IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 24-1187 Filed November 13, 2024
IN THE INTEREST OF P.C., Minor Child,
A.C., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Fayette County, Linnea M.N. Nicol,
Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her one-year-old
son. AFFIRMED.
Kimberly S. Lange of Juvenile Public Defender’s Office, Waterloo, for
appellant mother.
Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Lisa Jeanes, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Kristin R. Schiller Herman, Calmar, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor
child.
Considered by Tabor, C.J., and Ahlers and Sandy, JJ. 2
TABOR, Chief Judge.
Addressing her recovery from methamphetamine addiction, a mother
testified: “I just wish it would have been sooner because it could be the loss of my
son. But I take full responsibility for how long it’s taken. . . . So at the end of the
day, I guess it might have been a little bit too late . . . .” She was right. The juvenile
court terminated her parental rights to her one-year-old son, P.C., finding that he
“had no ability to protect himself when his mother is triggered by her traumatic past
and uses drugs.”
The mother appeals the termination, urging four reasons for reversal. One,
she contends the State did not offer clear and convincing proof under Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(h) or (l) (2024). Two, she argues that termination was not in
P.C.’s best interests. Three, she maintains that the State did not make reasonable
efforts to reunify her family. And four, she asks to delay permanency for six months
so that she can continue to work on her sobriety as she awaits the birth of another
child. After reviewing these four claims, we find no basis for relief. Instead, clear
and convincing evidence shows that the grip of the mother’s methamphetamine
addiction prevents safe parenting.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
The mother’s involvement with the child-welfare system predated P.C.’s
birth. In February 2021, the juvenile court terminated her parental rights to twelve-
year-old N.C. and eight-year-old C.C. The juvenile court explained that despite
her efforts at in-patient substance-use treatment, the mother did not maintain
sobriety. Our court affirmed those termination orders. In re N.C., No. 21-0245, 3
2021 WL 2134994, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. May 26, 2021) (“She admitted to using
drugs throughout the case, including just days before the termination hearing.”).
Two years later, the mother gave birth to P.C. Both mother and child tested
positive for methamphetamines in the hospital. When he was three days old, the
Iowa Department of Health and Human Services removed P.C. from the mother’s
custody and placed him in foster care. The court adjudicated him as a child in
need of assistance (CINA) in July 2023.1
The next few months were tough for the mother. Every drug test between
May and October 2023 came back positive for methamphetamine. Despite her
methamphetamine use, the department facilitated visits between the mother and
P.C.—moving from twice to four or five times per week.
That visitation schedule changed in October when the mother entered in-
patient treatment at the House of Mercy in Des Moines. At first, she had one fully
supervised visit per week. Soon, she transitioned to some overnight visits and
then an extended week-long visit over the Thanksgiving holiday. If that visit went
well, the department intended to place P.C. with his mother while she completed
the program. But it did not go well. After a fight with another resident, the mother
1 Because the mother and P.C. were at high risk, the social worker testified that
the case was determined to be appropriate for “infusion court.” She described the difference between infusion court and other juvenile court hearings: Our goal is to serve families with a higher intensity of services. Typically there’s a substance use component present in these cases that has been long term and ongoing as well as prior terminations, mental health, so really the more complex cases we see. . . . So we have infusion staffings held prior to every court hearing, usually about a week before, and then these court hearings occur approximately every three to four weeks which really gives the family and the team as a whole a chance to convene and discuss issues much quicker. 4
left the House of Mercy—against medical advice—the Monday after Thanksgiving
with P.C. in tow. House of Mercy staff immediately called Des Moines police to
report the incident. A few hours later, the department learned that the mother and
P.C. were at a friend’s residence in Mason City. P.C. was placed back with his
foster family. Despite scheduling efforts by the department, the mother had no
visits with him until after Christmas 2023.
Then shortly after the first of the year, the mother suffered a grim trauma.
She went to visit a friend and found her hanging in her apartment. The shock
caused the mother to relapse on methamphetamine. At that point, the mother
knew that she was expecting another child. Being pregnant and traumatized by
her friend’s suicide, she decided that she “just didn’t want to self-medicate
anymore.” About ten days later, she entered the YWCA in-patient treatment
program in Fort Dodge. She testified that she felt more supported at the YWCA
program and started to learn coping skills.
Court hearings in the CINA case had always been triggering events for her.
