COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH
NO. 02-10-00235-CV
IN THE MATTER OF J.A.G.
----------
FROM THE 323RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
----------
MEMORANDUM OPINION1 ----------
In four issues, appellant J.A.G. (―Joseph‖),2 a juvenile, appeals the trial
court‘s judgment that he engaged in delinquent conduct by committing
aggravated sexual assault of R.G. (―Rebecca‖), also a child. We will affirm the
trial court‘s judgment.
1 See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4. 2 We use aliases for the names of the children and their parents throughout this opinion. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b)(2). Background Facts
Rebecca‘s mother ―Jenny‖ had been a Big Sister to Joseph‘s older sister
―Samantha‖ through the Big Brothers and Big Sisters program, and had
considered Samantha and Joseph to be a part of her family. Jenny began taking
Samantha and Joseph to church with her family in 2004.
In May 2009, Jenny was chaperoning a field trip for Rebecca‘s
kindergarten class. While sitting on a train, Rebecca mentioned to Jenny that
when Rebecca had been in the bathroom at church, Joseph followed Rebecca
into the bathroom, pulled down his pants, and rubbed his penis against her
vagina.
Jenny and her husband filed a report with the Fort Worth police
department. They took Rebecca to Cook Children‘s Medical Center where
Araceli Desmaris, a sexual assault nurse examiner, conducted a sexual abuse
examination. Desmaris did not find any physical signs of injury, but Rebecca told
Desmaris that when she was sitting on the toilet, Joseph had ―pulled his wiener
out of his pants and he touched her vagina.‖ Rebecca described Joseph‘s penis
as being ―tannish and kind of soft.‖ Rebecca said that Joseph had touched her in
this way ―a lot.‖
In November 2009, the State filed a petition alleging that Joseph had
engaged in indecency with a child and aggravated sexual assault of a child.
After a bench trial, the trial court found beyond a reasonable doubt that Joseph
had engaged in aggravated sexual assault of a child and adjudicated Joseph
2 delinquent. The trial court placed Joseph on probation until his eighteenth
birthday, ordered him to complete sex offender counseling, and deferred his
mandatory sex offender registration. Joseph filed this appeal.
Discussion
Right to Confrontation
In his first two issues, Joseph complains that his right to confrontation was
violated when the trial court allowed Desmaris, the sexual assault nurse
examiner, and Rebecca‘s mother Jenny to testify as to what Rebecca told them.
His only contention at trial and on appeal is that these statements violated his
right to confrontation because he lacked an opportunity for cross-examination.
The United States Constitution guarantees an accused the right ―to be
confronted with the witnesses against him.‖ U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV;
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 42, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1359 (2004); Pointer
v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 406, 85 S. Ct. 1065, 1069 (1965) (applying the Sixth
Amendment to the states); see In re M.H.V.-P., No. 08-09-00291-CV, 2011 WL
1663154, at *3 (Tex. App.—El Paso May 4, 2011, no pet. h.) (holding that
Crawford applies to juvenile delinquency adjudication hearings); see also In re
Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 56–57, 87 S. Ct. 1428, 1459 (1967) (holding that juveniles are
entitled to the right to cross-examine witnesses). Confrontation rights are
implicated when an out-of-court statement is made by an absent witness and that
statement is testimonial in nature. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 50–52, 124 S. Ct. at
1364. Once implicated, such testimonial hearsay is admissible only if (1) the
3 declarant is unavailable, and (2) the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-
examine the declarant. Id. at 53–54, 124 S. Ct. at 1365.
A juvenile is guaranteed the same constitutional rights in the adjudicatory
phase of a juvenile proceeding as an adult in a criminal proceeding. In re
Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 359, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1070 (1970) (―[T]he Due Process
Clause does require application during the adjudicatory hearing of ‗the essentials
of due process and fair treatment.‘‖). However, confrontation rights are
implicated only when an out-of-court statement is made by an absent witness;
―[w]hen the declarant appears for cross-examination at trial, the Confrontation
Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior testimonial statements.‖
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59, n.9, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1369. The only statements of
which Joseph complains were made by Rebecca, who testified at trial. Contrary
to Joseph‘s position, he had the opportunity to cross-examine Rebecca at trial
regarding the statements she made to Desmaris and her mother. He chose not
to exercise his right to confrontation. Failure to exercise a right does not mean
that that right was violated. We overrule Joseph‘s first and second issues.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Joseph‘s third and fourth issues challenge the legal and factual sufficiency
of the evidence.
