2014 IL App (1st) 130709 FIFTH DIVISION July 18, 2014
No. 1-13-0709
In re TORRY G., Alleged to be a Person Subject to ) Involuntary Medication ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of (People of the State of Illinois, ) Cook County, Illinois. ) Petitioner-Appellee, ) No. 2013 CoMH 142 v. ) ) Honorable Torry G., ) David Skryd, ) Judge Presiding. Respondent-Appellant). )
JUSTICE TAYLOR delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice McBride concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Respondent Torry G. appeals the trial court’s order that he be administered involuntary
psychotropic medication.
¶2 Torry was hospitalized in January 2013 and diagnosed with bipolar disorder and
psychosis. On March 7, 2013, the trial court entered an order authorizing the involuntary
administration of psychotropic medication to Torry for a period of 90 days. Torry now appeals
that order. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 Torry is a 21-year-old who has exhibited signs of mental illness for the past four years.
He was admitted to Westlake Hospital on January 1, 2013, having consented to voluntary
admission. On January 15, 2013, Torry’s treating psychiatrist, Dr. Richard Goldberg, filed a
petition to involuntarily administer psychotropic medication to Torry pursuant to section 2-107.1
of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Code (Code) (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1 (West No. 1-13-0709
2012)). The primary medications listed in the petition were Tegretol and Zyprexa, and the
alternative medications were Depakote, fluphenazine hydrochloride, fluphenazine decanoate,
Invega, Invega Sustenna, Haldol, and Haldol decanoate.
¶5 Prior to the hearing on the petition, Torry’s counsel filed a motion for a pretrial
conference which stated the following:
“Respondent Torry G. has stressed to counsel that he would like to resolve this matter
without a trial, and has requested that his treating psychiatrist (Dr. Goldberg) find the
most appropriate medication to treat bipolar disorder with the least possible risk of side
effects (Respondent has had side effects from the mood stabilizers Lithium and Depakote
in the past).”
This motion was never ruled upon, and no pretrial conference was held.
¶6 At the hearing on the involuntary-medication petition, Dr. Goldberg testified that Torry
was suffering from bipolar disorder, manic phase, with psychosis. He stated that Torry had been
suffering from mental illness for the past four years. Over that time period, he had been
hospitalized 20 to 25 times, 1 including 4 separate times between October 8, 2012, and January 1,
2013. Dr. Goldberg opined that Torry’s condition had deteriorated over time since April 2011,
when he originally examined him. Regarding Torry’s most recent hospitalization, Dr. Goldberg
testified that when he was brought to the hospital, he was in an “exacerbated manic state.” He
stated that Torry’s mother described him as “a captive or a prisoner in his own head” and
believed that he “desperately” needed to be hospitalized. He further stated, “[Torry’s mother]
1 Counsel for Torry objected to this statement by Dr. Goldberg on the basis of foundation,
but the objection was overruled.
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was pleading with me to make sure [Torry] gets forced medication.” (Torry’s mother did not
testify at the hearing.)
¶7 Dr. Goldberg then described Torry’s symptoms. He stated that Torry had “grandiose
delusions,” such as the belief that the purpose of the hearing was to try Dr. Goldberg for “crimes
against patients” and that once Torry testified against him, Dr. Goldberg would be sent to jail.
While in the hospital, Torry had exhibited sexually provocative and inappropriate behavior, such
as attempting to make eye contact with female peers, sending them love letters, and, on one
occasion, hugging a female peer without permission. He also believed that he had powers to heal
women sexually by touching them. In addition, he displayed impulsive, agitated, and aggressive
behavior.
¶8 Dr. Goldberg testified that Torry had told him repeatedly that he did not have a mental
illness. He stated, “Our sessions are mostly Torry turning things around and making it about me
and how I’m the bad person and I do bad things.” As a result, Dr. Goldberg said, there was no
opportunity to have therapeutic interaction about the behaviors that had caused his
hospitalization.
¶9 Dr. Goldberg said that on several occasions, he had attempted to talk to Torry about the
risks, benefits, and side effects of medication. However, “[i]t became apparent that he really just
doesn’t understand the need for the medication and there’s no point in belaboring the matter.”
Dr. Goldberg opined that Torry did not have the capacity to make a reasoned judgment about
taking medication because he did not believe he had an illness and did not appreciate the
deterioration he was exhibiting as a result of his illness.
