In re: Yousif H. Halloum

Opinion

FILED DEC 09 2016 1 NOT FOR PUBLICATION SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK 2 U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

3 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL 4 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 5 In re: ) BAP No. EC-15-1286-LFKi ) BAP No. EC-15-1292-LFKi 6 YOUSIF H. HALLOUM, ) BAP No. EC-15-1297-LFKi ) (related appeals) 7 Debtor. ) ______________________________) Bk. No. 12-21477-C-7 8 ) YOUSIF H. HALLOUM; IMAN Y. ) Adv. No. 15-02091-C 9 HALLOUM, ) ) 10 Appellants, ) v. ) 11 ) MEMORANDUM* KATZEN & SCHURICHT; DAVID I. ) 12 KATZEN; HILTON A. RYDER; ) McCORMICK, BARSTOW LLP; ) 13 SCOTT KOENIG; MICHAEL G. ) KASOLAS; MICHAEL C. ABEL; ) 14 SCOTT H. MCNUTT; MCNUTT LAW ) GROUP, LLP, ) 15 ) Appellees. ) 16 ______________________________) 17 Submitted Without Oral Argument on November 17, 2016 18 Filed - December 9, 2016 19 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court 20 for the Eastern District of California 21 Honorable Christopher M. Klein, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding _________________________ 22 Appearances: Yousif H. Halloum and Iman Y. Halloum on brief pro 23 se; Scott H. McNutt, Michael C. Abel and Thomas B. Rupp of McNutt Law Group LLP on brief for 24 appellees Michael G. Kasolas, Chapter 7 Trustee, McNutt Law Group LLP, Scott H. McNutt and Michael 25 C. Abel; David I. Katzen of Katzen & Schuricht and 26 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication. 27 Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may 28 have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1. 1 Alan Scott Koenig of ASK Law Offices on brief for appellees Scott Koenig, David I. Katzen, and 2 Katzen & Schuricht; Scott M. Reddie of McCormick Barstow LLP on brief for appellees McCormick 3 Barstow LLP and Hilton A. Ryder. _________________________ 4 Before: LAFFERTY, KIRSCHER, and FARIS, Bankruptcy Judges. 5 INTRODUCTION 6 After Debtor Yousif Halloum’s chapter 111 case was converted 7 to chapter 7 and his discharge entered, Debtor and his non-debtor 8 spouse, Iman Halloum (“Iman”) (collectively, “Halloums”), filed a 9 lawsuit in state court against Debtor’s former bankruptcy counsel 10 and his law firm (“Ryder Defendants”), the chapter 7 trustee and 11 his counsel (“Trustee Defendants”), and counsel for Debtor’s 12 primary secured creditor (“Bank Group”), asserting claims for 13 malpractice and breach of contract against the Ryder Defendants 14 and civil conspiracy and intentional interference with 15 prospective economic advantage against all defendants. All of 16 the claims were predicated on defendants’ conduct during the 17 course of the bankruptcy proceeding. 18 After the chapter 7 trustee removed the lawsuit to the 19 bankruptcy court, Halloums filed a motion to remand, which was 20 denied. The Trustee Defendants and Bank Group filed motions for 21 summary judgment. Halloums opposed the summary judgment motions, 22 requested a continuance to complete discovery, and filed a second 23 motion to remand (“Remand Motion”). The bankruptcy court set an 24 25 1 26 Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, 27 “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, and “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules 28 of Civil Procedure.

-2- 1 evidentiary hearing at which Halloums presented their case in 2 chief. The bankruptcy court denied the Remand Motion and 3 dismissed the claims against all of the defendants on the merits, 4 finding that the evidence was insufficient to establish Halloums’ 5 claims. Halloums timely appealed.2 We AFFIRM. 6 FACTS 7 A. Prepetition Events 8 Debtor operated an ARCO gas station and convenience store on 9 real property located in Lodi, California. Beginning in 2005, 10 Community Banks of Colorado (“Community Banks”), the 11 predecessor-in-interest to Bank Midwest, N.A. (“Bank Midwest”), 12 made loans to Debtor that were secured by Debtor’s commercial 13 real and personal property. Debtor also had his business demand 14 deposit (checking) account (“DDA”) with Bank Midwest. The 15 commercial loan agreement contained a cross-default provision 16 which provided that a default in the terms of the DDA agreement 17 constituted a default under the note and deed of trust. 18 In late 2010 and thereafter, Debtor overdrew the DDA. On 19 March 20, 2011, Debtor met with representatives of Community 20 Banks. Debtor contended that a bank representative orally agreed 21 at that meeting that Debtor would be allowed to make an $88,000 22 overdraft and promised that Community Banks would convert the 23 overdraft to an unsecured loan. 24 2 The orders at issue in these consolidated appeals are: 25 (1) the bankruptcy court’s denial of plaintiffs’ motion for 26 remand or abstention and a stay of proceedings (EC-15-1286); (2) the order granting in part the Bank Group’s motion for 27 summary judgment (EC-15-1297); and (3) the order granting the chapter 7 trustee’s motion for summary judgment, which also 28 dismissed all claims against all defendants (EC-15-1292).

-3- 1 Community Banks came under audit by the Federal Deposit 2 Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Debtor became aware of this when 3 he received an email dated July 29, 2011, from a representative 4 of Community Banks stating that Debtor’s loan file had been 5 selected for audit by the FDIC and requesting a copy of Debtor’s 6 2010 tax extension form. Eventually, on October 21, 2011, the 7 FDIC was appointed receiver for Community Banks, and Community 8 Banks’ accounts were transferred to Bank Midwest. 9 Around this time, Debtor defaulted under the loans by 10 missing a loan payment, failing to pay property taxes, and 11 overdrawing the DDA. Debtor received a letter dated October 11, 12 2011, from Community Banks’ counsel indicating that in the bank’s 13 view, there had been an unsatisfactory banking history and noting 14 that the DDA overdraft had increased from $88,000 as of March 18, 15 2011 to $190,000 as of October 11, 2011. The letter stated, in 16 relevant part: 17 4. Please be advised that effective 10 days from the date of this letter, the Bank will no longer allow 18 the DDA to be overdrawn, or honor any presentations for payment in excess of the collected balance of cleared 19 funds in the account at the time of presentation. In addition, this is to inform you that if the cumulative 20 total of pending overdrafts exceeds $300,000 at any point between now and October 21, 2011, provisionally 21 presented items causing such excess will be dishonored and returned unpaid. 22 23 Debtor interpreted this paragraph as authorization for a 24 $300,000 loan, and during the next ten days he took advantage of 25 what he contended was Bank Midwest’s accommodation to boost the 26 overdrafts from approximately $190,000 to $297,372.49. 27 The October 11 letter also noted that Debtor was in material 28 default under the commercial loan agreement for failure to make

-4- 1 the September 2011 installment payment, for failure to pay real 2 property taxes, and by virtue of the cross-default provision. 3 On October 12, 2011, Community Banks filed a notice of 4 default commencing foreclosure proceedings. Debtor contended 5 that he tendered the September 2011 payment on October 13, 2011, 6 and that the bank accepted the payment but returned it two days 7 later, advising that the bank had already filed a notice of 8 default. Debtor also contended that he had cured the default in 9 the property taxes by way of a promissory note. 10 On January 20, 2012, a notice of trustee’s sale under the 11 trust deed was recorded. Bank Midwest also sued Halloums in 12 San Joaquin County Superior Court to recover on the $297,372.49 13 overdraft. Halloums cross-complained, alleging breach of a 14 contract to transform the overdraft into some unspecified term 15 loan. The bank’s demurrer to the cross-complaint and the 16 trustee’s sale were stayed by the filing of Debtor’s bankruptcy 17 petition. 18 B. Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Events 19 Debtor filed a chapter 11 petition on January 26, 2012, in 20 the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of California. 21 On April 23, 2012, Bank Midwest filed an adversary proceeding 22 against Debtor seeking a judgment of nondischargeability as to 23 the $297,372.49 overdraft, alleging fraud in Debtor’s failure to 24 disclose to Community Banks that he needed the loan to cover the 25 overdrafts because he had lost approximately $500,000 speculating 26 on the stock market. 27 Debtor was initially represented in the bankruptcy by 28 Appellee Hilton A. Ryder, a seasoned attorney with substantial

