FILED Sep 26 2019, 8:42 am
CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT, A.B. ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Leanna Weissmann Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Lawrenceburg, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana David E. Corey Deputy Attorney General ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT, J.R. Indianapolis, Indiana Kimberly A. Jackson Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In Re: the Termination of the September 26, 2019 Parent-Child Relationship of: Court of Appeals Case No. K.R., J.T.R., J.L.R., & E.R. 19A-JT-487 (Minor Children); Appeal from the Steuben Circuit A.B. (Mother) and J.R. (Father), Court The Honorable Allen N. Wheat, Appellants-Respondents, Judge v. Trial Court Cause Nos. 76C01-1807-JT-234 76C01-1807-JT-235 The Indiana Department of 76C01-1807-JT-236 Child Services, 76C01-1807-JT-237 Appellee-Petitioner.
Pyle, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 1 of 18 Statement of the Case [1] A.B. (“Mother”) and J.R. (“Father”) (collectively “Parents”) each appeal the
termination of the parent-child relationship with their children J.L.R.
(“J.L.R.”), E.R. (“E.R.”), J.T.R. (“J.T.R.”) and K.R. (“K.R.”) (collectively
“the Children”). Parents argue that the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting their drug test results into evidence and that there is insufficient
evidence to support the terminations. Regarding the sufficiency of the
evidence, Parents argue that the Department of Child Services (“DCS”) failed
to prove by clear and convincing evidence that there is a reasonable probability
that the conditions that resulted in the Children’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home will not be remedied. Mother also argues that
DCS failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the termination of
the parent-child relationships is in the Children’s best interests and that there is
a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the Children. Concluding that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence and that there is
sufficient evidence to support the termination of the parent-child relationships,
we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
[2] We affirm.
Issues 1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting Parents’ drug test results into evidence.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 2 of 18 2. Whether there is sufficient evidence to support the terminations.
Facts [3] The evidence and reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom that support the
judgment reveal that Mother and Father are the parents of K.R., who was born
in June 2004; J.T.R., who was born in in May 2008; E.R., who was born in
December 2010; and J.L.R., who was born in March 2013. In April 2017, DCS
removed the Children from Parents’ home because of conditions in the home
and domestic violence. One week later, the Children were returned to the
home for a trial visit. At this time, Father was incarcerated. After Mother had
a positive drug test, DCS removed the Children from the home again in May
2017 and placed them in foster care.
[4] The trial court subsequently adjudicated the Children to be children in need of
services (“CHINS”). In September 2017, following the CHINS adjudication,
the trial court ordered Parents to: (1) maintain suitable and safe housing; (2)
secure and maintain a legal and stable source of income; (3) submit to random
drug screens; (4) complete parenting assessments and successfully complete all
recommendations; (5) complete psychological evaluations and successfully
complete all recommendations; (6) complete substance abuse assessments and
successfully complete all recommendations; and (7) abstain from the use of
illegal controlled substances.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 3 of 18 [5] In July 2018, DCS filed petitions to terminate the parent-child relationships.
Testimony at the January 2019 termination hearing revealed that although
Parents had participated in the court-ordered assessments, Parents had failed to
successfully complete any of the court-ordered programs. In addition, Parents,
who were living with Mother’s brother and his family at the time of the
termination hearing, did not have stable housing to accommodate the Children.
Mother’s brother, who had recently lost his job, also housed his girlfriend and
his five children. Further, although Mother was employed at the time of the
hearing, her employment throughout the proceedings had been sporadic. In
addition, the testimony revealed that during the course of the proceedings,
Parents had never progressed to unsupervised visitation with the Children.
[6] Also during the hearing, the trial court admitted Parents’ drug test results over
Parents’ objections. (State’s Exhibits 30 (Father’s Test Results) and 31
(Mother’s Test Results)). Each exhibit included a total of nearly sixty pages of
Parents’ consents and drug testing results. The trial court admitted these
exhibits during the telephonic testimony of Bridget Lemberg (“Lemberg”), lab
director and custodian of the records at Forensic Fluids Laboratories (“Forensic
Fluids”) in Michigan. Forensic Fluids is licensed by the Michigan State
Department of Health with CLIA certification by the Federal Department of
Health and Human Services. Each exhibit was also accompanied by Lemberg’s
sworn affidavit, which provided that in her capacity as lab director, she was
“familiar with the procedures employed to ensure the chain of custody of
samples, the testing of those samples, and the validity of the test procedures
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 4 of 18 employed by [the] laboratory.” (State’s Ex. 30 and 31 at 54). Lemberg also set
forth in detail the laboratory’s procedures and affirmed that all of the
procedures had been followed when testing Parents’ submitted samples.
Lemberg’s affidavit further explained that the laboratory reports set forth in the
exhibits had been “maintained in the normal course of business activity as []
business record[s].” (State’s Exs. 30 and 31 at 55).