So when the State petitioned to terminate her parental rights in February 2024,
she thought about leaving in-patient treatment. But she mustered the courage to
stay. She testified:
[W]hat helped me stay was at the very end of that [review] hearing was when Your Honor said, . . . you are making great progress and she told me she was proud of me and that she seen a change in me and that it would be her final decision. So that’s why I stayed because if she can see progress in me, then obviously I’m doing what I need to do.
In April, her obstetrician recommended that she transition to outpatient
treatment because she was experiencing pain associated with her pregnancy. At 5
the time of the termination hearing in May, the mother was staying at an after-care
apartment approved by the YWCA program. The mother met her roommate in
treatment.
At the hearing, the social work case manager recommended termination,
noting that the mother had only ten confirmed days of sobriety: “Due to her history
of substance use, there hasn’t been enough time of stability to ensure [P.C.’s]
safety in her care.” As her witness, the mother called Lisa Faust, the family support
specialist with Mid-Iowa Family Therapy Clinics. Faust testified that she was
conflicted about whether the mother should have six more months to reunify. On
the one hand, Faust believed that the mother was “doing the things that she needs
to do right now. She’s building that foundation to be a stable parent.” On the other
hand, she believed that P.C. needed the permanency and stability he was
receiving with his foster parents. The mother also testified that she could give P.C.
the support he needed, but “just need[ed] a little bit more time just to show you that
I can stay sober this time.”
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 24-1187 Filed November 13, 2024
IN THE INTEREST OF P.C., Minor Child,
A.C., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Fayette County, Linnea M.N. Nicol,
Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her one-year-old
son. AFFIRMED.
Kimberly S. Lange of Juvenile Public Defender’s Office, Waterloo, for
appellant mother.
Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Lisa Jeanes, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Kristin R. Schiller Herman, Calmar, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor
child.
Considered by Tabor, C.J., and Ahlers and Sandy, JJ. 2
TABOR, Chief Judge.
Addressing her recovery from methamphetamine addiction, a mother
testified: “I just wish it would have been sooner because it could be the loss of my
son. But I take full responsibility for how long it’s taken. . . . So at the end of the
day, I guess it might have been a little bit too late . . . .” She was right. The juvenile
court terminated her parental rights to her one-year-old son, P.C., finding that he
“had no ability to protect himself when his mother is triggered by her traumatic past
and uses drugs.”
The mother appeals the termination, urging four reasons for reversal. One,
she contends the State did not offer clear and convincing proof under Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(h) or (l) (2024). Two, she argues that termination was not in
P.C.’s best interests. Three, she maintains that the State did not make reasonable
efforts to reunify her family. And four, she asks to delay permanency for six months
so that she can continue to work on her sobriety as she awaits the birth of another
child. After reviewing these four claims, we find no basis for relief. Instead, clear
and convincing evidence shows that the grip of the mother’s methamphetamine
addiction prevents safe parenting.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
The mother’s involvement with the child-welfare system predated P.C.’s
birth. In February 2021, the juvenile court terminated her parental rights to twelve-
year-old N.C. and eight-year-old C.C. The juvenile court explained that despite
her efforts at in-patient substance-use treatment, the mother did not maintain
sobriety. Our court affirmed those termination orders. In re N.C., No. 21-0245, 3
2021 WL 2134994, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. May 26, 2021) (“She admitted to using
drugs throughout the case, including just days before the termination hearing.”).
Two years later, the mother gave birth to P.C. Both mother and child tested
positive for methamphetamines in the hospital. When he was three days old, the
Iowa Department of Health and Human Services removed P.C. from the mother’s
custody and placed him in foster care. The court adjudicated him as a child in
need of assistance (CINA) in July 2023.1
The next few months were tough for the mother. Every drug test between
May and October 2023 came back positive for methamphetamine. Despite her
methamphetamine use, the department facilitated visits between the mother and
P.C.—moving from twice to four or five times per week.