-5- 1 experience representing debtors in possession in bankruptcy 2 reorganization cases. Ryder worked with Debtor’s creditors, 3 including Bank Midwest, to formulate a consensual chapter 11 4 plan. Ryder filed an initial plan and disclosure statement on 5 May 23, 2013; the bankruptcy court approved Debtor’s disclosure 6 statement on November 6, 2013. Thereafter, Debtor filed a second 7 amended disclosure statement and plan that was set for 8 confirmation on January 29, 2014. However, by this time Debtor’s 9 relationship with Bank Midwest had broken down to the point where 10 the bank was not willing to endure any continuing relationship 11 with Debtor. Also, Debtor was insisting on special default 12 provisions in the plan to which Bank Midwest objected. The 13 bankruptcy court concluded that the parties were at an impasse 14 and decided to appoint a chapter 11 trustee to evaluate whether 15 the case could reasonably move toward confirmation. Appellee 16 Michael Kasolas (“Trustee”) was appointed chapter 11 trustee. 17 Trustee initially believed that a consensual resolution was 18 possible and asked the court to allow more time to confirm a 19 plan. On January 17, 2014, Trustee emailed Ryder and indicated 20 that Trustee would support a plan that, among other things, 21 required Debtor to deposit $200,000 to cover accrued 22 administrative fees, and that Debtor must waive any objection to 23 Ryder’s fees. Around this time, however, Debtor decided that 24 Ryder’s services were too expensive and took the position that 25 Ryder had agreed to do all the work in the chapter 11 case for a 26 flat fee of $40,000, including the filing fee. Debtor took this 27 position despite having approved Ryder’s five interim fee 28 applications totaling well in excess of $40,000, and paying those

-6- 1 fees.3 In early February 2014, Debtor fired Ryder and hired 2 attorney Daniel Weiss to represent him in the bankruptcy. 3 In light of these developments, Trustee concluded that it 4 was hopeless to expect a confirmable plan of reorganization 5 because Debtor could not be trusted to carry it out; thus he 6 recommended to the bankruptcy court that the case be converted to 7 chapter 7. On February 12, 2014, the bankruptcy court converted 8 the case, and Trustee was appointed chapter 7 trustee. The 9 bankruptcy court acknowledged the possibility that the case could 10 be reconverted to chapter 11 should the parties reach an 11 agreement in short order. The next day, Debtor moved to 12 reconvert the case to chapter 11 and instructed his new counsel 13 to file an amended plan and disclosure statement that would 14 include Bank Midwest’s proposed default terms. At a hearing on 15 February 26, 2014, the bankruptcy court heard argument from all 16 parties (including Midwest Bank, which argued that reconversion 17 was futile because it could not trust Debtor) and denied the 18 motion to reconvert because Debtor had not established any 19 grounds for such relief. 20 C. Post-Conversion Bankruptcy Events 21 Trustee took possession of Debtor’s business. He also 22 3 23 After the case was converted, Ryder filed a fee application requesting total fees of $144,280.38, which the 24 bankruptcy court approved over Debtor’s objection. Debtor appealed that order (BAP No. EC-14-1219-JuKuPa). We vacated the 25 order and remanded for additional findings. The bankruptcy court 26 made findings on August 25, 2015 and, on August 26, 2015, entered an Order on Remand reinstating the order approving Ryder’s fees. 27 Debtor appealed that order (BAP No. EC-15-1291-DTaJu), and we affirmed. Debtor appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 28 (9th Cir. Case No. 16-60059). That matter is still pending.

-7- 1 negotiated a settlement with Bank Midwest that allowed the 2 business to be sold, with Bank Midwest discounting its claim and 3 agreeing to subordinate up to $150,000 of its claim to satisfy 4 allowed administrative expenses. The bankruptcy court approved 5 Trustee’s settlement with Bank Midwest over Debtor’s objection. 6 Trustee eventually sold the business,4 but not before Iman 7 intervened and asserted her right as the non-debtor spouse to 8 purchase the business under § 363(i). The bankruptcy court 9 afforded her the opportunity to purchase the business despite 10 questions about her right to do so.5 11 Ultimately, Iman was unable to complete her purchase of the 12 business and filed a motion seeking the return of her deposit, 13 which was granted. In the pleadings that sought the return of 14 her security deposit, Iman alleged that Trustee interfered with 15 her ability to obtain a fuel franchise agreement and that this 16 prevented her from purchasing the business. At other times, 17 including in the underlying adversary complaint, Iman or Debtor 18 alleged that Trustee interfered with Iman’s financing source and 19 convinced the lender not to loan her money to purchase the 20 business. 21 On February 13, 2015, Halloums filed a complaint in the 22 4 23 Debtor appealed the bankruptcy court’s order approving the sale to this court. The Panel dismissed the appeal as moot 24 because the sale of the business had been completed. Debtor appealed the dismissal ruling to the Ninth Circuit. That appeal 25 is still pending (9th Cir. Case No. 14-60086). 26 5 Debtor’s schedules listed the business and its assets as 27 his separate property, and the real property records showed that the land upon which the business was located was Debtor’s sole 28 and separate property per an interspousal transfer deed.

-8- 1 Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco. The 2 complaint sought redress for the loss of their business as the 3 result of the pending bankruptcy case and named as defendants 4 Trustee, individually and as chapter 7 trustee; Ryder; McCormick, 5 Barstow, Sheppard, Wayte & Carruth (“McCormick Barstow”); David 6 I. Katzen; Katzen & Schuricht; Scott H. McNutt; Michael C. Abel; 7 McNutt Law Group; and Alan Scott Koenig. McCormick Barstow is 8 Ryder’s law firm. Defendant Katzen, a partner in defendant law 9 firm Katzen & Schuricht, and defendant Koenig are attorneys who 10 represented Bank Midwest. Defendants McNutt and Abel, partners 11 in defendant law firm McNutt Law Group, are counsel who 12 represented Trustee in the bankruptcy case. 13 The complaint alleged five causes of action: (1) legal 14 malpractice against Ryder; (2) breach of contract against Ryder; 15 (3) civil conspiracy against Ryder, McCormick Barstow, Katzen, 16 and Katzen & Schuricht; (4) civil conspiracy against all 17 defendants; and (5) intentional interference with prospective 18 economic advantage against all defendants. 19 Trustee filed a timely notice of removal in the U.S. 20 Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California. 21 Halloums moved to remand the matter back to state court; the 22 bankruptcy court denied the motion.6 On May 6, 2015, the 23 6 24 Halloums appealed the denial of the first remand motion to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, 25 which dismissed the appeal on grounds that the order was 26 interlocutory. Halloums then appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. 27 As discussed below, Halloums subsequently filed a second remand motion that was denied by the bankruptcy court; the order denying 28 (continued...)

-9- 1 adversary proceeding was transferred to the U.S. Bankruptcy Court 2 for the Eastern District of California. 3 The Bank Group moved for summary judgment on June 2, 2015, 4 seeking dismissal of the claims against them on grounds that 5 (1) those claims were released by virtue of the court-approved 6 settlement between Trustee and Bank Midwest; (2) any claim that 7 anyone in the Bank Group interfered with Iman’s prospective 8 economic advantage as a purchaser of property from Debtor’s 9 bankruptcy estate was precluded by the order granting her motion 10 to compel Trustee’s repayment of a security deposit; and 11 (3) nothing alleged in the complaint stated a claim against 12 anyone in the Bank Group upon which relief could be granted in 13 favor of Halloums, Trustee, or Debtor’s estate. 14 Shortly thereafter, on June 11, 2015, the Trustee Defendants 15 filed a motion for summary judgment seeking dismissal on similar 16 grounds: (1) the preclusive effect of the order granting Iman’s 17 motion to compel Trustee’s repayment of a security deposit; and 18 (2) failure to state a claim. 19 Halloums filed an opposition to the Trustee Defendants’ 20 summary judgment motion asserting, among other things, that there 21 were disputed issues of material fact. 22 The bankruptcy court held a status conference on July 9, 23 2015. The bankruptcy court noted that it had the discretion to 24 hold an evidentiary hearing on the motions for summary judgment 25 to determine whether there were any genuine issues of material 26 6 27 (...continued) the motion is one of the orders at issue in these consolidated 28 appeals.

