IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-1782 Filed February 10, 2016
IN THE INTEREST OF K.C. AND J.P., Minor Children,
N.P., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Thomas W. Mott,
Judge.
A mother with a history of substance abuse appeals the termination of her
parental rights to her thirteen-year-old son and nine-year-old daughter.
AFFIRMED ON CONDITION AND REMANDED.
Alexander D. Smith of Parrish Kruidenier Law Firm, Des Moines, for
appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kathryn K. Lang, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
John P. Jellineck of the Polk County Juvenile Public Defender, Des
Moines, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor children.
Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ. 2
TABOR, Presiding Judge.
This appeal presents the question whether article I, section 10 of the Iowa
Constitution extends the right to a jury trial to a mother defending against a
petition to terminate her parental rights. The mother contends the juvenile court
erred in denying her request to have jurors decide whether to sever the parent-
child relationship. She also argues the State did not prove a statutory basis for
termination and the court should have kept the family intact because her two
children lived with relatives, her teenaged son opposed the termination, and she
had a close bond with the children.
Because the state constitutional provision listing “rights of persons
accused” does not apply to child welfare cases, we reject the mother’s jury trial
argument. We also find clear and convincing evidence in the record to support
terminating the mother’s relationship with her two children under Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(f) (2013). Further, we conclude the factors in section
232.116(3) do not outweigh the benefits of achieving permanency for K.C. and
J.P. Accordingly, we affirm the termination order. But we do so only on the
condition that the proceedings complied with the federal and state Indian Child
Welfare Acts (ICWAs). Because the record raises questions concerning the
mother’s Indian heritage, but does not show ICWA compliance, we remand for
further proceedings.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
The Department of Human Services (DHS) removed J.P. and K.C. from
their mother’s care in April 2014 after she was arrested for child endangerment,
possession of methamphetamine, and theft of a motor vehicle. The mother did 3
not contest the removal in the juvenile court. The DHS placed thirteen-year-old
J.P. with his paternal grandmother and placed nine-year-old K.C. with her
maternal grandmother.
The juvenile court adjudicated J.P. and K.C. as children in need of
assistance (CINA) in June 2014. The juvenile court noted the mother’s long
history of substance abuse.1 Her addictions had resulted in her three older
children, now adults, being removed from her care and placed under DHS
supervision in 2001.2 The mother also experienced domestic violence
perpetrated by J.P.’s father. J.P. and K.C. remained in their grandmothers’ care
throughout the CINA case.
In July 2014, the mother was arrested for possession of drug
paraphernalia after police stopped her for erratic driving. After her arrest, she
submitted to substance abuse and mental health evaluations at United
Community Service (UCS). The UCS therapist diagnosed her with cannabis
dependence and amphetamine dependence, as well as depression and PTSD.
The therapist developed a treatment plan for the mother. The mother was
arrested again in August 2014 for illegal possession of prescription drugs and a
probation violation. She was placed at the women’s residential correctional
facility until April 2015, when she was discharged to supervised probation. Her
employment and housing were unstable after her release. She had once-a-week
supervised visitation with K.C. and J.P.
1 The forty-year-old mother testified to starting her marijuana use at age sixteen and methamphetamine use at age nineteen. 2 The mother had a forgery conviction in 2001. 4
On April 22, 2015, the State filed a petition to terminate the mother’s
parental rights.3 The petition cited Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(d), (f), (g), and
(l) as grounds for termination. The juvenile court held a termination hearing on
September 10, 2015. The court issued its decision terminating parental rights on
October 8, 2015, relying on all grounds cited in the State’s petition. The mother
filed a petition on appeal.
II. Scope and Standards of Review
We review de novo juvenile court cases involving the termination of
parental rights. In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 2014). We will uphold a
termination order if it is supported by clear and convincing evidence of at least
one statutory ground under section 232.116(1). See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d
703, 706 (Iowa 2010). “Clear and convincing” proof means we see no “serious or
substantial doubt as to the correctness of the conclusions of law drawn from the
evidence.” Id. We likewise review constitutional claims de novo. In re C.M., 652
N.W.2d 204, 209 (Iowa 2002). To the extent that this case involves interpretation
of chapter 232B, our review is for correction of errors at law. See In re J.C., 857
N.W.2d 495, 500 (Iowa 2014).