¶ 10 According to Dr. Goldberg, Torry claimed to be willing to take medication voluntarily,
but on multiple occasions when Dr. Goldberg suggested specific medications, Torry refused. Dr.
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Goldberg stated that he believed that Torry was only willing to take medication with no side
effects, and no such medication actually existed. For instance, three weeks prior to the hearing,
Dr. Goldberg suggested to Torry that he take the drug Tegretol, a mood stabilizer used in the
treatment of bipolar disorder (and one of the medications listed in the instant petition). Torry
refused to take it, because he was concerned that the drug would cause him to have suicidal
thoughts. Dr. Goldberg admitted that suicidal thoughts were a listed side effect of the drug, but
he stated that they were a rare side effect and that if Torry experienced any suicidal thoughts, the
medicine would be stopped at once. Nevertheless, Torry continued to refuse to take the drug.
Dr. Goldberg concluded, “[Torry] has not been able to focus on the benefits. He can only focus
on what he believes are the potential risks, which are often illogical or unfounded or – I think it
serves his desire, as has been the case for years now, which is not taking medication.”
¶ 11 Dr. Goldberg further testified that in his opinion, less restrictive alternatives to forced
medication, such as group therapy and psychotherapy, were not appropriate for Torry, because
he had never responded to therapy in a constructive or successful way. He stated that Torry’s
prognosis without medication was poor because he had displayed a pattern of progressive
deterioration that Dr. Goldberg believed would continue, perhaps dangerously.
¶ 12 During cross-examination, counsel for Torry asked Dr. Goldberg about Invega and
fluphenazine, two of the medicines that he sought to have administered to Torry. Dr. Goldberg
admitted that Invega had not been approved for treatment of bipolar disorder. However, he said
that Invega was the parent compound of the drug Risperdal, which was approved for treatment of
bipolar disorder, “so there’s no reason Invega can’t be.” As for fluphenazine, Dr. Goldberg
admitted that it was in the same category as the drug Thorazine, which Torry had been given
during his time at Westlake. Torry’s Thorazine treatments had been discontinued because Torry
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experienced orthostatic hypotension. 2 Dr. Goldberg stated that hypotensive side effects were
“not uncommon” with Thorazine but would be rare with Fluphenazine.
¶ 13 Torry testified in opposition to the petition. He stated that “this all got started” when he
was 17 and took marijuana that was laced with the hallucinogen PCP. He was hospitalized and
taken to a psychiatric ward for evaluation. He was also given psychotropic medication. “I did
not have the right to decline medicine because I was a minor,” he said, “so I was experiencing
these side effects and I didn’t have the right to say no, I don’t want to take these medicines.”
Before that incident, Torry said, he had never been in a hospital overnight. He said that his
teachers had called him a “brilliant” student, and he received A grades when he made the effort
to obtain them.
¶ 14 Torry then testified about the side effects that he had experienced as a result of
psychotropic medication. He stated that he had been taken to the emergency room twice because
of side effects. In one incident, he had headaches induced by the drug lithium that were severe
enough that he was given morphine and had to have a spinal tap. In the other incident, he “fell
over” while at outpatient treatment. Additionally, while in the hospital under Dr. Goldberg’s
care, he had muscle spasms that caused him to fall on the floor. He could not remember exactly
which medications he was on at the time, because he was on more than four medications.
Finally, regarding the medications that Dr. Goldberg requested for him in his petition, Torry
2 Orthostatic hypotension is “a sudden fall in blood pressure that occurs when a person
assumes a standing position.” NINDS Orthostatic Hypotension Information Page, available at
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/orthostatic_hypotension/orthostatic_hypotension.htm (last
visited June 10, 2014). Symptoms include dizziness, lightheadedness, blurred vision, and
temporary loss of consciousness. Id.
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stated that he had taken Depakote before. He testified that the drug made him restless and unable
to sleep, and it also caused him to talk to himself and exhibit other “bizarre behavior.”