-10- 1 fact to be litigated and proposed to do so.7 Debtor agreed to 2 this proposal and indicated at this hearing that he would testify 3 at the evidentiary hearing. In addition, Debtor stated that he 4 intended to present testimony of the agent who handled Iman’s 5 loan to purchase the business and a forensic document examiner to 6 testify as to the signature on the retainer agreement between 7 Debtor and Ryder. 8 Debtor requested additional discovery in the form of a 9 subpoena to the FDIC examiner who had examined Community Banks. 10 The bankruptcy court responded that it would not authorize 11 further discovery until after the evidentiary hearing, if at all. 12 Debtor agreed. The bankruptcy court summarized its intent as 13 follows: 14 If I am not persuaded at the end of the day on August 12 that there’s a genuine issue of material 15 fact, I will terminate the litigation. If I find there is a genuine issue of material fact, then I will focus 16 the further litigation on the genuine issues of material fact that I see. And that will considerably 17 18 7 Civil Rule 52(c), applicable in bankruptcy via Rule 7052, 19 provides:

20 If a party has been fully heard on an issue during a nonjury trial and the court finds against the party on 21 that issue, the court may enter judgment against the party on a claim or defense that, under the controlling 22 law, can be maintained or defeated only with a 23 favorable finding on that issue. The court may, however, decline to render any judgment until the close 24 of the evidence. A judgment on partial findings must be supported by findings of fact and conclusions of law 25 as required by Rule 52(a). 26 See also Granite State Ins. Co. v. Smart Modular Techs., Inc., 27 76 F.3d 1023, 1031 (9th Cir. 1996) (“[Civil Rule 52] authorizes the court to enter judgment at any time that it can appropriately 28 make a dispositive finding of fact on the evidence.”).

-11- 1 narrow any further work that would have to be done. 2 On July 29, 2015, Halloums filed the Remand Motion, which 3 included a request to stay the proceedings. The Bank Group 4 opposed the Remand Motion. The bankruptcy court entered an order 5 shortening time for the Remand Motion to be heard on August 12, 6 2015. At that hearing, the bankruptcy court orally denied the 7 Remand Motion on grounds that the bankruptcy court had exclusive 8 jurisdiction over the causes of action pleaded in the complaint, 9 which were all based on allegations of wrongdoing during the 10 bankruptcy case. The court memorialized the ruling in a civil 11 minute order entered August 20, 2015, and Halloums timely 12 appealed. 13 As promised at the July 9 status conference, the bankruptcy 14 court then conducted an evidentiary hearing to allow Halloums to 15 present all their evidence in support of their claims and to 16 identify aspects of their case that required discovery. Debtor 17 testified at length and was cross-examined; he offered no other 18 witnesses. At the conclusion of Halloums’ evidentiary 19 presentation, the bankruptcy court rendered judgment on partial 20 findings pursuant to Civil Rule 52(c). 21 On August 25, 2015, the bankruptcy court placed its findings 22 of fact and conclusions of law orally on the record.8 The 23 bankruptcy court supplemented its findings of fact and 24 conclusions of law in a memorandum decision, Halloum v. Ryder, et 25 8 26 At the evidentiary hearing, Ryder testified regarding his fee agreement with Debtor. The August 25, 2015 oral ruling 27 includes the bankruptcy court’s findings regarding the fee agreement. As noted, the order approving Ryder’s fees after 28 remand is the subject of a separate appeal.

-12- 1 al. (In re Halloum), 2015 WL 5095340 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 2 2015). There, the bankruptcy court determined that there was no 3 basis for liability against any of the defendants and that the 4 claims against Trustee must be dismissed because Halloums had not 5 sought leave from the bankruptcy court before suing Trustee in 6 the San Francisco Superior Court.9 On August 27, 2015, the 7 bankruptcy court entered orders granting the motions for summary 8 judgment in part and dismissing the claims against all defendants 9 on the merits.10 10 Halloums filed timely notices of appeal from the bankruptcy 11 court’s orders granting in part the motions for summary judgment 12 and dismissing the claims against all defendants on the merits. 13 On November 7, 2016, Halloums filed with the Panel a motion 14 to suspend hearing and to transfer venue on grounds of bias. 15 JURISDICTION 16 The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 17 9 Halloums subsequently filed a motion for leave to sue the 18 Trustee, which the bankruptcy court denied, rejecting Halloums’ 19 arguments that they were not required to obtain leave because there was no ongoing bankruptcy proceeding and because their 20 claims against Trustee were not connected to the performance of his duties as trustee. The Panel affirmed the bankruptcy court’s 21 ruling on October 27, 2016 (BAP No. EC-15-1401-JuKuMa); Halloums 22 filed a motion for rehearing on November 7, 2016. 10 23 On August 29, 2015, the Bank Group filed a motion/ application to augment determinations and amend judgment, 24 requesting that the bankruptcy court make findings that (1) the estate’s claims against the Bank Group were released as a matter 25 of law by way of the settlement between Trustee and Bank Midwest; 26 and (2) the adversary complaint failed to state a claim against the Bank Group. The bankruptcy court denied that motion by order 27 entered October 16, 2015, with the exception of clarifying that its findings and rulings with respect to the Trustee Defendants 28 applied to the merits of the case against them.

-13- 1 §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 2 § 158. 3 ISSUES 4 1. Should the Panel grant Halloums’ motion to suspend 5 hearing and transfer venue? 6 2. Did the bankruptcy court err in denying the Remand 7 Motion? 8 3. Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in 9 denying Halloums’ request for additional discovery? 10 4. Did the bankruptcy court err in dismissing Halloums’ 11 claims against Trustee based on the Barton doctrine? 12 5. Did the bankruptcy court err in entering judgment for 13 defendants? 14 STANDARDS OF REVIEW 15 Preemption is a question of law which we review de novo. 16 See MSR Expl., Ltd. v. Meridian Oil, Inc., 74 F.3d 910, 912 (9th 17 Cir. 1996). 18 We review a bankruptcy court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse 19 of discretion and reverse only if any error would have been 20 prejudicial to the appellant. Van Zandt v. Mbunda 21 (In re Mbunda), 484 B.R. 344, 351-52 (9th Cir. BAP 2012), aff’d, 22 604 F. App’x 552 (9th Cir. 2015). 23 We review the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear 24 error and its conclusions of law de novo. Carrillo v. Su 25 (In re Su), 290 F.3d 1140, 1142 (9th Cir. 2002). A finding is 26 clearly erroneous “when although there is evidence to support it, 27 the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the 28 definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”

-14- 1 Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985) 2 (citation omitted). Where two permissible views of the evidence 3 exist, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly 4 erroneous. Id. at 574. We are to give “due regard to the trial 5 court’s opportunity to judge the witnesses’ credibility.” Civil 6 Rule 52(a)(6). We also give deference to inferences drawn by the 7 trial court. Beech Aircraft Corp. v. United States, 51 F.3d 834, 8 838 (9th Cir. 1995). 9 DISCUSSION 10 A. Preliminary Matter: Halloums’ Motion to Suspend Hearing and Transfer Venue 11 12 As noted, on November 7, 2016, Halloums filed a motion to 13 suspend hearing and transfer venue. Appellees McCormick Barstow 14 and Ryder opposed the motion. For the reasons explained below, 15 we deny all relief requested in the November 7 motion and decline 16 Appellees’ request for an order to show cause regarding 17 sanctions. 18 1. Request to Suspend Hearing Denied; No Hearing Scheduled 19 Pursuant to a motion panel’s order of October 5, 2015, these 20 appeals were submitted for disposition without oral argument on 21 November 17, 2016. Thus, the request to suspend hearing of these 22 appeals will be denied on the ground that oral argument was never 23 scheduled. 24 2. Request to Transfer Appeals Denied 25 Halloums request transfer of these appeals to the 26 U.S. District Court. Specifically, they request transfer of the 27 appeals not to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District 28 of California, but to another district court such as the

