COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH
NO. 2-08-183-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF J.F., J.J., AND J.J., CHILDREN
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FROM THE 323RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
MEMORANDUM OPINION 1
I. Introduction
Appellant Brandy F. appeals the trial court’s judgment terminating her
parental rights to her three children—John, Julie, and Jennifer (collectively
“children”).2 In four issues, Brandy argues that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the trial court’s findings. We affirm.
1 … See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4. 2 … We use aliases for the names of the children: J.F. will be referred to as John, the older J.J. as Julie, and the younger J.J. as Jennifer. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b)(2). II. Procedural History
In October 2005, the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory
Services (“the Department”) filed a petition to terminate Brandy’s parental
rights to John, Julie, and Jennifer. After a bench trial, the trial court found that
the Department had failed to comply with section 262.114 of the Texas Family
Code and denied the Department’s petition. On appeal, we held that the trial
court’s “death penalty” sanction as to the termination of Brandy’s parental
rights was excessive under the circumstances, and we reversed and remanded
the cause for further proceedings. In re J.F., No. 02-07-00007-CV, 2007 WL
2963690, at *8 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 11, 2007, pet. denied) (mem.
op.). On remand, the trial court, basing its decision on the already existing trial
record, signed an order terminating Brandy’s parental rights to her children.3
This appeal followed.
3 … We have been advised that the audiotape recording of the proceedings held below after remand is blank; therefore, there is no additional reporter’s record. No party complains of this omission. Further, the order of termination and the parties provide that the trial court considered the original trial record in making its decision, and the parties refer to the original reporter’s record in their briefing. Therefore, in the interest of justice, we take judicial notice of the reporter’s record in the prior appeal of this cause and likewise refer to it in our opinion.
2 III. Evidentiary Sufficiency
In her first two issues, Brandy argues that the evidence is factually
insufficient to support the trial court’s endangerment findings. See Tex. Fam.
Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(D), (E) (Vernon 2008). In her third and fourth issues,
Brandy argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support
the trial court’s best interest finding. See id. § 161.001(2).
A. Standard of Review
A parent’s rights to “the companionship, care, custody, and
management” of his or her children are constitutional interests “far more
precious than any property right.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745,
758–59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397 (1982); In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547
(Tex. 2003). “While parental rights are of constitutional magnitude, they are
not absolute. Just as it is imperative for courts to recognize the constitutional
underpinnings of the parent-child relationship, it is also essential that emotional
and physical interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that
right.” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 26 (Tex. 2002). In a termination case, the
State seeks not just to limit parental rights but to erase them permanently—to
divest the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers
normally existing between them, except for the child’s right to inherit. Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. § 161.206(b) (Vernon 2008); Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18,
3 20 (Tex. 1985). We strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and strictly
construe involuntary termination statutes in favor of the parent. Holick, 685
S.W.2d at 20–21; In re M.C.T., 250 S.W.3d 161, 167 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2008, no pet.).
In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under
section 161.001 of the family code, the petitioner must establish one ground
listed under subdivision (1) of the statute and must also prove that termination
is in the best interest of the child. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001; In re J.L.,
163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). Both elements must be established;
termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the child as
determined by the trier of fact. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727
S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987).
Termination decisions must be supported by clear and convincing
evidence. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 161.001, 161.206(a). Evidence is clear
and convincing if it “will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or
conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Id.
§ 101.007 (Vernon 2002). Due process demands this heightened standard
because termination results in permanent, irrevocable changes for the parent
and child. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002); see In re J.A.J., 243
4 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007) (contrasting standards for termination and
modification).
In reviewing the evidence for legal sufficiency in parental termination
cases, we must determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could
reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that the grounds for termination
were proven. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005). We must
review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding and judgment.
Id. This means that we must assume that the factfinder resolved any disputed
facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could have done so. Id.
