HECHT, Justice.
A mother appealed an order terminating her parental rights. The court of appeals reversed the order, concluding on de novo review that the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) failed to prove it made reasonable efforts to reunite the incarcerated mother with her child. On further review, we vacate the decision of the court of appeals and affirm the decision of the juvenile court terminating the mother’s parental rights.
I. Factual Background and Proceedings.
L.M. was born on December 28,2015. At the time of her birth, she tested positive for methamphetamine, amphetamine, and benzodiazepines. She was promptly removed from the custody of her mother, Katherine, who had a significant history of drug abuse1 that had previously led to the removal of two older children from her custody. L.M. was placed in foster care.
Katherine participated in supervised visitation with L.M. on January 5, 2016, but failed to attend another scheduled visit three days later. Visitation ceased entirely after Katherine was arrested on January 10 and jailed in Page County on a charge of conspiracy to deliver methamphetamine. She pled guilty to the charge and was sentenced to an indeterminate sentence of ten years in prison on January 29.
On February 4, at a hearing on the State’s petition to adjudicate L.M. as a child in need of assistance (CINA), Katherine’s counsel raised the subject of visitation, stating, “If there is any possible way we can have any visitation between mom and child, given the setting, I would like to ask for that.” A DHS caseworker present at the hearing expressed doubt that face-to-face visits were feasible at the Page County jail. After hearing Katherine’s request for visitation and the caseworker’s response, the court observed that it did “not find that ... visitation in that [jail] setting is appropriate.” In its order issued on February 5, the court nonetheless ordered such visitation “as arranged and approved by DHS.”
The subject of visitation was again addressed at a dispositional hearing on February 18.2 A report filed by DHS prior to the hearing recommended that “visitation [remain] at the discretion and direction of the [DHS] and Guardian ad Litem.” When the court asked Katherine’s counsel if he was in agreement with the recommendation made by DHS, Katherine’s counsel answered in the affirmative. No visitation opportunities were arranged for Katherine at the county jail before she was transferred to the Iowa Correctional Institution for Women (ICIW) in Mitchellville on February 26.
A CINA review hearing was held on June 2. The court inquired whether Katherine or the guardian ad litem for L.M. requested any additional services. Although no visitation with L.M. had been provided for Katherine at the ICIW, Katherine’s counsel made no request that DHS be ordered to arrange visits.3
A permanency hearing was held on September 15. The report filed by DHS summarizing the status of the case recommended the court change the goal of the juvenile proceeding from reunification to termination. Katherine’s counsel objected to the change proposed by DHS, noting that Katherine had submitted a letter to the court acknowledging her past mistakes, expressing her desire for reunification with L.M., and requesting more time to make that possible. In addressing the likely longevity of her incarceration, Katherine’s letter expressed optimism that she would be released from the ICIW and transferred to a community corrections facility in Council Bluffs in October or November of 2016. The following colloquy occurred during the hearihg on the subject of services:
THE COURT: Are there any other services you’re asking for at this time given the fact that [Katherine’s] incarcerated?
[COUNSEL FOR KATHERINE]: No, your honor.
The court approved the recommendation of DHS and ordered that the goal of the proceeding should change to termination of parental rights.
A petition for termination of Katherine’s parental rights was filed on October 20.4 The State alleged termination should be ordered under Iowa Code section 232.166(1)(6), (e), (⅞), and O').5
A hearing on the petition for termination was held on January 19, 2017.6 In her testimony, Katherine described progress toward the goal of rehabilitation, Katherine’s exemplary conduct at the ICIW earned the trust of correctional authorities, who permitted her to leave the correctional facility and work regularly.at the department of corrections office in Res Moines. Through this employment, she developed computer and clerical skills, enhancing her future employment opportunities. While serving her sentence at the ICIW, Katherine completed a drug-treatment program addressing her longstanding addiction history.
The record reveals that Katherine’s progress on the path toward rehabilitation was recognized by the parole board in its notice of parole issued a few days prior to the termination hearing. Katherine testified she expected to be transferred to a community correction facility' in Council Bluffs as soon as it had space for her— likely within thirty days after the termination hearing. Katherine expected the duration of her placement at the community correction facility to be approximately three months.
The juvenile court adopted the recommendation of DHS and ordered the termination of Katherine’s parental rights. The court concluded the State had proved its case for ■ termination under section 232,116(1X6), (e), and (h), Katherine- appealed, contending the juvenile court erred in ordering termination of her parental rights (1) under section 232.116(1)(6) because she was not given the opportunity to resume care of L.M., (2) under • section 232.116(1)(⅜) because clear and convincing evidence did-not establish L.M. could not be returned to Katherine’s custody in the near future, (3) because DHS failed to make reasonable efforts in furtherance of reunification, and (4) because termination is not in L.M.’s best interest.