[7] According to the drug test results, Mother tested positive for amphetamine and
methamphetamine in August, September, and October 2018 after the
termination petitions had been filed. Mother also submitted to a drug test the
day of the termination hearing, and the results of that test were also positive for
methamphetamine. In addition, Mother testified at the termination hearing
that she had used methamphetamine in August, September, and October 2018
and that she had no reason to believe that the positive drug test results from that
period were inaccurate. Mother also admitted that she had not completed any
of the court-ordered services and that she had never progressed to unsupervised
visitation.
[8] Father also testified that he had used methamphetamine, amphetamine, and
marijuana in August, September, and October 2018 and did not dispute the
positive drug test results from that time period. Father admitted that he had
used illegal drugs “probably all [his] life” and believed that it would be
appropriate for his children to live with him even though he continued to use
drugs because, according to him, his drug use did not affect the Children. (Tr.
Vol. 2 at 142). He also testified that he was in “a little bit worse” of a place to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 5 of 18 have the Children living with him than he was when they were removed twenty
months before the hearing because he did not “have [his] own, [his] own place
for ‘em.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 144). The evidence also revealed that Father had two
pending charges for dealing methamphetamine as Level 2 and 4 felonies.
According to Father, he thought that he would be convicted of the Level 4
charge but not the Level 2 one.
[9] Also at the hearing, former DCS Family Case Manager Tennille Evers (“FCM
Evers”), who had been the family’s case manager from November 2016 until
October 2018, testified that during that time period, Parents had not
“progress[ed] . . . in any meaningful way in terms of improving their overall
situation relative to uh the reason that they ha[d] involvement at the DCS.”
(Tr. Vol. 2 at 165). Specifically, FCM Evers explained that Parents’ “drug
issues [had] continued. Their domestic violence issues [had] continued. Their
housing situation was unstable at best.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 165). DCS FCM Justin
Kuhnle, who had been the family’s case manager since November 2018,
testified that the four children were in foster care and that the plan for them was
adoption.
[10] Therapist Suzanne Poe (“Therapist Poe”), who supervised the visits between
Parents and the Children, testified that based on her observations during the
visits, she would have concerns for the Children’s safety if they were placed in a
home with Father. Specifically, Therapist Poe explained that she was
concerned about the way Father had interacted with Mother and the things that
she had heard Father say to Mother. She was also concerned about the anger
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 6 of 18 that she had seen him display toward Mother and his inability to calm down.
Therapist Poe was particularly concerned about “the mental and emotional
state of the children should they witness such interactions between their
parents.” (Tr. Vol. 3 at 38).
[11] Following the hearing, the trial court issued an order terminating the parental
relationships between Parents and their four children. Each parent separately
appeals the terminations.
Decision [12] Parents contend that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion in admitting their
drug test results into evidence and (2) there is insufficient evidence to support
the terminations. We address each of their contentions in turn.
1. Admission of Evidence
[13] Parents argue that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting Exhibits 30
and 31, their drug test results, into evidence over their objections. Parents
specifically contend that the test results were hearsay. DCS responds that the
test results were admissible pursuant to the records of regularly conducted
activity exception, which was previously referred to as the business records
exception, to the hearsay rule. We agree with DCS.
[14] The admission of evidence is left to the sound discretion of the trial court, and
we will not reverse that decision except for an abuse of discretion. In re
Involuntary Termination of the Parent Child Relationship of A.H., 832 N.E.2d 563,
567 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 7 of 18 decision is against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it.
Id.
[15] Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered in evidence to prove the truth of
the matter asserted. Ind. Evidence Rule 802(c). Hearsay is not admissible
unless is falls under certain exceptions. Evid. R. 802. One such exception is
that of records of a regularly conducted activity. Specifically, Evid. R. 803(6)
provides that such records are admissible if:
(A) the record was made at or near the time by – or from information transmitted by – someone with knowledge;
(B) the record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted activity of a business, organization, occupation, or calling, whether or not for profit;
(C) making the record was a regular practice of that activity;
(D) all these conditions are shown by the testimony of the custodian or another qualified witness, or by a certification that complies with Rule 902(11) or (12) [the rule on self- authentication] or with a statute permitting certification; and
(E) neither the source of the information nor the method or circumstances of preparation indicated a lack of trustworthiness.
This hearsay exception is grounded on the theory that records of regularly
conducted activity are reliable because they can be checked systematically.
Stahl v. State, 686 N.E.2d 89, 92 (Ind. 1997).
[16] The Indiana Supreme Court has explained as follows regarding this rule:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 8 of 18 The business records exception to the hearsay rule is based on the fact that the circumstances of preparation assure the accuracy and reliability of the entries. As we have observed more recently, the reliability of business records stems in part from the fact that the organization depends on them to operate, from the sense that they are subject to review, audit, or internal checks, [and] from the precision engendered by the repetition[.]