In his third issue, Joseph contends that the evidence is legally insufficient
to prove that Joseph engaged in delinquent conduct. In our due-process review
of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we view all of the
4 evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond
a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781,
2789 (1979); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
A person commits aggravated sexual assault if the person intentionally or
knowingly causes the sexual organ of a child to contact the sexual organ of
another person, including the actor. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.021(a)(B)(iii)
(West 2011). In this case, Rebecca testified that while at church, Joseph would
go into the bathroom with her and there ―he would touch [her] on [her] private
parts.‖ She described her private part and Joseph‘s private part as the part they
used ―to go pee-pee.‖ She described how Joseph‘s penis was ―hanging down‖
and that he would ―rub it up and down.‖ She also testified that ―he would kind of
touch our private parts, then he would pull [her] pants up and he would
sometimes say it was a secret.‖ See Karnes v. State, 873 S.W.2d 92, 96 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 1994, no pet.) (noting that testimony of sexual assault victim alone
is sufficient to prove assault, even if victim is a child).
Rebecca‘s testimony at trial was consistent with the testimony given by her
mother and the sexual assault nurse examiner. Although there was no physical
evidence of abuse, the sexual assault nurse examiner testified that about 85% of
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COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH
NO. 02-10-00235-CV
IN THE MATTER OF J.A.G.
----------
FROM THE 323RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
----------
MEMORANDUM OPINION1 ----------
In four issues, appellant J.A.G. (―Joseph‖),2 a juvenile, appeals the trial
court‘s judgment that he engaged in delinquent conduct by committing
aggravated sexual assault of R.G. (―Rebecca‖), also a child. We will affirm the
trial court‘s judgment.
1 See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4. 2 We use aliases for the names of the children and their parents throughout this opinion. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b)(2). Background Facts
Rebecca‘s mother ―Jenny‖ had been a Big Sister to Joseph‘s older sister
―Samantha‖ through the Big Brothers and Big Sisters program, and had
considered Samantha and Joseph to be a part of her family. Jenny began taking
Samantha and Joseph to church with her family in 2004.
In May 2009, Jenny was chaperoning a field trip for Rebecca‘s
kindergarten class. While sitting on a train, Rebecca mentioned to Jenny that
when Rebecca had been in the bathroom at church, Joseph followed Rebecca
into the bathroom, pulled down his pants, and rubbed his penis against her
vagina.
Jenny and her husband filed a report with the Fort Worth police
department. They took Rebecca to Cook Children‘s Medical Center where
Araceli Desmaris, a sexual assault nurse examiner, conducted a sexual abuse
examination. Desmaris did not find any physical signs of injury, but Rebecca told
Desmaris that when she was sitting on the toilet, Joseph had ―pulled his wiener
out of his pants and he touched her vagina.‖ Rebecca described Joseph‘s penis
as being ―tannish and kind of soft.‖ Rebecca said that Joseph had touched her in
this way ―a lot.‖
In November 2009, the State filed a petition alleging that Joseph had
engaged in indecency with a child and aggravated sexual assault of a child.
After a bench trial, the trial court found beyond a reasonable doubt that Joseph
had engaged in aggravated sexual assault of a child and adjudicated Joseph
2 delinquent. The trial court placed Joseph on probation until his eighteenth
birthday, ordered him to complete sex offender counseling, and deferred his
mandatory sex offender registration. Joseph filed this appeal.
Discussion
Right to Confrontation
In his first two issues, Joseph complains that his right to confrontation was
violated when the trial court allowed Desmaris, the sexual assault nurse
examiner, and Rebecca‘s mother Jenny to testify as to what Rebecca told them.
His only contention at trial and on appeal is that these statements violated his
right to confrontation because he lacked an opportunity for cross-examination.
The United States Constitution guarantees an accused the right ―to be
confronted with the witnesses against him.‖ U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV;
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 42, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1359 (2004); Pointer
v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 406, 85 S. Ct. 1065, 1069 (1965) (applying the Sixth
Amendment to the states); see In re M.H.V.-P., No. 08-09-00291-CV, 2011 WL
1663154, at *3 (Tex. App.—El Paso May 4, 2011, no pet. h.) (holding that
Crawford applies to juvenile delinquency adjudication hearings); see also In re
Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 56–57, 87 S. Ct. 1428, 1459 (1967) (holding that juveniles are
entitled to the right to cross-examine witnesses). Confrontation rights are
implicated when an out-of-court statement is made by an absent witness and that
statement is testimonial in nature. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 50–52, 124 S. Ct. at
1364. Once implicated, such testimonial hearsay is admissible only if (1) the
3 declarant is unavailable, and (2) the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-
examine the declarant. Id. at 53–54, 124 S. Ct. at 1365.