The court of appeals reversed the termination order, concluding DHS failed “to offer reunification services, specifically visitation with L.M., without establishing that visits with [Katherine] would have been inappropriate or infeasible.” Noting Katherine’s significant progress toward rehabilitation and the lack of evidence that DHS offered any opportunity for visitation during. the incarceration, the court, reasoned Katherine should be allowed a six-month extension to work toward reunification. We granted the guardian ad litem’s application for further review.
II. Scope of Review.
Our review of this case, is de novo. In re C.H., 652 N.W.2d 144, 147 (Iowa 2002).
III. Analysis.
A. Grounds for Termination. The juvenile court ordered termination of Katherine’s parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(⅞)' (2016). This statute authorizes termination upon a finding of the following elements:
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
HECHT, Justice.
A mother appealed an order terminating her parental rights. The court of appeals reversed the order, concluding on de novo review that the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) failed to prove it made reasonable efforts to reunite the incarcerated mother with her child. On further review, we vacate the decision of the court of appeals and affirm the decision of the juvenile court terminating the mother’s parental rights.
I. Factual Background and Proceedings.
L.M. was born on December 28,2015. At the time of her birth, she tested positive for methamphetamine, amphetamine, and benzodiazepines. She was promptly removed from the custody of her mother, Katherine, who had a significant history of drug abuse1 that had previously led to the removal of two older children from her custody. L.M. was placed in foster care.
Katherine participated in supervised visitation with L.M. on January 5, 2016, but failed to attend another scheduled visit three days later. Visitation ceased entirely after Katherine was arrested on January 10 and jailed in Page County on a charge of conspiracy to deliver methamphetamine. She pled guilty to the charge and was sentenced to an indeterminate sentence of ten years in prison on January 29.
On February 4, at a hearing on the State’s petition to adjudicate L.M. as a child in need of assistance (CINA), Katherine’s counsel raised the subject of visitation, stating, “If there is any possible way we can have any visitation between mom and child, given the setting, I would like to ask for that.” A DHS caseworker present at the hearing expressed doubt that face-to-face visits were feasible at the Page County jail. After hearing Katherine’s request for visitation and the caseworker’s response, the court observed that it did “not find that ... visitation in that [jail] setting is appropriate.” In its order issued on February 5, the court nonetheless ordered such visitation “as arranged and approved by DHS.”
The subject of visitation was again addressed at a dispositional hearing on February 18.2 A report filed by DHS prior to the hearing recommended that “visitation [remain] at the discretion and direction of the [DHS] and Guardian ad Litem.” When the court asked Katherine’s counsel if he was in agreement with the recommendation made by DHS, Katherine’s counsel answered in the affirmative. No visitation opportunities were arranged for Katherine at the county jail before she was transferred to the Iowa Correctional Institution for Women (ICIW) in Mitchellville on February 26.
A CINA review hearing was held on June 2. The court inquired whether Katherine or the guardian ad litem for L.M. requested any additional services. Although no visitation with L.M. had been provided for Katherine at the ICIW, Katherine’s counsel made no request that DHS be ordered to arrange visits.3
A permanency hearing was held on September 15. The report filed by DHS summarizing the status of the case recommended the court change the goal of the juvenile proceeding from reunification to termination. Katherine’s counsel objected to the change proposed by DHS, noting that Katherine had submitted a letter to the court acknowledging her past mistakes, expressing her desire for reunification with L.M., and requesting more time to make that possible. In addressing the likely longevity of her incarceration, Katherine’s letter expressed optimism that she would be released from the ICIW and transferred to a community corrections facility in Council Bluffs in October or November of 2016. The following colloquy occurred during the hearihg on the subject of services:
THE COURT: Are there any other services you’re asking for at this time given the fact that [Katherine’s] incarcerated?
[COUNSEL FOR KATHERINE]: No, your honor.
The court approved the recommendation of DHS and ordered that the goal of the proceeding should change to termination of parental rights.
A petition for termination of Katherine’s parental rights was filed on October 20.4 The State alleged termination should be ordered under Iowa Code section 232.166(1)(6), (e), (⅞), and O').5
A hearing on the petition for termination was held on January 19, 2017.6 In her testimony, Katherine described progress toward the goal of rehabilitation, Katherine’s exemplary conduct at the ICIW earned the trust of correctional authorities, who permitted her to leave the correctional facility and work regularly.at the department of corrections office in Res Moines. Through this employment, she developed computer and clerical skills, enhancing her future employment opportunities. While serving her sentence at the ICIW, Katherine completed a drug-treatment program addressing her longstanding addiction history.
The record reveals that Katherine’s progress on the path toward rehabilitation was recognized by the parole board in its notice of parole issued a few days prior to the termination hearing. Katherine testified she expected to be transferred to a community correction facility' in Council Bluffs as soon as it had space for her— likely within thirty days after the termination hearing. Katherine expected the duration of her placement at the community correction facility to be approximately three months.