We must also disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have
disbelieved. Id. We must consider, however, undisputed evidence even if it is
contrary to the finding. Id. That is, we must consider evidence favorable to
termination if a reasonable factfinder could and disregard contrary evidence
unless a reasonable factfinder could not. Id.
We must therefore consider all of the evidence, not just that which favors
the verdict. Id. But we cannot weigh witness credibility issues that depend on
the appearance and demeanor of the witnesses, for that is the factfinder’s
province. Id. at 573, 574. And even when credibility issues appear in the
appellate record, we must defer to the factfinder’s determinations as long as
they are not unreasonable. Id. at 573.
5 In reviewing the evidence for factual sufficiency, we must give due
deference to the factfinder’s findings and not supplant the judgment with our
own. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). We must determine
whether, on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably form a firm
conviction or belief that the parent violated the endangerment grounds of
section 161.001(1) and that the termination of the parent-child relationship
would be in the best interest of the child. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28. If, in light
of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could
not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could
not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction in the truth of its finding,
then the evidence is factually insufficient. H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108.
B. Evidence Presented at Trial
In October 2005, the Department removed Brandy’s children from her
care and placed them into foster care after having received numerous referrals
alleging neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse of the children.
1. Sexual Abuse
The evidence indicated that Brandy’s father, “Grandfather Danny,” had
sexually abused both Julie and Jennifer. During a therapy session with Laura
Greuner, a therapist who specializes in working with children who have been
sexually abused and who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders, Julie
6 confided that she had been sexually abused by Grandfather Danny. She told
Gruener that her grandfather had touched her private area four times, and then
she talked about how he would pull her pants down and touch her. Jennifer,
in a separate counseling session, told Gruener that Grandfather Danny would
have both her and her sister “get naked” and then he would look at them and
touch them. Gruener testified, “[Jennifer] said to me that [Grandfather] Danny
touched us here and she touched herself on her private area over her clothes
to show me what she was talking about.”
Julie confided to Virginia Caldwell, a registered nurse at Cook Children’s
Hospital, that her Grandfather Danny had put a “pink stick” in her genital area
and in her “butt.” She further stated that her clothes were off when this
happened and that it hurt. Dr. Parnell Ryan, who conducted a psychological
evaluation of Julie, described Julie as a little girl struggling with sadness. Dr.
Ryan testified that Julie had advised him that her grandfather had fondled her
vagina.
During trial, Brandy testified that her father, Grandfather Danny, started
making sexual advances towards her when she was thirteen years old. She
admitted this to nurse Caldwell while the nurse gathered a social history during
Julie’s examination. Brandy also testified that she had believed Julie when
Julie made her initial outcry against Grandfather Danny in March 2004.
7 However, despite her own childhood history with Grandfather Danny and her
knowledge that he had sexually abused Julie in March 2004, Brandy sent the
children to live with him in September 2004.
2. The Safety Plan
A Department worker, Christiana Smith, began working with the family
in December 2004. Brandy and the Department agreed upon a safety plan that
included a prohibition of any contact between the children and Grandfather
Danny. Brandy also agreed to individual therapy for herself, individual therapy
for the children, parenting classes, random drug tests to insure that she was
drug free, and participation in a drug assessment if any drug tests were
positive.
Brandy violated the safety plan by testing positive for marijuana and pain
killer medication in April 2005, and the Department removed the children from
her care and placed them with Brandy’s mother, Robin F. Robin had
instructions to supervise all contact between the children and Brandy.
Smith continued to provide services to Brandy, including bus passes for
transportation and even personally driving Brandy to some of the services.
However, Brandy was eventually dropped from her drug abuse classes for
noncompliance, the children were not taken to counseling (even though the
Department paid for this service and agreed to assist in transportation), and a
8 Department worker caught Brandy having unsupervised contact with the
children—all violations of the safety plan.