A juvenile is guaranteed the same constitutional rights in the adjudicatory
phase of a juvenile proceeding as an adult in a criminal proceeding. In re
Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 359, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1070 (1970) (―[T]he Due Process
Clause does require application during the adjudicatory hearing of ‗the essentials
of due process and fair treatment.‘‖). However, confrontation rights are
implicated only when an out-of-court statement is made by an absent witness;
―[w]hen the declarant appears for cross-examination at trial, the Confrontation
Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior testimonial statements.‖
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59, n.9, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1369. The only statements of
which Joseph complains were made by Rebecca, who testified at trial. Contrary
to Joseph‘s position, he had the opportunity to cross-examine Rebecca at trial
regarding the statements she made to Desmaris and her mother. He chose not
to exercise his right to confrontation. Failure to exercise a right does not mean
that that right was violated. We overrule Joseph‘s first and second issues.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Joseph‘s third and fourth issues challenge the legal and factual sufficiency
of the evidence.
In his third issue, Joseph contends that the evidence is legally insufficient
to prove that Joseph engaged in delinquent conduct. In our due-process review
of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we view all of the
4 evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond
a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781,
2789 (1979); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
A person commits aggravated sexual assault if the person intentionally or
knowingly causes the sexual organ of a child to contact the sexual organ of
another person, including the actor. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.021(a)(B)(iii)
(West 2011). In this case, Rebecca testified that while at church, Joseph would
go into the bathroom with her and there ―he would touch [her] on [her] private
parts.‖ She described her private part and Joseph‘s private part as the part they
used ―to go pee-pee.‖ She described how Joseph‘s penis was ―hanging down‖
and that he would ―rub it up and down.‖ She also testified that ―he would kind of
touch our private parts, then he would pull [her] pants up and he would
sometimes say it was a secret.‖ See Karnes v. State, 873 S.W.2d 92, 96 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 1994, no pet.) (noting that testimony of sexual assault victim alone
is sufficient to prove assault, even if victim is a child).
Rebecca‘s testimony at trial was consistent with the testimony given by her
mother and the sexual assault nurse examiner. Although there was no physical
evidence of abuse, the sexual assault nurse examiner testified that about 85% of
the children that she examines have no physical signs. She testified that
because two to three months had passed since the last incident, she ―didn‘t
expect to find anything.‖ See Bottenfield v. State, 77 S.W.3d 349, 356 (Tex.
5 App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. ref‘d) (―A conviction for indecency or sexual assault
may be affirmed absent any medical evidence and solely on the testimony of the
victim.‖).
Joseph argues that a videotaped interview with Rebecca, taken at the
Alliance for Children and shown at trial, demonstrated that Rebecca was not a
credible witness. In the video, she denies that anyone had ever touched her in
the church bathroom.3 At trial, Rebecca testified that she denied it in the video
―probably‖ because the tape was made before Joseph touched her, which we
note could not be true. However, it is not the province of the reviewing court to
judge the credibility of the evidence; that is a determination for the trial court.
See Karnes, 873 S.W.2d at 96 (noting that appellant‘s argument that the victims‘
testimony was not sufficiently credible was not a complaint of the sufficiency of
the evidence). The trial court found Rebecca‘s testimony credible and we must
accept that finding. Id. We hold that based on the evidence, the trial court could
have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that Joseph intentionally or
knowingly caused Rebecca‘s sexual organ to contact his sexual organ. We
overrule Joseph‘s third issue.
In his fourth issue, Joseph claims that the evidence is factually insufficient
to support the trial court‘s findings. Although appeals from juvenile court orders
3 We also note that in the video, Rebecca told the interviewer that someone had touched her, that she had told a friend about it, that her friend had laughed at her, and so she ―kind of keep[s] it a secret.‖
6 are generally treated as civil cases, we apply a criminal sufficiency standard of
review to sufficiency of the evidence challenges regarding the adjudication phase
of juvenile proceedings. In re M.C.S., Jr., 327 S.W.3d 802, 805 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2010, no pet.). Because factual sufficiency claims in criminal cases are no
longer viable in Texas, see Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010) (holding that the legal sufficiency standard articulated in Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979), is the only standard
that a reviewing court should apply in determining whether the evidence is
sufficient), we overrule Joseph‘s fourth issue.
Conclusion
Having overruled Joseph‘s four issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court‘s
judgment.
LEE GABRIEL JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; MEIER and GABRIEL, JJ.
DELIVERED: June 16, 2011