IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-0741 Filed September 25, 2019
IN THE INTEREST OF D.P., Minor Child,
J.P., Father, Appellant,
J.P., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Audubon County, Amy L. Zacharias,
Judge.
A mother and father each appeal the juvenile court order terminating their
parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
Christine Sand of Wild, Baxter & Sand, PC, Guthrie Center, for appellant
father.
Donna Bothwell of Bothwell Law Office, Logan, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Anna T. Stoeffler (until withdrawal)
and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee State.
William Early, Harlan, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., Greer, J., and Mahan, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2019). 2
MAHAN, Senior Judge.
A mother and father each appeal the juvenile court order terminating their
parental rights. As to the mother, we find there is clear and convincing evidence
in the record to support termination of her parental rights, the State made
reasonable efforts to reunite her with the child, and termination is in the child’s best
interests. For the father, we find there is sufficient evidence to warrant termination
of his parental rights and the juvenile court properly declined to apply any
exceptions to termination. We affirm the decision of the juvenile court.
I. Background Facts & Proceedings
J.P., mother, and J.P., father, are the parents of D.P., who was born in 2017.
The parents have a history of substance abuse, mental-health problems, domestic
violence, and criminal behavior. The child was removed from their care on April
26, 2018, due to concerns the parents were using methamphetamine. The child
was placed with the paternal grandparents. On June 23, 2018, the child was
adjudicated to be in need of assistance (CINA), under Iowa Code section
232.2(6)(b), (c)(2), and (n) (2018).
Both parents tested positive for methamphetamine in June 2018. Neither
parent completed a substance-abuse treatment program. They also failed to
participate in drug testing. The parents were not consistent in attending visitation.
In a January 2019 permanency review order, the juvenile court noted, the parents
“have struggled over this last review period. Neither parent has made any
progress towards sobriety except that which has been forced because they were
incarcerated.” The court stated, “They continue to have an on again, off again
relationship that is toxic.” 3
On February 8, 2019, the State filed a petition seeking to terminate the
parents’ rights. At the time of the termination hearing, held on April 12, 2019, the
parents were not in a position to have the child returned to their care. The mother
had just started a new substance-abuse treatment program and the father was in
prison. The mother failed to come to the hearing, stating she did not have a means
of transportation. The mother asked for more time to work on reunification. The
father asked to have the child placed in a guardianship with his parents.
The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights pursuant to
section 232.116(1)(e) and (h) (2019) and the father’s parental rights pursuant to
section 232.116(1)(e), (h), and (j). The court stated:
The reality is that neither parent has shown any interest in parenting [the child] but simply showing up for visits and interacting with him for a short time. In this case, both parents remained at a fully supervised level for visits because sobriety has not been achieved and the safety of [the child] cannot be guaranteed while he is in their care. The parents in this case are far more about their bond with each other rather than their bond with their child. Repeatedly, they chose methamphetamine and each other over [the child]. Both parents had to admit that they cannot have [the child] returned to either of their care at this time.
The court found the State made reasonable efforts to return the child to the
parents. The court concluded termination of the parents’ rights was in the child’s
best interests and the exceptions in section 232.116(3) should not be applied. The
mother and father each appealed the juvenile court decision.
II. Standard of Review
Our review of termination proceedings is de novo. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d
764, 773 (Iowa 2012). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means there are no
serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn 4
from the evidence.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000) (citation omitted).
Our primary concern is the best interests of the child. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36,
40 (Iowa 2014).
III. Mother
A. The mother claims there is not sufficient evidence in the record to
support termination of her parental rights. “When the juvenile court orders
termination of parental rights on more than one statutory ground, we need only find
grounds to terminate on one of the sections to affirm.” In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425,
435 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015). We will consider the termination of the mother’s parental
rights under section 232.116(1)(h).
The mother disputes only the fourth element of section 232.116(1)(h),
concerning whether the child could be safely returned to her care. She states the
child could be placed in her care within one month, as she had begun a new
substance-abuse treatment program. The mother was hoping to get a job and
then obtain an apartment.
We determine there is clear and convincing evidence in the record to show
the child could not be safely returned to the mother’s care at the time of the
termination hearing. See In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 473 (Iowa 2018) (noting
evidence of whether a child could be returned to a parent “at the time of the
termination hearing”). When asked if the child could be returned to her care on the
day of the termination hearing, she stated, “Not specifically today.” Furthermore,
the mother had not sufficiently addressed her problems with substance abuse.
She had only been to a substance-abuse evaluation and one group session in the 5
substance-abuse treatment program. We conclude the mother’s parental rights
were properly terminated under section 232.116(1)(h).