¶ 15 Torry’s counsel asked him whether he was opposed to taking medication for treatment of
his mental illness. Torry replied that he was not concerned about minor side effects of
medication, such as constipation or weight gain, but he was concerned about severe side effects,
such as suicidal or homicidal thoughts. “I’m against those deadly side effects,” he said, “because
I would like to say this in the courtroom, some of those medicines that these doctors use, I see
infomercials all the time saying you take this medicine or are you taking this medicine, you have
a lawsuit.” He testified that he would be willing to take safe, reliable medication that he would
not need to get switched from. He also stated that he was “100 percent” willing to participate in
outpatient services.
¶ 16 Regarding his own mental condition, Torry stated, “I can’t say that I have full-blown
bipolar, but I do realize that I had symptoms of bipolar, which I believe some of the symptoms
were from certain medicines I received.” He stated that he also had some schizoaffective
symptoms and depression. He said, “I believe that those problems needed to be addressed
because I didn’t like what state I was in, but now my state is getting better.” Torry’s counsel
asked him whether he had any symptoms right now that could benefit from treatment. Torry said
that he had a problem with “continuous speech,” although he believed it was more akin to a
speech impediment than a mental disorder.
¶ 17 Torry testified that he got along “[v]ery poorly” with Dr. Goldberg because “he’s an
arrogant doctor in my honest viewpoint.” He also testified that he participated in individual
therapy sessions with his assigned hospital social worker, and those sessions helped him a lot.
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Most recently, he said, he discussed concerns surrounding his first hospitalization with his social
worker, and the conversation was “very therapeutic.”
¶ 18 Finally, Torry testified that he had never previously had an involuntary commitment
order or an involuntary treatment order entered against him.
¶ 19 In addition to testifying on his own behalf, Torry also called to the stand Ronald
Barthelemy, a discharge planner for behavioral health at Westlake Hospital. Barthelemy testified
that he had spoken with Torry about his discharge plan and advised him to consider the Pilsen
Wellness Center, an outpatient mental health center.
¶ 20 Torry’s counsel then introduced into evidence a written statement from Torry’s mother
that was dated February 27, 2013, and included in Torry’s medical chart. In that statement,
Torry’s mother said that she was willing to have Torry return home and live with her, provided
that he would participate in the outpatient program at the Pilsen Wellness Center or a similar
program, even though Torry had not agreed to take psychotropic medication at the hospital.
¶ 21 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found by clear and convincing evidence
that Torry had a mental illness. The court further stated:
“In his own testimony, [Torry] said he’d be willing to take certain medications, but he’s
got to get on some kind of treatment plan to take the medications, but you want to label it
as involuntary, but that’s just how the order is entered. It seems to me that he knows
enough that he’s got to get on some drug regimen to assess him, so at some point he can
get out and do some kind of outpatient treatment, but they need to determine, based on
his condition and his actions, he needs to get on the proper medication to assist him with
all that.”
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The trial court granted the petition for involuntary administration of psychotropic medication to
Torry for a period of 90 days. The order, entered on March 7, 2013, expired, by its own terms,
on June 5, 2013.
¶ 22 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 23 On appeal, Torry contends that the trial court erred in granting the petition for two
reasons: first, the evidence favors a decision that Torry has the capacity to make a reasoned
decision for himself about whether to take psychotropic medication, and second, Torry is willing
to voluntarily take medication, which should be considered a less restrictive alternative to forced
medication under section 2-107.1 of the Code. We need only consider the second of these
contentions, because, for the reasons that follow, we find it to be dispositive of the instant appeal.
¶ 24 A
¶ 25 The State, for its part, does not raise any argument regarding the merits of this appeal.
Instead, it argues solely that we should dismiss Torry’s appeal as moot, since the trial court’s
order expired on June 5, 2013.
¶ 26 An appeal is moot where no actual controversy is presented or where the issues raised
below have ceased to exist, such that a reviewing court cannot grant relief to the appellant. In re
Nicholas L., 407 Ill. App. 3d 1061, 1070 (2011). In this case, there can be no dispute that the
underlying judgment is moot, since the involuntary medication order was limited in duration to
90 days and that period has long since passed. As a general rule, Illinois courts do not decide
moot questions or render advisory opinions. In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d 345, 351 (2009); In re
Barbara H., 183 Ill. 2d 482, 491 (1998).