-15- 1 U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. 2 Under 28 U.S.C. § 158, an appellant may elect that the 3 appeal be heard by the U.S. District Court by doing so at the 4 time of the filing of the notice of appeal. 28 U.S.C. 5 § 158(c)(1)(A); see also Amended Order Continuing the BAP at 6 ¶ 3(a) (time for election). Halloums did not elect to the have 7 the district court hear these appeals at the time of filing the 8 notices of appeal. While the Panel may transfer an appeal to the 9 district court to further the interests of justice under 9th Cir. 10 BAP R. 8005-1, transfer of these appeals to the U.S. District 11 Court would not further the interests of justice. Furthermore, 12 there is no statutory basis for the Panel to transfer to a 13 different district court other than the U.S. District Court for 14 the Eastern District of California. 28 U.S.C. § 158(a). 15 3. Appellants have not demonstrated a denial of due process. 16 17 Halloums submit that they have been denied due process of 18 law. We disagree. Due process requires sufficient notice of a 19 pending proceeding and the opportunity for interested parties to 20 be heard. Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 21 314 (1950). If deficient process is shown, Appellants must also 22 show resulting prejudice. Rosson v. Fitzgerald (In re Rosson), 23 545 F.3d 764, 776 (9th Cir. 2008). Considering the prior appeals 24 decided by the Panel and the statements made by Halloums 25 regarding the conduct of Appellee Ryder, there is no indication 26 that Halloums failed to receive sufficient notice and opportunity 27 to be heard. 28

-16- 1 4. Request for Recusal Denied 2 Halloums submit that since their trial court judge was a 3 prior member of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the Panel is 4 unable to render an unbiased decision with respect to their 5 appeals. Having carefully considered the motion, we disagree 6 with appellants and deny their request for recusal of the Panel. 7 Recusal under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a) is appropriate where “a 8 reasonable person with knowledge of all the facts would conclude 9 that the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” 10 Blixseth v. Yellowstone Mountain Club, LLC, 742 F.3d 1215, 1219 11 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). 12 Recusal is not appropriate in these appeals. The prior 13 adverse rulings of the Panel are not sufficient cause for 14 recusal. Berger v. United States, 255 U.S. 22, 31 (1921); United 15 States v. Studley, 783 F.2d 934, 939 (9th Cir. 1986). 16 Furthermore, there are no other competent factual bases 17 indicating bias or influence on the Panel by Judge Klein or any 18 rational, objective basis for concern about such issues. Judge 19 Klein’s term on the Panel ended in 2008, several years before the 20 filing of the underlying bankruptcy case and adversary 21 proceeding, and after his term expired Judge Klein did not 22 participate as a pro tem BAP panel member in the disposition of 23 any appeal filed by Appellants. See Amended Order Continuing the 24 BAP at ¶ 5 (“[A] bankruptcy judge shall not participate in an 25 appeal originating in a district for which the judge is appointed 26 or designated under 28 U.S.C. § 152.”). Nor is there evidence of 27 any bias on the part of this Panel. 28

-17- 1 B. The bankruptcy court did not err in denying the Remand Motion. 2 3 The bankruptcy court denied the Remand Motion because it 4 concluded (in our view, correctly) that the causes of action 5 pleaded in the complaint all pertained to conduct by the 6 defendants that occurred during the bankruptcy case. As such, 7 the bankruptcy court concluded that the adversary proceeding was 8 squarely within the exclusive jurisdiction of the bankruptcy 9 court and that the Bankruptcy Code provided applicable remedies 10 that preempted the state law causes of action detailed in 11 Halloums’ complaint.11 We find no error in this conclusion. 12 Ordinarily, a cause of action arises under federal law only 13 when the complaint raises issues of federal law. Miles v. Okun 14 (In re Miles), 430 F.3d 1083, 1088 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing Metro. 15 Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 63 (1987)). However, the 16 preemptive force of some federal statutes is so strong that they 17 completely preempt an area of state law. Id. It is settled law 18 in this Circuit that a complaint seeking damages for a party’s 19 conduct during a bankruptcy case is within exclusive federal 20 jurisdiction, and any allegedly competing state court action is 21 preempted by the Bankruptcy Code. See MSR Expl., Ltd., 74 F.3d 22 at 912-16 (holding that debtor’s malicious prosecution claim 23 11 24 The remedies delineated by the bankruptcy court were: (1) fee disgorgement for attorneys pursuant to §§ 328(c) and 25 329(b), (2) claim disallowance pursuant to § 502, (3) surcharge 26 of the Trustee’s bond pursuant to § 322, (4) protections for debtors during the plan confirmation process pursuant to 27 § 1126(c)-(e), (5) protections against collusive sales pursuant to § 363(n), and (6) the bankruptcy court’s inherent power to 28 prevent an abuse of process pursuant to § 105(a).

-18- 1 against creditor based on creditor’s actions in the bankruptcy 2 was preempted by the Bankruptcy Code); see also In re Miles, 3 430 F.3d at 1086 (affirming removal and dismissal of state law 4 tort action for damages resulting from the filing of involuntary 5 bankruptcy petitions because § 303(i) preempts state law tort 6 causes of action for damages predicated upon the filing of an 7 involuntary bankruptcy petition); Gonzales v. Parks, 830 F.2d 8 1033, 1035-36 (9th Cir. 1987) (holding that state court was 9 without jurisdiction to hear a claim that the filing of a 10 bankruptcy petition constituted an abuse of process). 11 Halloums’ only argument on appeal regarding this issue is 12 that the bankruptcy court should have exercised its discretion to 13 “abstain” from deciding the claims asserted in the adversary 14 proceeding. However, based on the foregoing authorities, the 15 bankruptcy court did not have discretion to remand.12 The 16 bankruptcy court correctly ruled that it had exclusive 17 jurisdiction over the causes of action in Halloums’ complaint and 18 did not err in denying the Remand Motion.13 19 20 12 The Remand Motion alternatively requested abstention pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334. However, abstention is 21 inapplicable to removed proceedings because “a successful removal 22 effectively extinguishes the parallel proceeding in state court.” Nilsen v. Neilson (In re Cedar Funding, Inc.), 419 B.R. 807, 820 23 (9th Cir. BAP 2009) (citing Sec. Farms v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 124 F.3d 999, 1010 (9th Cir. 1997)). 24 13 On appeal, Halloums seem to argue that the bankruptcy 25 court erred in ruling that they were not entitled to trial by 26 jury. However, Halloums do not specifically address the right to a jury trial. The bankruptcy court found that Debtor had invoked 27 bankruptcy court jurisdiction by filing his chapter 11 case, and Iman had invoked bankruptcy court jurisdiction when she moved to 28 (continued...)

-19- 1 C. The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in denying Halloums’ request to conduct additional discovery. 2 3 At the July 9, 2015 status conference, Debtor indicated that 4 he believed Community Banks’ officers had falsely told the FDIC 5 examiner that the bank had not authorized an overdraft and that 6 as a result the examiner ordered the bank to “terminate” the 7 loan, which is what led to the loss of Debtor’s business. Debtor 8 requested issuance of a subpoena to the FDIC for the notes of the 9 bank examination that led to FDIC’s seizure and takeover of 10 Community Banks in an effort to show the bank’s motivation to 11 improperly commence a foreclosure. At the evidentiary hearing, 12 Debtor requested additional time to obtain that discovery. In 13 its oral ruling, the bankruptcy court noted that obtaining such 14 discovery would likely be a lengthy and expensive process because 15 the FDIC would probably resist the disclosure of its internal 16 notes. The court also noted that the passage of time would raise 17 questions of causation. Ultimately, the bankruptcy court denied 18 the request because it found that such information would be 19 beyond the scope of discovery as not being reasonably calculated 20 to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. Moreover, even 21 if relevant, the court found that such evidence would be 22 cumulative because there was ample evidence in the record of Bank 23 Midwest’s distrust and reluctance to have any further dealing 24 with Halloums. In re Halloum, 2015 WL 5095340, at *2. 25 13 26 (...continued) enforce her rights under § 363. We discern no error in this 27 finding. See Langenkamp v. Culp, 498 U.S. 42, 44 (1990); Hickman v. Hana (In re Hickman), 384 B.R. 832, 836-40 (9th Cir. BAP 28 2008).