III. Analysis of Mother’s Claims
A. Right to Jury Trial
Before the termination trial, the mother’s attorney filed a motion for a jury
trial and jury demand, citing article 1, section 10 of the Iowa Constitution’s Bill of
3 The petition also sought to terminate the parental rights of K.C.’s father, but he is not a party to this appeal. The rights of J.P.’s father had been previously terminated. 5
Rights.4 That section—entitled “Rights of persons accused”—provides as
follows:
In all criminal prosecutions, and in cases involving the life, or liberty of an individual the accused shall have a right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury; to be informed of the accusation against him, to have a copy of the same when demanded; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for his witnesses; and, to have the assistance of counsel.
Iowa Const. art. I, § 10.
The mother argued the framers of the Iowa Constitution intended the
phrase “in cases involving the life, or liberty of an individual” to extend the jury-
trial right beyond criminal prosecutions. She urged the phrasing and history of
article I, section 10 “demands that parents have the right to a jury trial in
termination of parental rights cases.”
In concluding the state constitution did not guarantee parents the right to a
jury trial in termination proceedings, the juvenile court cited two delinquency
cases decided by the Iowa Supreme Court. See In re Johnson, 257 N.W.2d 47,
50 (Iowa 1977) (concluding “it is not constitutionally required to inject a jury into
the juvenile court setting”); see also In re A.K., 825 N.W.2d 46, 51 (Iowa 2013)
(observing neither statutory nor constitutional provisions guarantee juveniles the
right a jury trial). The juvenile court ruled it must “hear and decide” the case
without a jury.
4 Neither in the juvenile court nor on appeal does the mother cite article I, section 9 of the Iowa Constitution, which provides: The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; but the general assembly may authorize trial by a jury of a less number than twelve men in inferior courts; but no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” 6
On appeal, the mother contends the juvenile court’s ruling was in error.
She asserts the Johnson holding “should probably be revisited” but, in the
meantime, asks us to limit its application to delinquency cases. She points to
case law describing the right to parent as a “fundamental liberty interest”
protected by the state constitution. See Callender v. Skiles, 591 N.W.2d 182,
190 (Iowa 1999). From that premise, she claims the action to terminate her
parental rights is a case involving the liberty of an individual, triggering her right
to a jury trial under article I, section 10.
In response, the State argues we should extend the reasoning of Johnson
to termination-of-parental-rights hearings. The Johnson majority opined the
drafters’ 1857 reference to liberty interests in article I, section 10 “should not
blindly mandate an absurd result because our forefathers had not yet seen fit to
establish a separate juvenile court system.” 257 N.W.2d at 50. The State
asserts even stronger reasons exist for not allowing jury trials in child welfare
cases than in delinquency proceedings.5 For instance, a juvenile court judge is
familiar with the family by the time of the termination hearing and is in the best
5 Only a handful of states currently permit or require jury trials in termination-of-parental- rights cases. See In re Isaiah H., 828 N.W.2d 198, 219 n.8 (Wis. 2013) (Ziegler, J., dissenting) (listing Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming). Among those states, courts in Oklahoma and Texas have interpreted their state constitutions as providing the right to a jury trial in termination cases. See, e.g., In re J.N.F., 116 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tex. App. 2003) (holding prison inmate was entitled to jury trial in action to terminate his parental rights); A.E. v. State, 743 P.2d 1041, 1045–46 (Okla. 1987) (ruling parents were entitled to a jury trial under an amendment that enlarged the state constitutional right to jury trial beyond its scope under common law and expressly provided for a jury trial in juvenile proceedings). In Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, a parent’s right to a jury trial in a termination-of-parental-rights case is statutory, not constitutional. See Edwards v. Arlington Cnty., 361 S.E.2d 644, 655 (Va. 1987) (discussing discretionary nature of right to “advisory jury” in parental rights termination hearing under Virginia Code section 16.1-296); Isaiah H., 828 N.W.2d at 213 (citing Wis. Stat. § 48.01(1)); Matter of G.P., 679 P.2d 976 (Wyo. 1984) (citing Wyo. Stat. § 14-2- 312). 7
position to make findings of fact and a determination about the children’s best
interests. Moreover, exposing the facts of a child welfare case to a jury would
violate the confidentiality requirement.
The State’s points are well-taken, but we can reject the mother’s argument
based on the language of article I, section 10—specifically its reference to “the
accused.” Our supreme court has held article I, section 10 “only applies to
criminal proceedings.” Atwood v. Vilsack, 725 N.W.2d 641, 650–51 (Iowa 2006)
(“It protects only the rights of an ‘accused,’ not the rights of an individual facing
potential civil commitment pursuant to Iowa’s SVP statute.”). In Johnson, a
specially concurring justice reasoned that the child in a delinquency proceeding
was not “an ‘accused’ threatened with loss of liberty” within the meaning of article
I, section 10. 257 N.W.2d at 54 (McCormick, J., specially concurring) (explaining
restraint of liberty in juvenile proceeding was means of “ameliorative treatment”).