¶ 27 Torry, however, argues that we may still consider this appeal under the public interest
exception to the mootness doctrine. This exception allows a court to decide a moot case when
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(1) the question presented is substantially of a public nature, (2) there is a need for an
authoritative determination for future guidance of public officers, and (3) there is a likelihood
that the question will recur in the future. In re J.B., 204 Ill. 2d 382, 387 (2003); Alfred H.H., 233
Ill. 2d at 355.
¶ 28 In the present case, Torry’s first contention – that the evidence shows that he has the
capacity to make a reasoned decision about whether to take psychotropic medication – is purely
a sufficiency of the evidence claim and, as such, does not qualify for the public interest
exception. Id. at 356-57 (sufficiency of the evidence claims are “inherently case-specific
reviews” that do not present broad public interest issues). However, Torry’s second contention
presents a question of law, namely, whether voluntary acceptance of medication can be
considered a less restrictive alternative to court-ordered involuntary medication under the
involuntary medication statute (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1 (West 2012)). This question of law involves
the issue of statutory compliance and therefore qualifies as a matter of a public nature. In re
Donald L., 2014 IL App (2d) 130044, ¶ 20 (citing In re Nicholas L., 407 Ill. App. 3d 1061, 1071
(2011)). There is a need for an authoritative interpretation of the matter, since no Illinois case
has directly addressed this question. Furthermore, there is a likelihood of future recurrence of
this question because individuals who are willing to take medication can nonetheless find
themselves facing a petition for involuntary medication. See, e.g., In re Israel, 278 Ill. App. 3d
24, 31-32 (1996) (where respondent was voluntarily taking Valium, the State was not precluded
from filing a petition to involuntarily administer Haldol and Risperdal to him); Nicholas L., 407
Ill. App. 3d at 1067-68 (State filed an involuntary-medication petition where respondent
consented to oral, but not injectable long-acting, medication). Accordingly, the public interest
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exception applies to permit review of Torry’s contention regarding his willingness to accept
voluntary medication and the legal effect thereof.
¶ 29 B
¶ 30 We therefore turn to consider the substantive issue in this appeal, namely, whether the
trial court erred in authorizing the involuntary administration of psychotropic medication to
Torry.
¶ 31 Our supreme court has observed that the administration of involuntary mental health
services entails a “ ‘massive curtailment of liberty.’ ” In re Barbara H., 183 Ill. 2d 482, 496
(1998) (quoting Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 491 (1980)); see Dennis E. Cichon, The Right to
“Just Say No”: A History and Analysis of the Right to Refuse Antipsychotic Drugs, 53 La. L.
Rev. 283, 284 (1992) (“Autonomous decisionmaking in matters affecting the body and mind is
one of the most valued liberties in a civilized society.”). When the State seeks to forcibly
administer psychotropic medication to an individual, the interference with the individual’s liberty
is
“ ‘particularly severe.’ ” In re Robert S., 213 Ill. 2d 30, 46 (2004) (quoting Riggins v. Nevada,
504 U.S. 127, 134 (1992)). Consequently, our supreme court has held that mentally ill persons
have a constitutionally protected liberty interest to refuse the administration of psychotropic
medication. In re C.E., 161 Ill. 2d 200, 213-14 (1994). However, the State also has a legitimate
parens patriae interest in furthering the treatment of the mentally ill by forcibly administering
psychotropic medication to patients who are incapable of making sound decisions. Id. at 217.
These competing interests are balanced in the involuntary-medication statute, section 2-107.1 of
the Code, which provides that psychotropic medication shall not be involuntarily administered to
a patient unless all of the following factors are present:
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“(A) That the recipient has a serious mental illness or developmental disability.
(B) That because of said mental illness or developmental disability, the recipient
currently exhibits any one of the following: (i) deterioration of his or her ability to
function, as compared to the recipient’s ability to function prior to the current onset of
symptoms of the mental illness or disability for which treatment is presently sought, (ii)
suffering, or (iii) threatening behavior.
(C) That the illness or disability has existed for a period marked by the
continuing presence of the symptoms set forth in item (B) of this subdivision (4) or the
repeated episodic occurrence of these symptoms.
(D) That the benefits of the treatment outweigh the harm.
(E) That the recipient lacks the capacity to make a reasoned decision about the
treatment.
(F) That other less restrictive services have been explored and found
inappropriate.
(G) If the petition seeks authorization for testing and other procedures, that such
testing and procedures are essential for the safe and effective administration of the
treatment.” 405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(4) (West 2012).
