re J.K., 30 N.E.3d 695, 699 (Ind. 2015)
(quotations and citations omitted). Whether due process has been afforded in
termination proceedings is determined by balancing the following “three
distinct factors” specified in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976): (1)
the private interests affected by the proceeding; (2) the risk of error created by
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 22 of 30 the State’s chosen procedure; and (3) the countervailing governmental interest
supporting use of the challenged procedure. A.P. v. Porter Cnty. Off. of Family
and Children, 734 N.E.2d 1107, 1112 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000), trans. denied.
[40] In S.L. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 997 N.E.2d 1114, 1120 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013)
(citing In re C.G., 954 N.E.2d 910, 917 (Ind. 2011)), this Court further explained
the Mathews factors as follows:
The private interest affected by the proceeding is substantial – a parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his or her child. And the State’s interest in protecting the welfare of a child is also substantial. Because the State and the parent have substantial interests affected by the proceeding, we focus on the risk of error created by DCS’s actions and the trial court’s actions.
[41] DCS must “make reasonable efforts to preserve and reunify families.” IND.
CODE § 31-34-21-5.5(b). In addition, “due process protections at all stages of
CHINS proceedings are vital because every CHINS proceeding has the
potential to interfere with the rights of parents in the upbringing of their
children.” In re G.P., 4 N.E.3d 1158, 1165 (Ind. 2014) (quotations and citations
omitted). “[T]hese two proceedings - CHINS and TPR - are deeply and
obviously intertwined to the extent that an error in the former may flow into
and infect the latter[.]” Id.
[42] However, the “failure to provide services does not serve as a basis on which to
directly attack a termination order as contrary to law.” In re H.L., 915 N.E.2d
145, 148 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009); see also In re E.E., 736 N.E.2d 791, 796 (Ind.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 23 of 30 Ct. App. 2000) (“[T]he provision of family services is not a requisite element of
our parental rights termination statute, and thus, even a complete failure to
provide services would not serve to negate a necessary element of the
termination statue and require reversal.”). Further, a parent may not sit idly by
without asserting a need or desire for services and then successfully argue that
he or she was denied services to assist him or her with his or her parenting. In
re B.D.J., 728 N.E.2d 195, 201 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).
[43] Here, Parents appear to argue that DCS failed to make reasonable efforts to
preserve the parent-child relationships because it failed to offer them services.
As a preliminary matter, we note that the law is well established that a party on
appeal may waive a constitutional claim. McBride v. Monroe Cnty. Office of
Family and Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 194 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). For example, in
In re K.S., 750 N.E.2d 832, 834 n.1 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), this Court determined
that a mother had waived her claim that the trial court had violated her due
process rights because she raised the constitutional claim for the first time on
appeal.
[44] Parents in this case did not object to any alleged deficiencies in the CHINS
process during the CHINS proceedings, nor did they argue during the
termination proceedings that those alleged deficiencies constituted a due
process violation. Rather, Parents have raised their due process claim for the
first time on appeal. They have therefore waived appellate review of this issue.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 24 of 30 [45] Waiver notwithstanding, our review of the record reveals that DCS offered
Parents the following services in the September 2017 when the trial court issued
the CHINS dispositional orders in the cases of P.M. and S.M: (1) parenting,
substance abuse, and counseling services; (2) drug screens; and (3) supervised
visitation with their children. DCS offered Parents these services with a plan
for family reunification. Although Parents neither participated in nor benefited
from these services, DCS again offered them to Parents eight months later in
the May 2018 when the trial court issued the dispositional order in R.M.’s case.
Parents again failed to participate in and benefit from these services and now
complain that they should have been offered more services. DCS offered
Parents sufficient services in its attempt to preserve and reunify Parents’ family.
Based on the foregoing, Parents have not established that their due process
rights were violated.3
4. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[46] The traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is
protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In
re J.W., Jr., 27 N.E.3d 1185, 1187-88 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.
3 We further note that Parents have not established that DCS engaged in conduct that affected their ability to participate in and complete services aimed at reunifying them with their children. Cf. Matter of C.M.S.T., 111 N.E.3d 207, 213 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018) (concluding that “the chaotic and unprofessional handling” of a CHINS case violated the parents’ due process rights, requiring reversal of the termination order); A.P., 734 N.E.2d at 1117 (finding parents’ due process rights were violated in a termination proceeding where DCS made multiple procedural errors, such as failing to provide parents with copies of case plans and filing CHINS and termination petitions that did not meet statutory requirements).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 25 of 30 However, a trial court must subordinate the interests of the parents to those of
the child when evaluating the circumstances surrounding a termination. Id. at
1188. Termination of the parent-child relationship is proper where a child’s
emotional and physical development is threatened. Id. Although the right to
raise one’s own child should not be terminated solely because there is a better
home available for the child, parental rights may be terminated when a parent is
unable or unwilling to meet his or her parental responsibilities. Id.
[47] Before an involuntary termination of parental rights may occur, DCS is
required to allege and prove, among other things:
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well- being of the child.