-20- 1 We find no error in the bankruptcy court’s ruling. The 2 bankruptcy court may enter a judgment on partial findings even 3 though a party has represented that it can adduce further 4 evidence if the court determines that the evidence will have 5 little or no probative value. EBC, Inc. v. Clark Bldg. Sys., 6 Inc., 618 F.3d 253, 272 n.21 (3d Cir. 2010). 7 On appeal, Halloums argue that the subpoena request to the 8 FDIC examiner would result in “key evidence” to prove unlawful 9 foreclosure, but they do not present any argument or point to any 10 evidence in the record to refute the bankruptcy court’s 11 conclusion that any evidence obtained would have no probative 12 value. Halloums also argue that there were other discovery 13 requests pending, citing to various documents filed in the 14 adversary proceeding, including Halloums’ opposition to Trustee’s 15 motion for summary judgment, declaration in support of that 16 opposition, Statement of Disputed Facts, Memorandum in Support of 17 Plaintiffs’ Motion to Begin Discovery, and request for 18 evidentiary hearing with limited discovery. Although those 19 documents, in particular the Statement of Disputed Facts, do 20 request additional discovery (including nonprivileged 21 communications between defendants), Debtor did not bring any of 22 those requests to the bankruptcy court’s attention at the 23 evidentiary hearing. Moreover, Debtor does not explain how 24 additional discovery would be likely to uncover evidence with any 25 probative value in light of the bankruptcy court’s ultimate 26 findings. 27 28

-21- 1 D. The bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the claims against Trustee based on the Barton doctrine was harmless error. 2 3 The bankruptcy court dismissed the claims against Trustee in 4 part because Halloums had not obtained permission to sue the 5 Trustee. The bankruptcy court also ordered that any effort by 6 Halloums to obtain legal relief in any court other than the 7 bankruptcy court would constitute contempt. As noted by the 8 bankruptcy court, “[i]t is settled law that a trustee may be sued 9 only with leave of the court that appointed the trustee.” 10 In re Halloum, 2015 WL 5095340, at *3 (citing Barton v. Barbour, 11 104 U.S. 126, 128 (1881); and Beck v. Fort James Corp. 12 (In re Crown Vantage, Inc.), 421 F.3d 963, 970-71 (9th Cir. 13 2005)). “[A] party must first obtain leave of the bankruptcy 14 court before it initiates an action in another forum against a 15 bankruptcy trustee or other officer appointed by the bankruptcy 16 court for acts done in the officer’s official capacity.” 17 In re Crown Vantage, Inc., 421 F.3d at 970 (citations omitted). 18 It is undisputed that Halloums did not obtain the bankruptcy 19 court’s consent to sue Trustee in state court and thereby 20 violated the Barton doctrine. However, the Ninth Circuit Court 21 of Appeals has held that when a case is removed to the appointing 22 bankruptcy court, “all problems under the Barton doctrine 23 vanish[].” Harris v. Wittman (In re Harris), 590 F.3d 730, 742 24 (9th Cir. 2009). The Barton doctrine denies subject matter 25 jurisdiction to all forums except the appointing court; it is “a 26 practical tool to ensure that all lawsuits that could affect the 27 administration of the bankruptcy estate proceed either in the 28 bankruptcy court, or with the knowledge and approval of the

-22- 1 bankruptcy court.” Id.14 2 In light of In re Harris, dismissal on grounds of the Barton 3 doctrine was error, but such error was harmless because, as 4 discussed below, the bankruptcy court fully considered and 5 properly dismissed the claims against Trustee on the merits after 6 taking evidence on those claims. 7 Because we conclude that the Barton doctrine did not operate 8 to deprive the bankruptcy court of jurisdiction to hear and 9 determine the claims asserted, we need not address Halloums’ 10 arguments that the Barton doctrine is not a substantive bar to 11 their action because the bankruptcy estate had been fully 12 administered;15 that Trustee was not being sued in his official 13 capacity; and that the bankruptcy court erred in not examining 14 the factors set forth in In re Crown Vantage, Inc., 421 F.3d at 15 976 (citing Kashani v. Fulton (In re Kashani), 190 B.R. 875, 886- 16 87 (9th Cir. BAP 1995)). 17 Halloums also contend that the bankruptcy court erred in 18 ordering that their filing of a lawsuit against Trustee in 19 another forum would constitute contempt. Their sole argument on 20 this point is that Iman is not a debtor, and Debtor has obtained 21 a discharge, thus there is no automatic stay. This argument does 22 not overcome the requirement that permission is required before 23 suing a bankruptcy trustee in a forum other than the bankruptcy 24 25 14 No party cited In re Harris to the bankruptcy court. 26 15 Ninth Circuit authority is to the contrary. See 27 In re Crown Vantage, Inc., 421 F.3d at 972 (the Barton doctrine serves additional purposes even after the bankruptcy case has 28 been closed and the assets are no longer in the trustee’s hands).

-23- 1 court. 2 E. The bankruptcy court did not err in dismissing the adversary proceeding on the merits and entering judgment in favor of 3 all defendants. 4 The adversary complaint alleged claims for legal malpractice 5 and breach of contract against Ryder for allegedly mishandling 6 the chapter 11 case and charging more than was allowed by the fee 7 agreement. The complaint also alleged two counts of civil 8 conspiracy. The first was against the Ryder Defendants and the 9 Bank Group for allegedly cooperating in a scheme to convert the 10 bankruptcy case to chapter 7, delay the sale of the business, 11 interfere with Iman’s purchase of the business, and financially 12 harm Debtor. The second conspiracy claim was against all 13 defendants for conspiring to persuade Trustee to “abandon his 14 neutral role and begin advocating positions and court actions 15 that would benefit the Bank and all co-conspirators.” Halloums 16 also alleged that the conspiracy included maximizing the legal 17 billings of Trustee’s counsel while minimizing the work done for 18 the estate and enabling all participants to financially exploit 19 the estate for profit and harm Debtor by minimizing the funds 20 available to pay creditors. Finally, the complaint alleged a 21 claim for intentional interference with prospective economic 22 advantage against all defendants. This claim alleged that Iman 23 had secured most of the financing necessary to purchase the 24 business and had a willing lender, but that someone acting on 25 behalf of Trustee called the lender and “apparently” discouraged 26 the lender from extending the loan. 27 At the evidentiary hearing, Debtor testified for several 28 hours and presented documentary evidence in support of his

-24- 1 claims. As authorized under Civil Rule 52(c),16 the bankruptcy 2 court considered the testimony, evidence, and arguments presented 3 by the parties and concluded that Halloums had failed to prove 4 the elements of any cause of action against any of the 5 defendants, as summarized below.17 6 1. Breach of Contract - Ryder Defendants 7 The bankruptcy court found that, contrary to Debtor’s 8 assertion that Ryder had agreed to handle the chapter 11 case for 9 a fixed fee, the fee agreement between Ryder and Debtor was on a 10 retainer basis calling for hourly compensation. This finding was 11 based on the original retainer agreement, which was admitted into 12 evidence.18 Additionally, the bankruptcy court’s order 13 authorizing Ryder’s employment called for hourly “lodestar” 14 compensation and not a fixed fee. Debtor presented no plausible 15 evidence to the contrary. Thus, we find no error in the 16 bankruptcy court’s findings. 17 18 19 16 Although no party has raised the issue, the bankruptcy 20 court was clearly within its discretion to hold an evidentiary hearing to discern any material factual disputes rather than 21 adjudicating the motions for summary judgment as presented. 22 17 The bankruptcy court disposed of the malpractice claim 23 against the Ryder Defendants in a separate order allowing Ryder’s fees as an administrative claim against the estate. As noted, 24 that order is the subject of a separate appeal. Nevertheless, some of the issues overlap due to the conspiracy allegations; 25 therefore, we include in our analysis the bankruptcy court’s 26 findings vis-à-vis the Ryder Defendants. 18 27 The bankruptcy court rejected Debtor’s contention that the signature on the retainer agreement was not Debtor’s. That 28 issue is not before us in these appeals.