Like individuals subject to civil commitment and juveniles subject to delinquency
adjudication, parents responding to a petition to terminate their parental rights
are not “persons accused” within the meaning of article I, section 10.
Accordingly, the juvenile court was correct in denying the mother’s request for a
jury trial.
B. Statutory Ground for Termination
Where, as here, the juvenile court terminates a mother’s parental rights on
more than one statutory ground, we may affirm if any ground is supported by
clear and convincing evidence. See In re S.R., 600 N.W.2d 63, 64 (Iowa Ct.
App. 1999). We focus on paragraph (f), which applies when a child (1) is four
years old or older; (2) has been adjudicated CINA; (3) has been removed from 8
the physical custody of the parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen
months, or for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days; and (4) at the present time cannot be returned to
the parent’s custody. Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f). Children cannot be returned to
a parent’s care if they would remain CINA or would be at risk of adjudicatory
harm. “Present time” is the time of the termination hearing. See In re C.B., 611
N.W.2d 489, 494–95 (Iowa 2000); see also In re A.M.S., 419 N.W.2d 723, 726
(Iowa 1988).
In her petition on appeal, the mother argues the State did not prove by
clear and convincing evidence that her children could not be returned to her care.
She asserts the State did not provide evidence that she currently was using
drugs or that her mental health issues were “unresolved or causing problems.”
The mother took a different stance at trial. She testified she did not believe she
was ready for her children to come home with her at the time of the termination
hearing, but she thought “working towards them being able to come back with me
is a very strong possibility.” When asked how long it would take her to be ready
to resume care, she responded that it was not a “fair question” because she did
not know how long.
We find clear and convincing evidence in the record to support termination
under paragraph (f). By the mother’s own admission, the children could not be
safely returned to her care at the time of the termination hearing. The State did
not have evidence regarding recent substance abuse because the mother
refused nine requests from the DHS to undergo drug testing by means of a
sweat-patch test. The mother testified she had heard “too many stories about 9
false positives,” but she now realized she should have complied with the DHS
case plan. She acknowledged her recent work history and housing were
unstable. She remained on probation on the methamphetamine possession
conviction until May 2016. The mother had not moved beyond weekly
supervised visitations with her children. She had the opportunity for more
contact with K.C. but did not take advantage of that time with her daughter
because she did not get along with her own mother, who was caring for K.C.
The juvenile court acted appropriately in terminating her rights under section
232.116(1)(f).
C. Section 232.116(3) Factors
The mother contests the juvenile court’s finding that “[n]one of the possible
conditions where the court need not order termination applies to the situation of
either of these two children.” The mother claims three factors under section
232.116(3) provide cause for not terminating. First, both children live with their
grandmothers. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(a) (“A relative has legal custody of
the child.”). Second, thirteen-year-old J.P. objected to the termination of her
parental rights. See id. § 232.116(3)(b) (“The child is over ten years of age and
objects to the termination.”). And third, “both children would suffer negative
mental health repercussions if they lost their relationship with their mother.” See
id. § 232.116(3)(c) (“There is clear and convincing evidence that the termination
would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-
child relationship.”).
None of the permissive factors under section 232.116(3) required the
juvenile court to forego termination of the mother’s relationship with the children. 10
See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 38 (Iowa 2010) (clarifying factors were not
mandatory). The DHS placed the children with their grandmothers during the
course of the CINA proceedings, but the grandmothers did not have “legal
custody” as required under section 232.116(3)(a). See A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113.
While J.P. told his therapist he hoped the court would allow him to return to his
mother’s care, he was not able to verbalize for the therapist “why he thought that
should happen or how returning to mom may be in his best interest.” The
therapist also testified J.P. had not consistently held that view and had at
different times during the CINA case expressed a preference for other
placements. The therapist did not make a recommendation concerning
termination, but testified he was concerned that prolonging the uncertainty would
not be in J.P.’s best interest. J.P. had recently engaged in self-harming
behaviors that required treatment, and the therapist believed the pending CINA
case contributed to J.P.’s anxiety. We agree with the juvenile court’s conclusion
that J.P.’s “mixed feelings” about the termination did not constitute a sound basis
for denying the State’s petition.
Finally, the record does not contain clear and convincing evidence that
termination would be detrimental to J.P. and K.C. due to the closeness of their
relationship with their mother. The DHS worker testified they love their mother
and she loves them. The worker also acknowledged the termination will result in
“some disappointment” for the children. But the evidence did not show the
children’s immediate disappointment would pose a long-term detriment. In fact,
the mother endorsed the children’s current placements with their grandmothers.