See C.E., 161 Ill. 2d at 218 (provisions of section 2-107.1 “are narrowly tailored to specifically
address the State’s concern for the well-being of those who are not able to make a rational choice
regarding the administration of psychotropic medications”). The State bears the burden of
proving all of the statutory factors by clear and convincing evidence (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(4)
(West 2012); Nicholas L., 407 Ill. App. 3d at 1075), which is defined as a degree of proof that
leaves no doubt in the mind of the fact finder as to the veracity of the proposition in question
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(Israel, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 35 (citing Bazydlo v. Volant, 164 Ill. 2d 207, 213 (1995))). We
review the trial court’s findings of fact under the manifest weight of the evidence standard,
meaning that we defer to its findings unless the opposite conclusion is apparent or the findings
are unreasonable, arbitrary, or not grounded in evidence. In re C.S., 383 Ill. App. 3d 449, 451
(2008).
¶ 32 In this case, Torry contends that the State failed to prove by clear and convincing
evidence that other, less restrictive services had been explored and found inappropriate, per
subsection (F). He argues that he testified at trial that he was willing to take medication on a
voluntary basis, and his voluntary acceptance of medication should be considered a less
restrictive alternative than court-ordered involuntary medication. As noted previously, the State
has waived all argument on this point. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7), (i) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) (points not
argued are waived).
¶ 33 We begin by considering the legal question of whether a respondent’s willingness to take
medication voluntarily constitutes a “less restrictive service[]” within the meaning of section 2-
107.1 of the Code.
¶ 34 As Torry points out in his brief, voluntary treatment is the preferred method for patients
to receive mental health services in Illinois. See In re Hays, 102 Ill. 2d 314, 319-20 (1984).
Examination of our case law reveals two reasons for this preference. First, since voluntary
treatment is, by definition, agreed to by the patient in question, it does not invoke the “ ‘massive
curtailment of liberty’ ” (Barbara H., 183 Ill. 2d at 496 (quoting Vitek, 445 U.S. at 491)) that is
attendant upon involuntary mental health services. Moreover, psychiatric evidence indicates that
mental health treatment that is free from compulsion is more therapeutic and effective than
forced treatment. Hays, 102 Ill. 2d at 319 (citing Developments in the Law, Civil Commitments
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of the Mentally Ill, 87 Harv. L. Rev. 1190, 1399 (1974)); In re James E., 207 Ill. 2d 105, 114
(2003); C.E., 161 Ill. 2d 220-21 (where a patient is forcibly medicated and perceives the drug’s
effects as destructive and malignant, an antitherapeutic reaction can result that will worsen the
patient’s mental state). Thus, the provision of mental health services that are voluntary rather
than involuntary, where possible, is consonant with our supreme court’s expressed desire to
provide mentally ill persons the most beneficial kind of treatment with the minimum amount of
intrusion necessary to maintain protection of the public. See In re Stephenson, 67 Ill. 2d 544,
554 (1977).
¶ 35 In light of these considerations, any treatment to which a mental patient is willing to
consent should be considered a “less restrictive service[]” than forced treatment under section 2-
107.1. Thus, when a patient is willing to take some forms of psychotropic medication, but not
others, and the State seeks to forcibly administer medication in the latter category, the State must
first prove by clear and convincing evidence that the drugs that the patient is willing to take
“have been explored and found inappropriate” (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(4)(F) (West 2012)).
¶ 36 We now turn to apply this standard to the instant case. There was conflicting testimony
at trial regarding Torry’s willingness to take medication. Torry himself testified that he would be
willing to take safe, reliable medication that he would not need to be switched from. Regarding
the side effects of psychotropic medications, Torry stated that he was not concerned about minor
side effects, such as constipation or weight gain, but only about “deadly” side effects such as
suicidal or homicidal thoughts. By contrast, Dr. Goldberg testified that Torry was only willing to
take medication with no side effects, which, according to him, was functionally equivalent to
being unwilling to take any medication at all.