That visitation schedule changed in October when the mother entered in-
patient treatment at the House of Mercy in Des Moines. At first, she had one fully
supervised visit per week. Soon, she transitioned to some overnight visits and
then an extended week-long visit over the Thanksgiving holiday. If that visit went
well, the department intended to place P.C. with his mother while she completed
the program. But it did not go well. After a fight with another resident, the mother
1 Because the mother and P.C. were at high risk, the social worker testified that
the case was determined to be appropriate for “infusion court.” She described the difference between infusion court and other juvenile court hearings: Our goal is to serve families with a higher intensity of services. Typically there’s a substance use component present in these cases that has been long term and ongoing as well as prior terminations, mental health, so really the more complex cases we see. . . . So we have infusion staffings held prior to every court hearing, usually about a week before, and then these court hearings occur approximately every three to four weeks which really gives the family and the team as a whole a chance to convene and discuss issues much quicker. 4
left the House of Mercy—against medical advice—the Monday after Thanksgiving
with P.C. in tow. House of Mercy staff immediately called Des Moines police to
report the incident. A few hours later, the department learned that the mother and
P.C. were at a friend’s residence in Mason City. P.C. was placed back with his
foster family. Despite scheduling efforts by the department, the mother had no
visits with him until after Christmas 2023.
Then shortly after the first of the year, the mother suffered a grim trauma.
She went to visit a friend and found her hanging in her apartment. The shock
caused the mother to relapse on methamphetamine. At that point, the mother
knew that she was expecting another child. Being pregnant and traumatized by
her friend’s suicide, she decided that she “just didn’t want to self-medicate
anymore.” About ten days later, she entered the YWCA in-patient treatment
program in Fort Dodge. She testified that she felt more supported at the YWCA
program and started to learn coping skills.
Court hearings in the CINA case had always been triggering events for her.
So when the State petitioned to terminate her parental rights in February 2024,
she thought about leaving in-patient treatment. But she mustered the courage to
stay. She testified:
[W]hat helped me stay was at the very end of that [review] hearing was when Your Honor said, . . . you are making great progress and she told me she was proud of me and that she seen a change in me and that it would be her final decision. So that’s why I stayed because if she can see progress in me, then obviously I’m doing what I need to do.
In April, her obstetrician recommended that she transition to outpatient
treatment because she was experiencing pain associated with her pregnancy. At 5
the time of the termination hearing in May, the mother was staying at an after-care
apartment approved by the YWCA program. The mother met her roommate in
treatment.
At the hearing, the social work case manager recommended termination,
noting that the mother had only ten confirmed days of sobriety: “Due to her history
of substance use, there hasn’t been enough time of stability to ensure [P.C.’s]
safety in her care.” As her witness, the mother called Lisa Faust, the family support
specialist with Mid-Iowa Family Therapy Clinics. Faust testified that she was
conflicted about whether the mother should have six more months to reunify. On
the one hand, Faust believed that the mother was “doing the things that she needs
to do right now. She’s building that foundation to be a stable parent.” On the other
hand, she believed that P.C. needed the permanency and stability he was
receiving with his foster parents. The mother also testified that she could give P.C.
the support he needed, but “just need[ed] a little bit more time just to show you that
I can stay sober this time.”
The juvenile court granted the State’s petition to terminate the mother’s
parental rights under Iowa Code sections 232.116(1)(h) and (l).2 The court found
that termination was in P.C.’s best interests and that no statutory exception
applied. Iowa Code § 232.116(2), (3). The court also found that the State met its
obligation to make reasonable efforts to support reunification. And it denied a six-
month delay in permanency. The mother appeals.3
2 The court also terminated the parental rights of any putative fathers. The mother is the only parent to appeal. 3 “We review termination proceedings de novo, examining both the facts and law
and adjudicating anew those issues properly preserved and presented.” In re A.R., 6
II. Discussion
In termination cases, we follow a three-step analysis. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d
33, 40 (Iowa 2010). First, we must decide whether the State proved a ground for
termination from Iowa Code section 232.116(1) by clear and convincing evidence.
Id. Second, we consider whether termination was in the child’s best interests
under the framework of section 232.116(2). Id. Third, if the State meets those two
prongs, we consider the permissive exceptions in section 232.116(3). Id. at 41.
We only discuss those steps the parent argues.
A. Statutory Ground
The mother disputes the State’s proof for paragraphs (h) and (l) under
section 232.116(1). When the juvenile court relies on more than one paragraph,
we may affirm “on any ground supported by the record.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d
764, 774 (Iowa 2012). We focus on paragraph (h). It requires clear and convincing
proof that (1) the child was three years old or younger; (2) he had been adjudicated
as a CINA under section 232.96; (3) he had been removed from the parent’s
physical custody for at least six months of the last twelve months, or for the last six
straight months and any trial period at home was less than thirty days; and (4) he
could not be returned to her custody “as provided in section 232.102 at the present
time.” Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h); In re L.M., 904 N.W.2d 835, 839 (Iowa 2017)
(reading “present time” as the date of the termination hearing).