She testified J.P. was doing “wonderfully” with his paternal grandmother and “he 11
belongs where he is.” She also agreed K.C. receives a great deal of support
from her maternal grandmother. The mother insightfully testified: “I know this has
gone on a long time which I don’t think is good for the children.” We agree with
the juvenile court that the children’s feelings of disappointment about the
termination of their mother’s parental rights do not weigh heavily against the
decision to provide them a permanent, adoptive home, likely with their respective
grandmothers.
IV. Compliance with Indian Child Welfare Act
Finally, we raise sua sponte an issue concerning compliance with the
state and federal ICWAs. See 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901–63 (federal ICWA); Iowa Code
ch. 232B (state ICWA); see also Matter of N.A.H., 418 N.W.2d 310, 311 (S.D.
1988) (holding ICWA is “primarily a jurisdictional statute” and appellate courts
“must examine jurisdictional questions whether presented by the parties or not”).
The mother testified at the termination hearing that she “get[s] money from the
Indian reservation” in the amount of $600 to $1000 per month. The juvenile court
quoted this testimony in its termination order. But the order did not mention
compliance with ICWA. See Iowa Code § 232B.5(4) (providing court “shall
establish in the record that the party seeking . . . termination of parental rights
over . . . an Indian child has sent notice by registered mail” to the tribe).
In the record available to us on appeal, we found four references to the
mother’s Indian heritage. First, when applying for the order of temporary removal
under section 232.78, the DHS filed an ICWA Affidavit on April 15, 2014, stating
that “Apache is the tribal affiliation of the child’s mother.” Second, in a July 22,
2014 report to the court, DHS worker Alaina Gage wrote: “ICWA will have to be 12
explored, even though [the mother] was adopted she reports that she believes
that she is part of an Apache tribe in New Mexico.” Third, an exhibit from
LabCorp, which confirmed paternity for K.C.’s father, noted the mother was an
America Indian.
Fourth, in exhibits from the 2001 CINA proceedings involving the mother’s
older children, the county attorney notified the Jicarilla Apache Tribe in New
Mexico of the juvenile court proceedings, and a child protection worker contacted
the tribe’s intake specialist to inform him that mother agreed to temporary
placement with the maternal grandmother.
In a dependency court proceeding in which the court knows or has reason
to know the children are Indian children, the federal ICWA requires notice to the
child’s tribe. 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a). Likewise, the tribal notice provisions of the
Iowa ICWA require the juvenile court to notify the proper Indian tribe whenever it
has reason to know that an Indian child may be involved in an involuntary
termination. In re R.E.K.F., 698 N.W.2d 147, 150–51 (Iowa 2005) (citing Iowa
Code § 232B.5(4)).
Nothing in the record from the current CINA and termination cases
indicates the State or the juvenile court met the tribal notice requirements or
other mandates under chapter 232B. Chapter 232B is intended to protect Indian
families and tribes. In re D.S., 806 N.W.2d 458, 465 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011). Our
legislature enacted this chapter to clarify policies and procedures regarding
implementation of the federal ICWA. In re J.L., 779 N.W.2d 481, 485–86 (Iowa
Ct. App. 2009). “The ICWA has a dual purpose—to protect the best interests of
a child and preserve the Indian culture.” D.S., 806 N.W.2d at 465 (noting ICWA 13
must be applied even where no evidence shows children were raised in Indian
culture). Our courts strictly construe the provisions of ICWA. Id.
Because we cannot tell from the record before us if K.C. and J.P. were
determined to be Indian children under sections 232B.3(6) and 232B.4, or if the
State provided adequate notice to the tribe under section 232B.5, we can only
conditionally affirm the termination order. See In re R.E.K.F., 698 N.W.2d at
150–51; see also In re L.B.-A.D., No. 11-0456, 2011 WL 2112452, at *8 (Iowa Ct.
App. May 25, 2011).
We remand the case to the juvenile court for a determination if the State
sent proper notice to the tribe under the federal and state ICWAs. If the tribal
notice requirement was satisfied and the children were not determined to be
Indian children, the juvenile court’s original termination order will stand. If the
notice requirement was not satisfied, the juvenile court shall direct the State to
send notice concerning the children’s tribal membership. If the tribe fails to
respond within the appropriate timeframe or replies and determines the children
are not eligible for tribal membership, the termination order will stand. If the tribe
responds and intervenes, reversal of the termination order and further
proceedings consistent with the ICWA requirements will be necessary. We do
not retain jurisdiction.