B. The mother claims the State did not engage in reasonable efforts to
reunite her with the child. She states there was a lack of communication from DHS
about available services. “The State must show reasonable efforts as a part of its
ultimate proof the child cannot be safely returned to the care of a parent.” In re
L.M., 904 N.W.2d 835, 839 (Iowa 2017). “[W]hat constitutes reasonable services
varies based upon the requirements of each individual case.” In re C.H., 652
N.W.2d 144, 147 (Iowa 2002). “[DHS] has an obligation to make reasonable efforts
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-0741 Filed September 25, 2019
IN THE INTEREST OF D.P., Minor Child,
J.P., Father, Appellant,
J.P., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Audubon County, Amy L. Zacharias,
Judge.
A mother and father each appeal the juvenile court order terminating their
parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
Christine Sand of Wild, Baxter & Sand, PC, Guthrie Center, for appellant
father.
Donna Bothwell of Bothwell Law Office, Logan, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Anna T. Stoeffler (until withdrawal)
and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee State.
William Early, Harlan, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., Greer, J., and Mahan, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2019). 2
MAHAN, Senior Judge.
A mother and father each appeal the juvenile court order terminating their
parental rights. As to the mother, we find there is clear and convincing evidence
in the record to support termination of her parental rights, the State made
reasonable efforts to reunite her with the child, and termination is in the child’s best
interests. For the father, we find there is sufficient evidence to warrant termination
of his parental rights and the juvenile court properly declined to apply any
exceptions to termination. We affirm the decision of the juvenile court.
I. Background Facts & Proceedings
J.P., mother, and J.P., father, are the parents of D.P., who was born in 2017.
The parents have a history of substance abuse, mental-health problems, domestic
violence, and criminal behavior. The child was removed from their care on April
26, 2018, due to concerns the parents were using methamphetamine. The child
was placed with the paternal grandparents. On June 23, 2018, the child was
adjudicated to be in need of assistance (CINA), under Iowa Code section
232.2(6)(b), (c)(2), and (n) (2018).
Both parents tested positive for methamphetamine in June 2018. Neither
parent completed a substance-abuse treatment program. They also failed to
participate in drug testing. The parents were not consistent in attending visitation.
In a January 2019 permanency review order, the juvenile court noted, the parents
“have struggled over this last review period. Neither parent has made any
progress towards sobriety except that which has been forced because they were
incarcerated.” The court stated, “They continue to have an on again, off again
relationship that is toxic.” 3
On February 8, 2019, the State filed a petition seeking to terminate the
parents’ rights. At the time of the termination hearing, held on April 12, 2019, the
parents were not in a position to have the child returned to their care. The mother
had just started a new substance-abuse treatment program and the father was in
prison. The mother failed to come to the hearing, stating she did not have a means
of transportation. The mother asked for more time to work on reunification. The
father asked to have the child placed in a guardianship with his parents.
The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights pursuant to
section 232.116(1)(e) and (h) (2019) and the father’s parental rights pursuant to
section 232.116(1)(e), (h), and (j). The court stated:
The reality is that neither parent has shown any interest in parenting [the child] but simply showing up for visits and interacting with him for a short time. In this case, both parents remained at a fully supervised level for visits because sobriety has not been achieved and the safety of [the child] cannot be guaranteed while he is in their care. The parents in this case are far more about their bond with each other rather than their bond with their child. Repeatedly, they chose methamphetamine and each other over [the child]. Both parents had to admit that they cannot have [the child] returned to either of their care at this time.
The court found the State made reasonable efforts to return the child to the
parents. The court concluded termination of the parents’ rights was in the child’s
best interests and the exceptions in section 232.116(3) should not be applied. The
mother and father each appealed the juvenile court decision.
II. Standard of Review
Our review of termination proceedings is de novo. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d
764, 773 (Iowa 2012). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means there are no
serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn 4
from the evidence.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000) (citation omitted).
Our primary concern is the best interests of the child. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36,
40 (Iowa 2014).
III. Mother
A. The mother claims there is not sufficient evidence in the record to
support termination of her parental rights. “When the juvenile court orders
termination of parental rights on more than one statutory ground, we need only find
grounds to terminate on one of the sections to affirm.” In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425,
435 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015). We will consider the termination of the mother’s parental
rights under section 232.116(1)(h).
The mother disputes only the fourth element of section 232.116(1)(h),
concerning whether the child could be safely returned to her care. She states the
child could be placed in her care within one month, as she had begun a new
substance-abuse treatment program. The mother was hoping to get a job and
then obtain an apartment.