In addition, Brandy allowed Grandfather Danny to be in the car with the
children as they traveled to a counseling session with Gruener. This concerned
Gruener because it was a safety plan violation and because the children were
being taken to therapy sessions where they were likely to talk about the sexual
abuse perpetrated on them by the same man who would be driving them home
following the therapy session. Finally, the Department discovered that Brandy
had permitted Grandfather Danny to have contact with the children on another
occasion at a Chuck E. Cheese restaurant. Brandy testified to this “Chuck E.
Cheese safety plan violation” and admitted that she was actually present when
it occurred.
3. Domestic Violence
Once in foster care, the children told of other instances of exposure to
abuse and neglect, including regularly witnessing domestic violence between
Brandy and their father. Brandy admitted at trial that she and the children’s
father had exposed the children to violent confrontations. She testified about
one instance in which she and the children’s father had fought and hit each
other while sitting in the car with John and Julie. Brandy described the “assault
in the vehicle” to Randee Kaitcer, the children’s court appointed special
9 advocate (“CASA”), telling Kaitcer that the children’s father had punched her
in the mouth and made her bleed. Kaitcer confirmed that Julie had witnessed
this bloody assault. Brandy testified to further instances in which she and the
children’s father would yell and scream, and he would grab her and push her
up against something to shut her up. Brandy admitted that John was affected
by the violence, and that he would yell at his father to stop hitting his mother.
As a result of witnessing this violence, John confided to Gruener and Dr.
Ryan that he was angry and that when he attempted to intervene and protect
his mother, he would “get hit.” Julie, also affected by the violence, told
Gruener that she had seen her father hit her mother, that it made her mother
bleed, and that she was “scared about that.” She had also confided to Dr.
Ryan that she had witnessed her father hitting her mother.
In addition to witnessing domestic violence, Brandy also exposed the
children to sexual acts between her and the children’s father. Brandy’s
explanation to allowing the children to watch such acts was that, since all of
the family lived in one room, she and the children’s father proceeded to do
what “adults do.” John told Dr. Ryan that he had watched his parents having
sex and that he had attempted to perform such acts on his sister. Julie
confirmed this by telling Dr. Ryan that her brother John would lay on top of her,
10 slobber on her neck, and rub himself against her. Julie referred to this behavior
as “sex” and said that she had watched her mother and father have sex.
4. Suicide Attempt
In May 2005, Brandy attempted to commit suicide by overdosing on
sleeping pills. She testified that she did not want to “deal with anything at the
time” and that she thought suicide “would be a quick way out.” Brandy
received treatment for her depression and was prescribed two types of
medications; however, she quit taking the medications because she did not like
the way they made her feel.4
5. Overall Compliance
By the time this case went to trial, Brandy had failed to complete her drug
classes (having been discharged three times for noncompliance), had not taken
GED classes, had not attended nonoffender sexual abuse classes, had not
attended her therapy sessions for domestic violence, and was virtually
noncompliant with her individual therapy.
C. Endangerment under Subsections (D) and (E)
In her first and second points, Brandy argues that the evidence is factually
insufficient to establish that she endangered her children. Endangerment is
4 … At the time of trial, Brandy had begun taking her medications again.
11 defined as exposing to loss or injury, to jeopardize. In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d
117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). Under subsection (D), it is
necessary to examine evidence related to the environment of the child to
determine if the environment was the source of endangerment to the child’s
physical or emotional well-being. In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 632 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied). To support a finding of endangerment,
the parent’s conduct does not necessarily have to be directed at the child, nor
is the child required to suffer injury. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533. Rather, a child
is endangered when the environment or the parent’s course of conduct creates
a potential for danger that the parent is aware of but disregards. In re S.M.L.,
171 S.W.3d 472, 477 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.).
Inappropriate, abusive, or unlawful conduct by persons who live in the child’s
home or with whom the child is compelled to associate on a regular basis in his
home is a part of the “conditions or surroundings” of the child’s home under
section 161.001(1)(D). In re J.L.W., No. 02-08-00179-CV, 2008 WL
4937970, at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 20, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.);
see also In re W.S., 899 S.W.2d 772, 776 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995, no
writ) (stating that “environment” refers not only to the acceptability of living
conditions, but also to the parent’s conduct in the home). A parent need not
12 know for certain that the child is in an endangering environment; awareness of
such a potential is sufficient. See S.M.L., 171 S.W.3d at 477.