(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated a child in need of services;
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child.
IND. CODE § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). DCS must prove the alleged circumstances by
clear and convincing evidence. K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d
1225, 1230 (Ind. 2013).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 26 of 30 [48] When reviewing a termination of parental rights, this Court will not reweigh
the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. In re R.S., 56 N.E.3d 625,
628 (Ind. 2016). We consider only the evidence and any reasonable inferences
to be drawn therefrom that support the judgment and give due regard to the
trial court’s opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses firsthand.
K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1229.
[49] We further note that, in determining whether to terminate a parent-child
relationship, trial courts have discretion to weigh a parent’s prior history more
heavily than efforts made only shortly before termination and may find that a
parent’s past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior. D.B.M. v. Indiana
Dep’t of Child Services, 20 N.E.3d 174, 181-82 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied.
We have also stated that the time for a parent to rehabilitate himself or herself is
during the CHINS process, before DCS files a termination petition. Prince v.
Dep’t of Child Services, 861 N.E.2d 1223, 1230 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).
[50] Parents argue that DCS failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that:
(1) there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in the
children’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home will not be
remedied; and (2) a continuation of the parent-child relationships poses a threat
to the children’s well-being. However, we note that INDIANA CODE § 31-35-2-
4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive. Therefore, DCS is required to establish
by clear and convincing evidence only one of the three requirements of
subsection (B). In re A.K., 924 N.E.3d 212, 220 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans.
dismissed. We therefore discuss only whether there is a reasonable probability
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 27 of 30 that a continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the
children’s well-being.
[51] The continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to children’s
well-being when: (1) their parents engage in destructive and dangerous
behavior; (2) the behavior is ongoing without any serious sign of improvement;
and (3) the behavior poses a threat to their children. In re A.I., 825 N.E.2d 798,
807 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied. In addition, this Court has previously
stated that a Father’s continued relationship with a Mother who was unable to
remain drug free, manage her mental illness, and maintain stable housing was a
proper consideration in determining whether there was a reasonable probability
that a continuation of Father’s relationship with the child posed a threat to the
child’s well-being. See A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 224.
[52] Here, our review of the evidence reveals that, for several years, Mother and
Father have been involved in a tumultuous relationship, which has included
drug use, domestic violence, and multiple incarcerations for both parents. This
relationship has also led parents to neglect their children’s needs and place them
in dangerous situations. Neither parent has complied with the 2017 or 2018
CHINS dispositional orders. Father began to comply with court-ordered drug
screens and counseling through the probation department in November 2018
after he was sentenced for the April 2018 felony offense. However, he still
refused to comply with the CHINS dispositional orders, including a domestic
violence program. Father also maintained regular contact with Mother
throughout the CHINS proceedings, including being intimate with her just two
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 28 of 30 weeks before the April 2019 termination hearing, while acknowledging that
Mother led him to make bad decisions. Father also believed that it would be
appropriate for Mother, who had failed to comply with the CHINS
dispositional orders and who was frequently incarcerated, to provide childcare
to their children while he worked twelve-hour shifts. This evidence supports
the trial court’s conclusion that a continuation of the parent-child relationship
poses a threat to the children’s well-being. We find no error.
[53] Parents next argue that there is insufficient evidence that the termination was in
the children’s best interests. In determining whether termination of parental
rights is in the children’s best interests, the trial court is required to look at the
totality of the evidence. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004),
trans. denied. In so doing, the court must subordinate the interests of the parents
to those of the children involved. Id. In addition, children’s needs for
permanency is a central consideration in determining the child’s best interests.
In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1265 (Ind. 2009). Further, the testimony of the
service providers may support a finding that termination is in the children’s best
interests. McBride, 798 N.E.2d at 203.
[54] Here, our review of the evidence reveals that both FCM Numa and CASA
Kauk testified that termination was in the children’s best interests. The
testimony of FCM Numa and CASA Kauk, as well as the other evidence
previously discussed, supports the trial court’s conclusion that termination was
in the children’s best interests.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 29 of 30 [55] We have previously recognized that this Court is ever mindful of the fact that
the trial court must subordinate the interests of the parents to those of the
children when evaluating the circumstances surrounding the termination of the
parent-child relationship. Matter of D.G., 702 N.E.2d 777, 781 (Ind. Ct. App.
1998) (citing Stone v. Daviess Cnty Div. of Children & Family Servs., 656 N.E.2d
824, 828 (Ind.Ct.App.1995), trans. denied). Recognizing that the trial court
listened to the testimony of all the witnesses at the two-day termination hearing,
observed their demeanor, and judged their credibility, as a reviewing court, we
must give proper deference to the trial court. Accordingly, we hold that the trial
court was justified in concluding that the DCS proved by clear and convincing
evidence that parents’ parental rights should be terminated.
[56] Affirmed.
May, J., and Crone, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2002 | June 26, 2020 Page 30 of 30