JOHNSON, J.
The trial court properly refused to submit the issue of undue influence. Here, the caveators contend it was shown by the evidence that the testatrix in making the will was unduly influenced by her brother David J. Kemp, who died 13 days before the will was made. It is not suggested that any one except David unduly influenced the testatrix. The caveators rest this exception solely on the theory of the posthumous continuation of undue influence allegedly exerted by the brother during his lifetime. In effect, the caveators contend that the hand from the grave reached up and wrote the will.
Conceding, but not deciding, that there is no sound reason why upon proof of the exertion of undue influence it may not be shown to have continued to operate in a controlling manner on the mind of the victim after the death of the person alleged to have exercised it
(Penniston v. Kerrigan,
159 Ga. 345, 125 S.E. 795;
Trust Co. of Ga. v. Ivey,
178 Ga. 629, 173 S.E. 648; 13 N. C. Law Rev. 268. But compare
Henderson v. Jackson,
138 Iowa 326, 111 N.W. 821), even so, on this record there is no showing of undue influence on the part of the deceased brother David J. Kemp.
To constitute undue influence, within the meaning of the law, as stated by
Stacy, 0. J.,
in
In re Will of Turnage,
208 N.C. 130, 179 S.E. 332, “there must be something operating upon the mind of the person whose act is called in judgment, of sufficient controlling effect to destroy free agency and to render the instrument, brought in question, not properly an expression of the wishes of the maker, but rather the expression of the will of another. ‘It is the substitution of the mind of the person exercising the influence for the mind of the testator, causing him to make a will which he otherwise would not have made.’
“In short, undue influence, which justifies the setting aside of a will, is a fraudulent influence, or such an overpowering influence as amounts to a legal wrong. ... It is close akin to coercion produced by importunity, or by a silent, resistless power, exercised by the strong over the weak, which could not be resisted, so that the end reached is tantamount to the effect produced by the use of fear or force. To constitute such undue influence, it is not necessary that there should exist moral turpitude, but whatever destroys free agency and constrains the person, whose act is brought in judgment, to do what is against his or her will, and what he or she otherwise would not have done, is a fraudulent influence in the eye of the law. . . .” (208 N.C., pp. 131 and 132). See also:
In re Ball's Will,
225 N.C. 91, 33 S.E. 2d 619;
In re Evans’ Will,
223 N.C. 206, 25 S.E. 2d 556;
In re Harris’ Will,
218 N.C. 459, 11 S.E. 2d 310;
In re Turnage’s Will,
208 N.C. 130, 179 S.E. 332;
In re Hurdle’s Will,
190 N.C. 221, 129 S.E. 589.
There is no evidence that David J. Kemp during his lifetime said or did anything to the testatrix which might be construed as amounting to an overpowering influence or as tending in any way to coerce her actions or destroy her free will. In fact, aside from the recitals in the will, the only evidence in the record that she ever discussed with her brother David the making of a will is the testimony of the attorney who drew the will. He said she told him “she and her brother had often discussed their affairs and that they had decided that they were going to give their property to the orphan children of the county, and they thought that the Kandolph Hospital could better administer it, and that she wanted to carry out her wishes and the wishes of her brother.” Besides, the record indicates that the testatrix lived more than three years after the will was made. Yet there is no evidence that she ever intimated any discontent with the will or suggested that its terms were not in accord with her wishes.
It follows, therefore, that the assignment of error based on the refusal of the court to submit the issue of undue influence may not be sustained.
However, there appears to be substantial merit in the caveators’ excep-tive assignments to the charge of the trial court as to the burden of proof on the issue of mental capacity. In fixing the burden of proof on this issue the court instructed the jury as follows:
“In connection with the second issue, the burden of proof thereon rests upon the caveators to satisfy the jury by the greater weight of the evidence that at the time the said Annis S. Kemp signed and executed said paper writing that she was incapable by reason of her mental incapacity to know and comprehend the nature, character and extent of her property, who were the natural objects of her bounty, how she was disposing of her property, and the effect of such disposition upon her estate.”
It thus appears that the court placed on the caveators the burden of showing that the testatrix was lacking in all of the essential elements of testamentary capacity; whereas, to. establish testamentary incapacity, it suffices to negative only one of the essential elements of testamentary capacity.