Under subsection (E), the relevant inquiry is whether evidence exists that
the endangerment of the child’s physical or emotional well-being was the direct
result of the parent’s conduct, including acts, omissions, and failures to act.
J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125. Termination under subsection (E) must be based
on more than a single act or omission; a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious
course of conduct by the parent is required. Id.; D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 634.
A parent’s mental state may be considered in determining whether a child
is endangered if that mental state allows the parent to engage in conduct that
jeopardizes the child’s physical or emotional well-being. See also In re C.D.,
664 S.W.2d 851, 853 (Tex. App.— Fort Worth 1984, no writ); In re J.I.T.P.,
99 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.). This
includes a parent’s attempts to commit suicide. See In re A.M.C., 2 S.W.3d
707, 716 (Tex. App.—Waco 1999, no pet.) (holding that mother endangered
children by her suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, and neglect).
Because the evidence pertaining to subsections 161.001(1)(D) and (E) is
interrelated, we may conduct a consolidated review. In re M.C.T., 250 S.W.3d
161, 169 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.); see also In re M.R., 243
S.W.3d 807, 819 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (holding that there
13 was legally and factually sufficient evidence of both endangerment grounds
when, among other things, the evidence showed that the mother exposed her
children to domestic violence and refused to participate in her CPS service
plan).
The record demonstrates that Brandy was aware that her father,
Grandfather Danny, had sexually assaulted at least one of her children.
Notwithstanding this knowledge, Brandy sent the children to live with
Grandfather Danny and then continued to allow him access to the children even
after a safety plan had been implemented prohibiting contact between him and
the children. The record also demonstrates that there were domestic violence
issues between Brandy and the children’s father, which the children witnessed
on a regular basis. Brandy herself testified that the violent fights between
herself and the children’s father affected John—there was even evidence that
this included physical abuse. The record also revealed that the children were
beginning to exhibit disturbing behavior as a result of their parents’ having sex
in the children’s presence. Finally, Brandy admitted that she had attempted to
commit suicide and had stopped taking her prescribed depression medications.
Having carefully reviewed the entire record, giving due deference to the
factfinder, we conclude that the trial court could have reasonably formed a firm
belief or conviction that Brandy knowingly placed John, Julie, and Jennifer in
14 conditions, or engaged in conduct, that endangered the children’s physical or
emotional well-being and also knowingly placed the children with a person
whose conduct endangered the children’s physical or emotional well-being. See
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(D), (E); M.R., 243 S.W.3d at 819.
Therefore, we hold that the evidence is factually sufficient to support the trial
court’s endangerment findings. Accordingly, we overrule Brandy’s first and
second issues.
D. Best Interest Finding
In her third and fourth issues, Brandy argues that the evidence is legally
and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of
her parental rights was in the children’s best interest.
There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the
child’s best interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). Prompt
and permanent placement of the child in a safe environment is also presumed
to be in the child’s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(a) (Vernon
2002). The following nonexclusive factors should be considered in evaluating
the parent’s willingness and ability to provide the child with a safe environment:
(1) the child’s age and physical and mental vulnerabilities;
(2) the magnitude, frequency, and circumstances of the harm to the child;
15 (3) whether the child has been the victim of repeated harm after the initial report and intervention by the department or other agency;
(4) the results of psychiatric, psychological, or developmental evaluations of the child, the child’s parents, other family members, or others who have access to the child’s home;
(5) whether there is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct by the child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home;
(6) whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home;
(7) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision;
(8) whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate parenting skills, including providing the child and other children under the family’s care with:
(A) care, nurturance, and appropriate discipline consistent with the child’s physical and psychological development;
(B) guidance and supervision consistent with the child’s safety;
(C) a safe physical home environment; and
(D) protection from repeated exposure to violence even though the violence may not be directed at the child.