-25- 1 2. Breach of Contract - Bank Midwest 2 Although this claim was not separately pleaded in the 3 complaint and Bank Midwest was not named as a defendant, Debtor 4 presented evidence and argument on this issue, which he sometimes 5 referred to as an “unlawful foreclosure,” although no trustee’s 6 sale occurred. Debtor testified that he was only three weeks 7 behind on his mortgage payments when Community Banks commenced 8 foreclosure proceedings. He testified that Community Banks 9 representatives had orally promised him they would convert the 10 overdraft to an unsecured loan but instead commenced foreclosure 11 because of the FDIC audit. The bankruptcy court found that there 12 was no evidence that Bank Midwest breached its contract with 13 Debtor by commencing foreclosure when Debtor was only three weeks 14 behind on his mortgage. There was no written agreement with 15 Community Banks to convert the overdraft into a term loan. To 16 the contrary, the evidence showed that Community Banks considered 17 the overdraft to be a breach of the DDA agreement and that the 18 overdraft constituted a default under the mortgage documents. 19 The bankruptcy court did not err in dismissing this claim. 20 On appeal, Halloums present new arguments regarding their 21 claim against Bank Midwest. First, they allege that the amounts 22 shown in the notice of default and notice of sale were different 23 so the foreclosure was brought improperly and in violation of 24 state law.19 Halloums also argue they are entitled to pursue a 25 19 26 The notice of default shows a default amount of $14,521.94 and states that all sums secured by the deed of trust 27 are due and payable. The notice of sale shows a total of $2,626,845.72 due and payable, which includes the overdraft and 28 (continued...)

-26- 1 claim against Bank Midwest under the Consumer Legal Remedies Act 2 (Cal. Civ. Code § 1750 et seq.). Because these allegations and 3 arguments were not made to the bankruptcy court, we will not 4 consider them. See United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Wylie 5 (In re Wylie), 349 B.R. 204, 213 (9th Cir. BAP 2006). 6 3. Civil Conspiracy - Ryder Defendants and Bank Group 7 The bankruptcy court found no evidence that the Ryder 8 Defendants and the Bank Group were engaged in a conspiracy to 9 prolong the case, inflate fees, or damage Debtor. Rather, the 10 bankruptcy court concluded that the problems in reaching 11 agreement were caused by distrust between the parties. As 12 evidence of conspiracy, Debtor pointed to (a) Ryder’s agreement 13 with Bank Midwest to keep the adversary proceeding open as a 14 “stick” to encourage plan performance; (b) Ryder’s refusal to 15 seek to equitably subordinate Bank Midwest’s claim; (c) the 16 separate classification of Bank Midwest’s unsecured claim; 17 (d) Ryder’s failure to pursue approval of Debtor’s proposed plan 18 default provisions; (e) the inclusion in the plan of Bank 19 Midwest’s postpetition legal fees as an unsecured claim; 20 (f) Ryder’s delay in filing the initial chapter 11 plan; and 21 (g) Ryder’s refusal to pursue a cramdown of Bank Midwest’s claim. 22 23 24 25 19 (...continued) 26 contractual fees. Putting aside the obvious differences in notice requirements and cure obligations in notices of default 27 and notices of sale, there was no foreclosure. Thus, any claims based on alleged irregularities in the foreclosure process are 28 moot.

-27- 1 a. Ryder’s Agreement to Keep Nondischargeability Proceeding Open 2 3 Debtor testified that Ryder tried to persuade Debtor to 4 stipulate to a nondischargeable judgment in the bankruptcy court, 5 while Debtor wanted Ryder to move to dismiss the complaint. 6 Instead, Ryder sent a letter to Bank Midwest suggesting that the 7 adversary proceeding remain open for the duration of the plan as 8 a “stick” to encourage plan performance. Debtor believed Bank 9 Midwest allowed Ryder to use its cash collateral for unauthorized 10 legal fees and that Ryder’s suggestion to leave the adversary 11 proceeding open was the quid pro quo for that concession. 12 The bankruptcy court found, after reading the 13 nondischargeability complaint, that it stated a cause of action 14 that would likely lead to a trial and that Debtor did not have 15 adequate resources to fund extensive litigation with Bank 16 Midwest. Additionally, because the nondischargeability complaint 17 was personal to Debtor, Ryder would have been limited in the 18 amount of estate funds he could expend to defend the suit. Thus, 19 the bankruptcy court found that Ryder’s suggestion to keep the 20 adversary proceeding open, but inactive, was a “perfectly 21 rational” solution that could pave the way to a consensual plan, 22 and not evidence of a conspiracy between Ryder and the Bank 23 Group. 24 Additionally, the bankruptcy court found that the record did 25 not support a finding that cash collateral was used for 26 unauthorized legal fees. Although the initial cash collateral 27 budget did not include a provision for attorney’s fees, this was 28 because the approximately $39,000 retainer would have been

-28- 1 sufficient to provide for payment of all fees through the end of 2 that cash collateral budget. The bankruptcy court’s findings are 3 supported by the evidence and were not clearly erroneous. 4 b. Ryder’s Refusal to Move for Equitable Subordination 5 6 Debtor testified that he believed Ryder should have moved 7 for equitable subordination of Bank Midwest’s claim or filed a 8 fraudulent transfer action against Bank Midwest. Debtor believed 9 Bank Midwest’s secured claim was inflated because it included the 10 value of car wash equipment that had been financed by U.S. Bank. 11 Early in the case Ryder discovered that U.S. Bank failed to 12 properly perfect its security interest in the car wash equipment 13 and convinced U.S. Bank not to litigate the issue. As a result 14 of the improper perfection and the after-acquired property clause 15 in Bank Midwest’s security agreement with Debtor, Bank Midwest’s 16 blanket lien extended to the car wash equipment, thus increasing 17 its secured claim. The bankruptcy court found that because 18 litigating equitable subordination would have been extremely 19 difficult and expensive, and there was no evidence of misconduct 20 by Bank Midwest, Ryder made a reasonable decision not to pursue 21 it, especially in light of Ryder’s obligation to focus on work 22 that appeared likely to benefit the estate. The bankruptcy court 23 also noted that raising the equitable subordination issue would 24 have made it more difficult to achieve the consensual plan of 25 reorganization that would be essential to helping Debtor save his 26 business. Thus, the bankruptcy court found that Ryder’s actions 27 were in Debtor’s best interest. We see no error in this finding. 28

-29- 1 c. Separate Classification of Bank Midwest’s Unsecured Claim 2 3 Debtor testified that Ryder insisted on separately 4 classifying the bank’s unsecured claim. Debtor believed that 5 this classification resulted in a higher priority claim and 6 entitled Bank Midwest to a greater payment than the other general 7 unsecured creditors. Debtor surmises that Ryder and the Bank 8 Group conspired to do this because they were aware the case would 9 be converted and, upon conversion, Bank Midwest would receive a 10 greater distribution than it would otherwise be entitled to. 11 The bankruptcy court found no collusion or improper benefit 12 to Bank Midwest in the separate classification of its unsecured 13 claim. The payment terms for Bank Midwest’s claim and the 14 remaining general unsecured creditors were identical. The only 15 difference was that the plan provided for mutual releases between 16 Debtor and Bank Midwest as of the effective date of the plan, 17 which meant that Bank Midwest would release its 18 nondischargeability claim, a benefit to Debtor. Further, the 19 classification of claims in a chapter 11 plan is not controlling 20 after the case is converted to chapter 7. The bankruptcy court’s 21 finding was not clearly erroneous. 22 d. Ryder’s Failure to Pursue Bank Midwest’s Acceptance of Default Plan Provisions 23 24 Debtor asserted that Ryder did not sufficiently pursue Bank 25 Midwest’s acceptance of Debtor’s proposed default provisions. 26 Bank Midwest filed a conditional non-opposition to Debtor’s 27 disclosure statement, which Debtor interpreted to mean that the 28 bank did not object to any plan provisions.