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¶ 37 Initially, we note that it is not clear whether Dr. Goldberg had a sufficient basis for his
statement that Torry was not willing to take any medication that had any side effects. The only
example he gave of a medicine that Torry refused to take was Tegretol, which does have
potentially deadly side effects, namely, suicidal thoughts. He did not elaborate upon any other
medications he might have asked Torry about. There is a significant logical gap between Torry’s
demonstrated unwillingness to take one particular drug with potentially deadly side effects and
his purported unwillingness to take any drug that would be appropriate to treating his condition,
and Dr. Goldberg’s testimony does little to bridge that gap.
¶ 38 More importantly, though, it appears that the trial court found Torry’s testimony to be
more credible than Dr. Goldberg’s testimony on this point. At the close of the hearing, the trial
court issued the following findings of fact:
“In his own testimony, [Torry] said he’d be willing to take certain medications, but he’s
got to get on some kind of treatment plan to take the medications, but you want to label it
as involuntary, but that’s just how the order is entered. It seems to me that he knows
enough that he’s got to get on some drug regimen to assess him, so at some point he can
get out and do some kind of outpatient treatment, but they need to determine, based on
his condition and his actions, he needs to get on the proper medication to assist him with
all that.” (Emphases added.)
This statement shows that the trial court credited Torry’s testimony that he was willing to take
certain medications and that he “knows enough that he’s got to get on some drug regimen.” In
light of these findings, involuntary medication would only be permissible under section 2-107.1
if the State showed that all of the medications which Torry was willing to take would be
“inappropriate” (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(4)(F) (West 2012)) to treat his condition.
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¶ 39 The State failed to make any such showing. Of the nine medications listed in the petition,
Dr. Goldberg testified that Torry refused to take Tegretol, and Torry testified that he had
previously experienced unpleasant side effects from taking Depakote. As for the remaining
seven medications, no testimony was adduced at trial regarding Torry’s willingness (or lack
thereof) to take them. Nor was it shown that the medications which Torry would have been
willing to take were not appropriate as a substitute for the medications in the petition. Israel,
278 Ill. App. 3d at 31-32, is illustrative because of the contrast it presents with the instant case.
In Israel, even though the respondent was voluntarily taking Valium, the court held that the State
was not precluded from seeking to involuntarily administer Haldol and Risperdal to him. 3 Id. at
32. The court based this conclusion upon medical testimony that the respondent was only taking
Valium to treat his anxiety, not for behavioral modification, and that the only medications which
would treat his delusions and paranoia were Haldol and Risperdal. Id. By contrast, in the instant
case, Torry testified and the trial court found that he was willing to take medication, but there
was no testimony establishing that such medication could not effectively treat his mental illness.
In the absence of such a showing, it cannot be said that the State met its burden of proof by clear
and convincing evidence, and the trial court’s finding to the contrary was against the manifest
weight of the evidence. See C.S., 383 Ill. App. 3d at 451 (finding is against the manifest weight
of the evidence where it is not grounded in evidence).
¶ 40 As a concluding matter, we note that, prior to trial, counsel for Torry filed a motion for a
pretrial conference to try and settle the matter without need for a trial. In that motion, Torry
3 The issue in Israel was not the “less restrictive services” clause of section 2-107.1;
rather, it was a challenge to the court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Id. at 31. Nonetheless, we
find the court’s analysis to be cogent here.
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“requested that his treating psychiatrist (Dr. Goldberg) find the most appropriate medication to
treat bipolar disorder with the least possible risk of side effects.” At the start of the trial, the
parties and the court had an off-the-record discussion about this motion, but it was never
officially ruled upon and no pretrial conference was held. It is unclear from the record why this
motion was not granted. Nor shall we speculate on the trial court’s reasons. We simply note
that, where a respondent is willing to voluntarily take psychotropic medication, a pretrial
settlement would be favored, since it would serve the ends of judicial economy as well as
protecting the respondent’s liberty interests and effectuating treatment. See Robert S., 213 Ill. 2d
at 46 (forcible administration of psychotropic medication is a particularly severe interference
with an individual’s liberty); Hays, 102 Ill. 2d at 319 (psychiatric evidence shows that voluntary
mental health treatment is more effective than forced treatment).
¶ 41 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 42 For the foregoing reasons, we find that the State failed to prove by clear and convincing
evidence that less restrictive services had been explored and found inappropriate, and, therefore,
the trial court erred in granting the petition to involuntarily administer psychotropic medication
to Torry. See 405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(4)(F) (West 2012).
¶ 43 Reversed.
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