The juvenile court adopted the recommendation of DHS and ordered the termination of Katherine’s parental rights. The court concluded the State had proved its case for ■ termination under section 232,116(1X6), (e), and (h), Katherine- appealed, contending the juvenile court erred in ordering termination of her parental rights (1) under section 232.116(1)(6) because she was not given the opportunity to resume care of L.M., (2) under • section 232.116(1)(⅜) because clear and convincing evidence did-not establish L.M. could not be returned to Katherine’s custody in the near future, (3) because DHS failed to make reasonable efforts in furtherance of reunification, and (4) because termination is not in L.M.’s best interest.
The court of appeals reversed the termination order, concluding DHS failed “to offer reunification services, specifically visitation with L.M., without establishing that visits with [Katherine] would have been inappropriate or infeasible.” Noting Katherine’s significant progress toward rehabilitation and the lack of evidence that DHS offered any opportunity for visitation during. the incarceration, the court, reasoned Katherine should be allowed a six-month extension to work toward reunification. We granted the guardian ad litem’s application for further review.
II. Scope of Review.
Our review of this case, is de novo. In re C.H., 652 N.W.2d 144, 147 (Iowa 2002).
III. Analysis.
A. Grounds for Termination. The juvenile court ordered termination of Katherine’s parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(⅞)' (2016). This statute authorizes termination upon a finding of the following elements:
(1) The child is three years of age or younger.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided in section 232.102 at the present time.
Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(⅛).
Katherine contends the juvenile court erred because the record does not establish that L.M. could not be réturned to her custody “now, or in the near future.” We disagree. At' the time of the termination hearing, Katherine remained at the ICIW. Although she had received notice of her parole, Katherine expected to spend up to thirty more days at the ICIW and then at least ninety additional days at the community correctional facility. Given her history of drug addiction and parenting dysfunction, we conclude Katherine would have much to prove after the discharge of her sentence before resuming custody of L.M. Accordingly, we find clear and convincing evidence that custody of L.M. could not be réturned to Kathérine at the time of the termination hearing.7
B. Reasonable Efforts. Katherine contends, and the court of appeals found, termination should not have been ordered because DHS failed to make reasonable efforts toward reunification. In particular, Katherine notes DHS failed to provide a single opportunity for visitation during her incarceration.
“The State must show reasonable efforts as a part of its ultimate proof the child cannot be safely returned to the care of a parent.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000) (en banc); see also Iowa Code § 232.102(7) (providing that if custody is transferred to DHS, it “shall make every reasonable effort to return the child to the child’s home as quickly as possible consistent .with the best interests of the child”). “The reasonable efforts concept would broadly includé a visitation" arrangement designed tó facilitate reunification while protecting the child from the harm responsible for the removal.” In re M.B., 553 N.W.2d 343, 345 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996).
Although DHS must make reasonable efforts in furtherance of reunification, with some exceptions not applicable here,8 parents have a responsibility to object when they claim the nature or extent of services is inadequate. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 493-94. A parent’s objection to the sufficiency of services should be made “early in the process so appropriate changes can be made.” Id. “In general, if a parent fails to request other services at the proper time, the parent waives the issue and may not later challenge it at the termination proceeding.” In re C.H., 652 N.W.2d at 148. We conclude Katherine’s challenge on appeal to the failure of DHS to provide visitation during her incarceration at the ICIW comes too late. The juvenile court ordered visitation at the discretion of DHS and the guardian ad litem following the hearing on February 4, 2016. In a series of hearings thereafter, the court repeatedly asked whether Katherine objected to the services provided to her by DHS. On each such occasion, Katherine’s counsel voiced no objection to the failure of DHS to provide visitation or any other service at the ICIW. Given this failure to object to the denial of visitation, it is not surprising that the record is devoid of evidence informing the court whether appropriate facilities existed at the ICIW for visitation. In the absence of any objection to the failure of DHS to provide for visitation during Katherine’s incarceration at the ICIW, the juvenile court made no findings on the question whether the denial of visitation at that facility fell short of the reasonable-efforts standard under the circumstances. On this record, we conclude Katherine’s contention on appeal that the standard was not met by DHS must fail because it is untimely.9
C. Best Interests of L.M. Katherine also contends the juvenile court erred in finding termination is in the best interests of L.M. We acknowledge the substantial progress Katherine has made on her rehabilitation journey. Given the history revealed in the record of this case, the journey is likely a long one and it is far from complete. While Katherine commendably continues over time to intently focus on her sobriety and a healthy reentry to life outside the ICIW, L.M. needs permanency and stability now. As she nears the age of two years, L.M. has never received physical care from Katherine and has not bonded to her. Under the circumstances, we agree with the juvenile court’s conclusion that L.M.’s best interests require termination of Katherine’s parental rights.
IY. Conclusion.
We affirm the juvenile court’s order terminating Katherine’s parental rights under section 232.116(1)(⅛).
DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT COURT ORDER AFFIRMED.
All justices concur except Cady, C.J., and Wiggins, J., who dissent. Wiggins, J., joins this dissent.