932 N.W.2d 588, 589 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App. 2019). The juvenile court’s factual findings do not bind us, but we give them weight, especially when deciding whether a witness is to be believed. Id. 7
The mother concedes that the State’s evidence met the first three elements.
But on the fourth element, she asserts the department failed to move forward from
monitored visits, and the service provider never expressed safety concerns.
Both the State and P.C.’s guardian ad litem (GAL) filed responses. The
GAL argues that the mother was not prepared to assume the role of a parent at
the time of the trial. The State also questions the mother’s readiness, noting that
she left in-patient treatment twice without completing those programs. True, the
mother left the YWCA program on her doctor’s recommendation. But she was not
forthcoming about her new roommate, another individual from treatment, providing
no information for the department to do a background check. We agree with the
State and GAL. The mother testified that she was not prepared to resume care of
P.C. at the time of the hearing. No doubt, the mother had taken a positive step
toward recovery. But her long history of methamphetamine use still loomed too
large to entrust P.C. to her custody.
B. Best Interests
The mother next argues that terminating her parental rights was not in
P.C.’s best interests.4 In addressing that argument, we emphasize the child’s
safety; the best placement for furthering his long-term nurturing and growth; and
his physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs. See In re A.B., 957
N.W.2d 280, 300 (Iowa 2021) (discussing Iowa Code section 232.116(2)). We also
consider P.C.’s integration into his foster family. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2)(b).
4 Although the mother cites both subsections (2) and (3) of Iowa Code section 232.116, she only uses the best-interests terminology. We thus limit our analysis to subsection (2). 8
The mother points to her strong connection with P.C., highlighting the
visitation time she spent cuddling and interacting with him. Indeed, the juvenile
court acknowledged P.C.’s strong bond with his mother. But the court also
recognized his comfort level with his foster parents. The court noted that the foster
home was “stable” and “the only home that [P.C.] has ever known.”
According to her testimony, the mother is just beginning to appreciate her
own self-worth. Because she is in those early days of recovery, she is not yet able
to nurture and support the needs of her young son. His best interests are served
by moving toward a stable and permanent placement with his foster family. See
In re J.H., 952 N.W.2d 157, 173 (Iowa 2020) (declining to deprive child of
permanency “hoping someday” that parent will be able to provide stable home).
C. Reasonable Efforts
The department must make reasonable efforts to avoid removal of children
from their parents and to reunite them with their parents after removal. See Iowa
Code §§ 232.102(4)(b), 232.102A(1)(a). The mother contends that the
department failed in its reasonable-efforts obligation by ignoring her requests for
more visitation with P.C.5 On April 19, 2024, the mother moved for reasonable
efforts, asking for more visitation as she transitioned to her own apartment in
Humboldt from the YWCA inpatient program in Fort Dodge. Before the court had
a chance to rule on that motion, the mother left the in-patient program based on
5 At the termination hearing, the juvenile court chronicled its sequence of reasonable-efforts findings—September 30, October 20, November 7, and December 8 of 2023, and January 17, February 28, March 23, and April 10 of 2024. The mother’s attorney agreed that her reasonable-efforts challenge was limited to the time between April 10 and May 1 of 2024. 9
her doctor’s recommendation. The juvenile court then considered “the motion for
lack of reasonable efforts simultaneously with the request for termination and the
final permanency.”
In its termination ruling, the court concluded that the department “provided
family interaction between [the mother] and [P.C.] as frequently as distance, and
the mother’s substance use treatment schedule, would allow.” We reach the same
conclusion: the department made reasonable efforts to reunify P.C. with his
mother. The visitation offered was appropriate to the circumstances. See In re
C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000) (noting reasonable efforts include visitation
“designed to facilitate reunification while providing adequate protection for the
child”).
D. Six-Month Delay in Permanency
The mother contends that she should have been allowed six more months
to work toward reunification with P.C. To make such an allowance, the juvenile
court must find that the need for removal will be erased at the end of that six-month
extension. Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). The record did not support that delay in
permanency. The mother cannot show that P.C. would be safe in her custody after
six months, or that further delay was in his best interests. See In re W.T., 967
N.W.2d 315, 323 (Iowa 2021).
AFFIRMED.