-30- 1 The bankruptcy court found no merit to Debtor’s assertion 2 that Ryder should have insisted Bank Midwest accept Debtor’s 3 proposed default terms, which was premised on the notion that 4 Bank Midwest’s conditional non-opposition to the disclosure 5 statement bound it to the plan terms. The conditional non- 6 opposition included the following language: 7 Bank Midwest’s nonopposition to the Disclosure does not mean that Bank Midwest supports the Plan in its present 8 form. Through counsel, Bank Midwest has informed Debtor of concerns it has about aspects of the Plan as 9 formulated, and Bank Midwest reserves the right to vote against the Plan and to oppose confirmation if its 10 concerns are not satisfactorily resolved. 11 (Emphasis in original). This language makes clear that the bank 12 did not intend to accept the proposed plan terms. The bankruptcy 13 court correctly found that Debtor’s position was based on a 14 misunderstanding of the difference between disclosure and 15 confirmation issues and was not supported by the evidence. 16 e. Inclusion of Bank Midwest’s Postpetition Legal Fees as an Unsecured Claim 17 18 Debtor testified that Ryder permitted inclusion of Bank 19 Midwest’s postpetition legal fees in the general unsecured class 20 when the bank was not entitled to those fees, and that doing so 21 gave the bank control of the voting, again evidencing a 22 conspiracy between the bank and Ryder. 23 The bankruptcy court correctly noted that Ryder had no 24 choice in whether to include those fees in Bank Midwest’s claim 25 because under Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of America v. 26 Pacific Gas & Electric Co., 549 U.S. 443 (2007), a creditor is 27 entitled to add contractually based postpetition attorney’s fees 28 to its proof of claim. Thus, the inclusion of those fees does

-31- 1 not support a conspiracy finding. 2 f. Delay in Filing Plan 3 Debtor testified that he believed Ryder failed to file a 4 proposed plan until 16 months after the filing of the petition to 5 increase his fees and to delay the case for Bank Midwest’s 6 benefit. 7 The bankruptcy court correctly found that Ryder’s delay in 8 filing a plan of reorganization did not support any claims. The 9 court noted that in Debtor’s case, time was needed to determine 10 expected revenue to support plan payments, that Debtor was 11 pursuing litigation against ARCO, and that Ryder was negotiating 12 with creditors to get agreements to plan treatment. The court 13 noted that it had monitored the case during this time but did not 14 order Ryder to file a plan because it was aware of these ongoing 15 issues. 16 g. Ryder’s Refusal to Pursue Cramdown 17 Debtor testified that he believed Ryder should have pursued 18 a cramdown of Bank Midwest’s claim because there were impaired 19 classes that would have voted to accept the plan, and that 20 Ryder’s failure to do so evidenced his conspiracy with the Bank 21 Group to convert the case to chapter 7. The bankruptcy court 22 found no merit to this contention, noting that it is extremely 23 expensive to litigate confirmation of a plan of reorganization, 24 especially if it involves a cramdown, and that Bank Midwest was a 25 “hostile creditor with the incentive to fight.” Accordingly, the 26 bankruptcy court found that Ryder pursued the appropriate 27 strategy by negotiating a consensual plan with Bank Midwest, 28 which would ultimately benefit Debtor by avoiding the costs

-32- 1 associated with a contested confirmation hearing. This finding 2 was not clearly erroneous. 3 4. Civil Conspiracy - All Defendants 4 The bankruptcy court found that there was no evidence of any 5 agreement, either express or implied, by any or all defendants to 6 loot the estate and destroy the business after Trustee was 7 appointed. Rather, “[t]he tragedy of this case is - and it is a 8 genuine tragedy because it did not have to happen - that the 9 requisite cooperation was not forthcoming. Instead, Mr. Halloum 10 fixated on his theory that defendant Ryder had breached a 11 fictional fixed fee agreement and conspired with the adversary.” 12 In re Halloum, 2015 WL 5095340 at *6. The evidence supports the 13 bankruptcy court’s finding. 14 Debtor alleged that (a) Bank Midwest’s counsel made 15 misrepresentations to the bankruptcy court to get the settlement 16 approved; (b) Trustee and the Bank Group conspired to “steal” 17 funds from unsecured creditors; (c) Trustee failed to maximize 18 the return to unsecured creditors; (d) Trustee conspired with 19 Bank Midwest to set up default terms to end the chapter 11; 20 (e) Trustee shut down the business in violation of his duties; 21 and (f) Trustee changed position on conversion based on a 22 conspiracy with the Bank Group. 23 a. Alleged False Representation to Bankruptcy Court Re: Settlement Between Trustee and Bank Midwest 24 25 Debtor testified that in seeking approval of the settlement 26 between Bank Midwest and Trustee, Trustee’s counsel falsely 27 represented that Bank Midwest’s claim would be reduced by 28

-33- 1 $1 million.20 Debtor calculated that Bank Midwest actually 2 increased its claim by $500,000. Debtor based this calculation 3 on his valuation of Bank Midwest’s collateral (and thus its 4 secured claim), which did not include the car wash equipment that 5 Debtor valued at $450,000. The bankruptcy court found Debtor’s 6 valuation implausible. This finding was not clearly erroneous. 7 Besides Debtor’s opinion, the only evidence of value 8 presented was one page from a June 28, 2013 business appraisal, 9 which valued the furniture, fixtures, and equipment at $110,500 10 as of January 26, 2012, and a copy of an email dated 11 September 27, 2013, from Debtor to an attorney stating that the 12 liquidation value of the car wash was $230,000. Accordingly, the 13 bankruptcy court’s finding that there was no misrepresentation by 14 Trustee’s counsel was not clearly erroneous. 15 b. Trustee and Bank Group’s Conspiracy to “Steal” Funds from Unsecured Creditors 16 17 Debtor contended that Bank Midwest had agreed to reduce its 18 claim to $1.6 million and to subordinate up to $100,000 of its 19 interest in the proceeds of the sale of the business to ensure 20 Trustee and his professionals were paid. According to Debtor, 21 Bank Midwest actually received $2.2 million and Trustee received 22 $275,000. Debtor alleged that Trustee overlooked the 23 “overpayment” to Bank Midwest as part of a conspiracy to convert 24 25 20 The settlement agreement provided that Bank Midwest would 26 have an allowed secured claim of $2,898,764 and an allowed unsecured claim of $297,372 but that if Bank Midwest received 27 payment by August 31, 2014, it would discount the secured claim to $1,700,000 plus one-third of net sale proceeds in excess of 28 $1.7 million.