True, the court thereafter instructed the jury that a person has capacity to make a will when he possesses “mind sufficient (1) to understand without prompting the business about which he is engaged when his will is executed; (2) the kind and extent of the property to be willed; (3) the persons who are the natural objects of his bounty; and (4) the manner in which he desires the disposition of his property to take effect, and the effect which the disposition of the property would have upon his estate.”
This would seem to be a satisfactory statement of the essential elements of testamentary capacity
(In re Rawlings’ Will,
170 N.C. 58, 86 S.E.
794;
Bost v. Bost,
87 N.C. 479;
In re Will of Tatum,
233 N.C. 723, 65 S.E. 2d 351;
In re Will of York,
231 N.C. 70, 55 S.E. 2d 791; 57 Am. Jur., Wills, Sec. 64), and if nothing further to the contrary appeared, it might be assumed that upon a contextual interpretation of the foregoing portions of the charge, the error in fixing the burden of proof in the conjunctive rather than in the disjunctive might be treated as harmless. However, it is observed that the erroneous instruction was twice repeated, with the court in its final summation telling the jury in effect that the burden was on the caveators to show that the testatrix was lacking in all of the essential elements of testamentary capacity, this last instruction being as follows:
“If the caveators have satisfied you from the evidence and by its greater weight that on the date of the execution of the purported will of Annis S. Kemp that she lacked or did not have sufficient mental capacity to know the nature and extent of her property, its value, who were the natural objects of her bounty, and the force and effect of the disposition of her property by will, in that event you would answer the issue Tbs. If the caveators have failed to so satisfy you, the burden resting upon them, then you would answer the issue No.”
Thus, upon consideration of the whole charge, it would seem that the caveators were unduly burdened in overcoming the presumption of testamentary capacity.
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JOHNSON, J.
The trial court properly refused to submit the issue of undue influence. Here, the caveators contend it was shown by the evidence that the testatrix in making the will was unduly influenced by her brother David J. Kemp, who died 13 days before the will was made. It is not suggested that any one except David unduly influenced the testatrix. The caveators rest this exception solely on the theory of the posthumous continuation of undue influence allegedly exerted by the brother during his lifetime. In effect, the caveators contend that the hand from the grave reached up and wrote the will.
Conceding, but not deciding, that there is no sound reason why upon proof of the exertion of undue influence it may not be shown to have continued to operate in a controlling manner on the mind of the victim after the death of the person alleged to have exercised it
(Penniston v. Kerrigan,
159 Ga. 345, 125 S.E. 795;
Trust Co. of Ga. v. Ivey,
178 Ga. 629, 173 S.E. 648; 13 N. C. Law Rev. 268. But compare
Henderson v. Jackson,
138 Iowa 326, 111 N.W. 821), even so, on this record there is no showing of undue influence on the part of the deceased brother David J. Kemp.
To constitute undue influence, within the meaning of the law, as stated by
Stacy, 0. J.,
in
In re Will of Turnage,
208 N.C. 130, 179 S.E. 332, “there must be something operating upon the mind of the person whose act is called in judgment, of sufficient controlling effect to destroy free agency and to render the instrument, brought in question, not properly an expression of the wishes of the maker, but rather the expression of the will of another. ‘It is the substitution of the mind of the person exercising the influence for the mind of the testator, causing him to make a will which he otherwise would not have made.’
“In short, undue influence, which justifies the setting aside of a will, is a fraudulent influence, or such an overpowering influence as amounts to a legal wrong. ... It is close akin to coercion produced by importunity, or by a silent, resistless power, exercised by the strong over the weak, which could not be resisted, so that the end reached is tantamount to the effect produced by the use of fear or force. To constitute such undue influence, it is not necessary that there should exist moral turpitude, but whatever destroys free agency and constrains the person, whose act is brought in judgment, to do what is against his or her will, and what he or she otherwise would not have done, is a fraudulent influence in the eye of the law. . . .” (208 N.C., pp. 131 and 132). See also:
In re Ball's Will,
225 N.C. 91, 33 S.E. 2d 619;
In re Evans’ Will,
223 N.C. 206, 25 S.E. 2d 556;
In re Harris’ Will,
218 N.C. 459, 11 S.E. 2d 310;
In re Turnage’s Will,
208 N.C. 130, 179 S.E. 332;
In re Hurdle’s Will,
190 N.C. 221, 129 S.E. 589.
There is no evidence that David J. Kemp during his lifetime said or did anything to the testatrix which might be construed as amounting to an overpowering influence or as tending in any way to coerce her actions or destroy her free will. In fact, aside from the recitals in the will, the only evidence in the record that she ever discussed with her brother David the making of a will is the testimony of the attorney who drew the will. He said she told him “she and her brother had often discussed their affairs and that they had decided that they were going to give their property to the orphan children of the county, and they thought that the Kandolph Hospital could better administer it, and that she wanted to carry out her wishes and the wishes of her brother.” Besides, the record indicates that the testatrix lived more than three years after the will was made. Yet there is no evidence that she ever intimated any discontent with the will or suggested that its terms were not in accord with her wishes.
It follows, therefore, that the assignment of error based on the refusal of the court to submit the issue of undue influence may not be sustained.
However, there appears to be substantial merit in the caveators’ excep-tive assignments to the charge of the trial court as to the burden of proof on the issue of mental capacity. In fixing the burden of proof on this issue the court instructed the jury as follows:
“In connection with the second issue, the burden of proof thereon rests upon the caveators to satisfy the jury by the greater weight of the evidence that at the time the said Annis S. Kemp signed and executed said paper writing that she was incapable by reason of her mental incapacity to know and comprehend the nature, character and extent of her property, who were the natural objects of her bounty, how she was disposing of her property, and the effect of such disposition upon her estate.”
It thus appears that the court placed on the caveators the burden of showing that the testatrix was lacking in all of the essential elements of testamentary capacity; whereas, to. establish testamentary incapacity, it suffices to negative only one of the essential elements of testamentary capacity.
True, the court thereafter instructed the jury that a person has capacity to make a will when he possesses “mind sufficient (1) to understand without prompting the business about which he is engaged when his will is executed; (2) the kind and extent of the property to be willed; (3) the persons who are the natural objects of his bounty; and (4) the manner in which he desires the disposition of his property to take effect, and the effect which the disposition of the property would have upon his estate.”
This would seem to be a satisfactory statement of the essential elements of testamentary capacity
(In re Rawlings’ Will,
170 N.C. 58, 86 S.E.
794;
Bost v. Bost,
87 N.C. 479;
In re Will of Tatum,
233 N.C. 723, 65 S.E. 2d 351;
In re Will of York,
231 N.C. 70, 55 S.E. 2d 791; 57 Am. Jur., Wills, Sec. 64), and if nothing further to the contrary appeared, it might be assumed that upon a contextual interpretation of the foregoing portions of the charge, the error in fixing the burden of proof in the conjunctive rather than in the disjunctive might be treated as harmless. However, it is observed that the erroneous instruction was twice repeated, with the court in its final summation telling the jury in effect that the burden was on the caveators to show that the testatrix was lacking in all of the essential elements of testamentary capacity, this last instruction being as follows:
“If the caveators have satisfied you from the evidence and by its greater weight that on the date of the execution of the purported will of Annis S. Kemp that she lacked or did not have sufficient mental capacity to know the nature and extent of her property, its value, who were the natural objects of her bounty, and the force and effect of the disposition of her property by will, in that event you would answer the issue Tbs. If the caveators have failed to so satisfy you, the burden resting upon them, then you would answer the issue No.”
Thus, upon consideration of the whole charge, it would seem that the caveators were unduly burdened in overcoming the presumption of testamentary capacity.
We have not overlooked the decision in
In re Will of Efird,
195 N.C. 76, 141 S.E. 460, in which similar inexact instructions as to the burden of proof were held not sufficiently prejudicial to warrant a new trial. But the
Efird case
is distinguishable. Upon a contextual construction of the charge in that case, in the light of the theory of the trial, it is apparent that the jury easily understood that the paper writing was not a valid will if any or either of the enumerated elements of testamentary capacity was lacking. Here, a study of the entire charge engenders the impression that the jury likely acted upon the belief that testamentary capacity may subsist even in the absence of one or more of the essential elements thereof. That harm came to the caveators from this appears all the more likely in view of the fact that in the trial of the case, — particularly in cross-examining the propounder’s witnesses, — the caveators undertook to show that the testatrix was lacking in single, specific elements of testamentary capacity.
A careful study of the record impels the conclusion that the caveators are entitled to a new trial.
Since the questions raised by the caveators’ other exceptive assignments of error may not arise on the retrial, we refrain from discussing them.
New trial.