We determine there is clear and convincing evidence in the record to show
the child could not be safely returned to the mother’s care at the time of the
termination hearing. See In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 473 (Iowa 2018) (noting
evidence of whether a child could be returned to a parent “at the time of the
termination hearing”). When asked if the child could be returned to her care on the
day of the termination hearing, she stated, “Not specifically today.” Furthermore,
the mother had not sufficiently addressed her problems with substance abuse.
She had only been to a substance-abuse evaluation and one group session in the 5
substance-abuse treatment program. We conclude the mother’s parental rights
were properly terminated under section 232.116(1)(h).
B. The mother claims the State did not engage in reasonable efforts to
reunite her with the child. She states there was a lack of communication from DHS
about available services. “The State must show reasonable efforts as a part of its
ultimate proof the child cannot be safely returned to the care of a parent.” In re
L.M., 904 N.W.2d 835, 839 (Iowa 2017). “[W]hat constitutes reasonable services
varies based upon the requirements of each individual case.” In re C.H., 652
N.W.2d 144, 147 (Iowa 2002). “[DHS] has an obligation to make reasonable efforts
toward reunification, but a parent has an equal obligation to demand other,
different, or additional services prior to a permanency or termination hearing.” In
re A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d 85, 91 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005).
The record does not show the mother requested additional or different
services before the termination hearing. We conclude her complaints about
reasonable efforts are untimely and the issue has not been properly raised for our
review. See In re M.T., 613 N.W.2d 690, 692 (Iowa Ct. App. 2000).
C. The mother asserts termination of her parental rights is not in the
child’s best interests. She states she has a bond with the child. The mother asks
for additional time to work on reunification. In considering the best interests of
children, we “give primary consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement
for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical,
mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.” In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d
33, 40 (Iowa 2010) (quoting Iowa Code § 232.116(2)). “It is well-settled law that
we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved a ground for 6
termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will learn to be
a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the child.” Id. at 41.
We find termination of the mother’s parental rights is in the child’s best
interests. We agree with the juvenile court’s statements, “The parents in this case
are far more about their bond with each other rather than their bond with their child.
Repeatedly, they chose methamphetamine and each other over [the child].” We
further find it is not in the child’s best interests to give the mother additional time.
As this court stated in In re N.F., 579 N.W.2d 338, 341 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998), “There
is nothing to reasonably suggest [the mother] will overcome her addiction if the
termination is delayed.” The child needs a permanent and stable home and it
would not be in the child’s best interests to further delay matters. See In re C.K.,
558 N.W.2d 170, 175 (Iowa 1997) (“Patience with parents can soon translate into
intolerable hardship for a child.”).
IV. Father
A. The father claims there is not clear and convincing evidence in the
record to support termination of his parental rights. Like the mother, we will
analyze the termination of the father’s parental rights under section 232.116(1)(h).
See T.S., 868 N.W.2d at 435 (finding we need to consider only one ground for
termination of parental rights, even when the juvenile court has relied upon multiple
grounds).
The father was not in a position to have the child returned to his care at the
time of the termination hearing because he was in prison. The father testified he
might be released in one year, although it could be longer. Even after he is
released, the father needs to work on sobriety and anger management. We 7
conclude the child could not be safely returned to the father’s care and the juvenile
court properly terminated his parental rights under section 232.116(1)(h).
B. The father asserts the juvenile court should have declined to
terminate his parental rights because termination would be detrimental to the child
based on the closeness of the parent-child relationship. See Iowa Code
§ 232.116(3)(c). “[T]he factors weighing against termination in section 232.116(3)
are permissive, not mandatory.” In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 225 (Iowa 2016).
“[T]he parent resisting termination bears the burden to establish an exception to
termination under Iowa Code section 232.116(3).” A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 476.
We find the father has not met his burden to show the juvenile court should
have found termination inappropriate based on the bond between the parent and
child. The court found the parents had a greater bond with each other than they
did with the child and they chose to continue their lifestyle, which included
substance abuse and domestic abuse, rather than put the needs of the child first.
We conclude the juvenile court properly terminated the parental rights of the
mother and the father. We affirm the decision of the court.
AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
Greer, J., concurs; Potterfield, P.J., concurs specially. 8
POTTERFIELD, Presiding Judge (concurring specially).
I agree with the opinion of the majority terminating the rights of both parents.
As to the incarcerated father, we need not address the best interests of the child
since it was not raised. See In re Q.G., 911 N.W.2d 761, 769 (Iowa 2018).