-34- 1 the case and get Bank Midwest and Trustee Defendants paid at the 2 expense of creditors. 3 As evidence of these agreements, Debtor points to the 4 declaration of David Katzen in support of Bank Midwest’s motion 5 to convert and Bank Midwest’s reply in support of its motion to 6 convert. The Katzen declaration describes the terms of a 7 previous proposal calling for the reduction of the bank’s claim 8 to $1.6 million, and the reply indicates that if the case were 9 promptly converted, Bank Midwest would be willing to subordinate 10 up to $100,000 for payment of a trustee’s sale-related 11 administrative expenses. 12 Both of these documents merely describe proposed settlement 13 terms. As noted, the settlement agreement that was ultimately 14 approved by the bankruptcy court provided that Bank Midwest would 15 reduce its secured claim to $1.7 million plus one-third of net 16 proceeds in excess of $1.7 million and that Bank Midwest would 17 subordinate up to $150,000 to satisfy allowed administrative 18 expenses. Debtor provided no evidence of the amounts actually 19 received by Bank Midwest or Trustee. 20 The bankruptcy court found that this evidence did not 21 support a conspiracy to bleed the estate at the expense of 22 unsecured creditors and then let the case be converted. The 23 court noted that there were legitimate reasons for conversion, 24 primarily Debtor’s unwillingness to cooperate in reaching a 25 consensual plan, and that Debtor had been given ample warning. 26 These findings were not clearly erroneous. 27 28

-35- 1 c. Trustee’s Failure to Maximize Return to Unsecured Creditors 2 Debtor asserted that Trustee failed to maximize the return 3 for unsecured creditors and get a fresh start for Debtor. Debtor 4 contended that Trustee supported conversion to protect Ryder from 5 being sued by Debtor and was determined to put Debtor out of 6 business at any cost. The bankruptcy court found no evidence of 7 such motivation. To the contrary, the bankruptcy court found 8 that the evidence showed Trustee was trying to facilitate a 9 consensual plan and was finding obstacles on both sides, and that 10 ultimately the intransigence of the debtor led Trustee to “throw 11 up his hands.” This finding is supported by the evidence and is 12 not clearly erroneous. 13 d. Trustee’s Conspiracy to Set Up Default Terms to 14 End the Chapter 11 Case 15 Debtor alleged that at an early stage in the case, Ryder 16 knew that Bank Midwest wanted the case converted to chapter 7 and 17 that the dispute over default terms was set up as a way to end 18 the chapter 11 case. According to Debtor, Ryder got the Trustee 19 on the bank’s “team,” and Trustee instructed Bank Midwest to 20 prepare its own default terms that Trustee would support. The 21 bankruptcy court correctly found no evidence of any such 22 conspiracy. 23 e. Trustee’s Failure to Operate Business 24 Debtor believed that Trustee was required under the terms of 25 the settlement with Bank Midwest to operate the business through 26 27 28

-36- 1 the sale date, but instead Trustee closed it down.21 Thus, 2 Debtor asserted that by shutting down the business Trustee failed 3 to properly protect estate assets and creditors other than the 4 bank and reduced the value of the business. The bankruptcy court 5 found no wrongdoing on the part of Trustee in closing down the 6 business, noting that it had authorized the shutdown from 7 February 14, 2014 to July 22, 2014 because of the parties’ 8 inability to agree. The record reflects that Trustee took 9 possession of the business and its cash on February 14, 2014 and 10 initially decided to temporarily shut down the business. 11 Thereafter, Trustee received inquiries from parties who were 12 interested in purchasing the business even though it was not 13 operating. Based on this interest, and considering the startup 14 costs of reopening, Trustee determined that it was reasonable to 15 sell the business without reopening. The bankruptcy court’s 16 finding that Trustee did not wrongfully close the business was 17 not clearly erroneous. 18 f. Trustee’s Change of Position re: Conversion 19 Debtor contended that Trustee’s refusal to recommend 20 confirmation in light of Debtor’s objection to Ryder’s fees 21 21 The settlement agreement provides, in relevant part: 22 23 The Trustee shall undertake (with assistance from others whom he may engage) to continue or resume 24 operation of Debtor’s business as promptly as reasonably feasible, so as to facilitate sale (or other 25 commercially reasonable disposition) of Estate property 26 as a going concern if doing so appears practicable and conducive to a net recovery more favorable than 27 conventional liquidation.

28 (Emphasis added).

-37- 1 violated the scope of Trustee’s assignment, which was to help the 2 court evaluate Debtor’s plan in light of Bank Midwest’s expected 3 opposition. The bankruptcy court rejected this contention, 4 noting that the breakdown between Debtor and his counsel signaled 5 to Trustee that there was no effective prospect of 6 reorganization. 7 Trustee’s initial status report indicated that Debtor's 8 business operations appeared to be reasonably solid and could 9 likely support the proposed plan payments, and that Debtor was an 10 experienced operator who had the support of a number of other 11 creditors. Trustee asked for a brief continuance to permit him 12 to negotiate with the parties. Trustee initially opposed 13 conversion, although he did warn Ryder that Debtor should not be 14 involved in drafting a plan. Trustee subsequently changed 15 position and supported conversion, which Debtor contended 16 supported an inference of conspiracy with Bank Midwest and Ryder. 17 The bankruptcy court found that Trustee justifiably changed 18 position because of Debtor’s dispute of Ryder’s legal fees. 19 Debtor had approved five interim fee awards. Late in 2013 Debtor 20 decided that Ryder’s fees were too high. Soon thereafter, Debtor 21 began asserting that Ryder had agreed to work on the case for a 22 fixed fee. This fee dispute caused Trustee to conclude that it 23 was hopeless to expect a confirmable plan of reorganization 24 because Debtor could not be trusted to carry out his obligations 25 under the plan. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court found no 26 evidence of wrongdoing or collusion in the Trustee’s change of 27 position. 28 We find no error in any of the bankruptcy court’s findings.

-38- 1 5. Intentional Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage - Trustee Defendants 2 3 Debtor testified that Iman’s potential lender denied her 4 loan request after Trustee discovered the lender’s identity. 5 Debtor thus surmised that Trustee or his representative had 6 called the lender and discouraged it from making the loan. 7 Debtor presented as evidence a letter dated August 2, 2014 from 8 John Arno, the agent who arranged the financing for Iman’s 9 purchase of the business. Arno stated in the letter that as of 10 April 22, 2014, the lender had been ready to issue a commitment 11 subject to a satisfactory environmental report but that when the 12 environmental engineer arrived at the premises to conduct the 13 inspection, a security guard at the premises contacted Trustee, 14 who in turn contacted the lender before approving the inspection. 15 According to the letter, the environmental report indicated 16 that no action was required, and Arno provided the additional 17 documentation requested by lender. Nevertheless, the lender did 18 not issue the commitment. Arno thus concluded that something 19 said during the conversation between Trustee and the lender 20 caused the lender to decide not to proceed with the loan. 21 Also admitted into evidence as attachments to the Arno 22 letter were a copy of a commitment letter from GCA Financial 23 confirming the availability of $600,000 to Iman and copies of 24 bank statements purportedly showing the availability of $550,000 25 in “family funds” for the purchase. 26 The bankruptcy court found that the more plausible reason 27 the loan was not approved was that the amounts shown on the bank 28 statements did not add up to the $550,000 required by the lender,

-39- 1 and the availability of the funds “relied on the doubtful 2 assumption that the family members would hand over all of their 3 funds to the plaintiffs.”22 Noting that the Arno letter was 4 hearsay, the bankruptcy court concluded that there was no 5 credible evidence to support the allegations that Trustee 6 sabotaged Iman’s efforts to obtain funding to purchase the 7 business. This finding was not clearly erroneous. 8 As the bankruptcy court repeatedly noted, all of Halloums’ 9 theories of liability are based on a misunderstanding of 10 bankruptcy law, practice, and procedure. On appeal, Halloums 11 have not demonstrated that any of the bankruptcy court’s factual 12 findings were clearly erroneous. In addition to making the same 13 arguments that were presented in the bankruptcy court, they argue 14 on appeal that the complaint stated “plausible claims for relief” 15 and that the settlement between Trustee and Bank Midwest and 16 order to return Iman’s deposit are not preclusive. These 17 arguments are not applicable because the bankruptcy court did not 18 rule on the pleadings and because it did not rule on the 19 preclusion issues raised by defendants. 20 CONCLUSION 21 For the reasons set forth above, we deny Halloums’ motion to 22 suspend hearing and transfer venue. 23 We find no error in the bankruptcy court’s denial of the 24 Remand Motion. Dismissal of the claims against Trustee based on 25 22 26 Some of the funds reflected on the bank statements were held at the National Bank of Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates 27 Dirham currency. The bankruptcy court found that, given current exchange rates, the total amount of family funds identified in 28 the admitted bank statements was less than $478,000.

-40- 1 the Barton doctrine was harmless error. 2 We find no abuse of discretion in the bankruptcy court’s 3 denial of Halloums’ request to conduct additional discovery, nor 4 do we find error in the dismissal of Halloums’ claims against all 5 defendants on the merits. 6 Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of dismissal. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

-41-