Id. § 263.307(b); R.R., 209 S.W.3d at 116.
Other, nonexclusive factors that the trier of fact in a termination case
may use in determining the best interest of the child include:
16 (1) the desires of the child;
(2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future;
(3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future;
(4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;
(5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best
interest of the child;
(6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking
custody;
(7) the stability of the home or the proposed placement;
(8) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the
existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and
(9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.
Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976).
These factors are not exhaustive; some listed factors may be inapplicable
to some cases; other factors not on the list may also be considered when
appropriate. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. Furthermore, undisputed evidence of just
one factor may be sufficient in a particular case to support a finding that
termination is in the best interest of the child. Id. On the other hand, the
presence of scant evidence relevant to each factor will not support such a
finding. Id.
17 Regarding the first factor, the children were too young to testify at trial;
however, Dr. Ildiko Balla, one of the children’s therapist, presented evidence
that the children love their mother and have a close bond with her.
Nevertheless, Gruener and Dr. Ryan also presented evidence that while in
Brandy’s care, the children were exposed to sexual abuse, domestic violence,
and neglect.
Regarding the second factor—the children’s present and future physical
and emotional needs—the record revealed that Brandy neglected the children
on more than one occasion, even going so far as failing to take the children to
their required counseling sessions.
The endangerment discussion above addressed the third, fourth, and
eighth factors—the present and future physical and emotional dangers to the
children, as well as Brandy’s parenting abilities, or lack thereof, and her acts
and omissions. See In re D.S., 176 S.W.3d 873, 879 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2005, no pet.) (holding that evidence of a parent’s unstable lifestyle, including
drug use and inability to provide a stable home, can support a factfinder’s
conclusion that termination is in the child’s best interest), superseded by statute
on other grounds as recognized in In re D.A.R., 201 S.W.3d 229, 230–31 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.).
18 Concerning the fifth factor—the programs available to assist these
individuals to promote the best interest of the child— Brandy failed to complete
her drug classes (having been discharged three times for noncompliance), did
not attend nonoffender sexual abuse classes, did not attend her therapy
sessions for domestic violence, and was virtually noncompliant with her
individual therapy.
Regarding the sixth factor, Brandy did not list her plans for the children.
Mary Jokisch, the Departmental worker assigned to Brandy after the
Department removed the children, testified that termination of Brandy’s parental
rights would be in the children’s best interests due to their therapeutic needs,
which Brandy was not meeting. Jokisch further testified that the Department
had families available to adopt the children.
The seventh factor—the stability of the proposed placement—Jokisch
testified that termination followed by adoption would give the children the
stability and structured environment that they needed.
Finally, concerning the ninth factor—any excuse for the parent’s acts or
omissions—Brandy testified that she did not complete her services because she
simply gave up. She further testified that it did not dawn on her, until after the
fact, that moving the children in with Grandfather Danny would be emotionally
damaging for them.
19 Giving due consideration to the evidence that the factfinder could have
reasonably found to be clear and convincing, we hold that a reasonable trier of
fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the termination of
Brandy’s parental rights would be in the children’s best interest. See In re
J.L.W., No. 02-08-00179-CV, 2008 WL 4937970, at *9–10 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth Nov. 20, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that evidence was legally
and factually sufficient to support trial court’s best interest finding when
evidence revealed that returning child to mother would risk child’s emotional
and physical well-being because of couple’s past history of domestic abuse and
because of mother’s inability to care for any of her four children). Therefore,
we hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support the trial court’s best
interest finding. We also hold, based on the entire record, that the evidence
was factually sufficient to support the trial court’s best interest finding.
Accordingly, we overrule Brandy’s third and fourth issues.
IV. Conclusion
Having overruled all of Brandy’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment terminating Brandy’s parental rights to her three children.
BOB MCCOY JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, DAUPHINOT, and MCCOY, JJ.
DELIVERED: March 26, 2009