In essence, the basis for the business records exception is that reliability is assured because the maker of the record relies on the record in the ordinary course of business activities. The ‘regular course’ of business ‘must find its meaning in the inherent nature of the business in question and in the methods systematically employed for the conduct of the business as a business.’ Thus where a company does not rely upon certain records for the performance of its function those records are not business records within the meaning of the exception to the hearsay rule[.] It is not enough to qualify under the business records exception to show that the records are made regularly, rather, the court must also look to ‘the character of the records and their earmarks of reliability acquired from their source and origin and the nature of the compilation.’
Termination of Parent-Child Relationship of E.T., 808 N.E.2d 639, 642-43 (Ind.
2004) (citations omitted).
[17] Here, Parents specifically argue that their drug test results do not fit into the
business records exception to the hearsay rule. In support of their argument,
they direct us to Matter of L.S., 125 N.E.3d 628 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), wherein
another panel of this Court held that the exhibits that contained a mother’s
Forensic Fluids’ drug test results did not fall under the business records
exception to the rule against hearsay. Id. at 634. Specifically, that panel
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 9 of 18 explained that although Lemberg’s affidavits explained that the laboratory
reports had been maintained in the normal course of business activity as
business records, the panel also had to consider whether Forensic Fluids had
depended on those records to operate or to conduct business. Id. After
considering this issue, the panel determined that Forensic Fluids had not
depended on drug test results to operate or to conduct business. Id. Rather, the
panel concluded that the drug test results had been documented for the benefit
of DCS and were, therefore, not admissible under the business records
exception to the hearsay rule. Id.
[18] In support of its decision, the panel cited E.T., 808 N.E.2d at 645, wherein the
Indiana Supreme Court held that reports of SCAN’s (“SCAN”)1 home visits
and supervised visitations did not fit into the business records exception to the
hearsay rule. Specifically, the Indiana Supreme Court explained that the
reports included third-party statements concerning events not observed by
SCAN’s staff members as well as conclusory lay opinions. Id. at 643, 644. The
Supreme Court further pointed out that the reports appeared to have been
compiled for the sole benefit of DCS, and that, in fact, the only clients of this
particular SCAN program were those referred by DCS. Id. at 644-45. In
addition, there was nothing in the record that supported the view that the
reports had been prepared for the systematic conduct of SCAN as a non-profit
1 SCAN, Inc. is a non-profit corporation whose mission is to “prevent child abuse and neglect through direct service, education, coordination and advocacy.” E.T., 808 N.E.2d at 640-41.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 10 of 18 corporation. Id. at 645. In fact, a survey of Indiana cases revealed that nothing
similar to the SCAN reports had ever been included by our courts within the
business records exception. Id. Rather, cases from the Indiana Supreme Court
and Court of Appeals revealed that evidence held as admissible included blood
alcohol test results (Reeves v. Boyd & Sons, 654 N.E.2d 864 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995))
as well as blood and DNA results (Fowler v. Napier, 663 N.E.2d 1197 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1996); Humbert v. Smith, 655 N.E.2d 602 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995); Burp v.
State, 612 N.E.2d 169 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993)). E.T., 808 N.E.2d at 645 n.4 (and
cases cited therein). Further, unlike documents traditionally allowed under the
business records exception, the SCAN reports “appear[ed] to be substantive end
products of a service offered by SCAN, Inc. solely for an external governmental
agency, to become the permanent property of that agency.” Id. In sum, the
Indiana Supreme Court held that the SCAN reports did not qualify as business
records. Id.
[19] Our review of the facts in E.T. reveals that they are distinguishable from the
facts before us. Specifically, Forensic Fluids functions independently from any
law enforcement body or state agency. Rather, its services are presumably
available to any person, public or private, corporate or individual, who wishes
to pay the lab fees. In addition, the chemical analyses performed at Forensic
Fluids appear to be routine procedures, done for whomever requests them.
These facts distinguish the SCAN reports on E.T. from the drug test results in
this case and leads us to disagree with the result in L.S. Accordingly, we
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 11 of 18 conclude that drug test results do indeed fit into the business records exception
to the hearsay rule.
[20] This conclusion is consistent with the results reached in other jurisdictions. See
In the Matter of S.D.J., 665 S.E.2d 818, 822 (N.C. Ct. App. 2008) (explaining
that blood test results are records made in the usually course of business); J.G. v.
State, 685 So.2d 1385, 1385 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997) (holding that the trial
court did not err in admitting drug test reports under the business records
exception to the hearsay rule); Montoya v. State, 832 S.W.2d 138, 141 (Tex. App.
1992) (holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting drug
test result into evidence pursuant to the business record exception to the hearsay
rule); Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Kravontka, 558 A.2d 865, 871 (Pa. Super.
Ct. 1989) (holding that there was “no question that [Kravontka’s blood alcohol
test results were] properly admitted into evidence pursuant to the business
records exception to the hearsay rule).
[21] We further note that even if we had concluded that the trial court had
improperly admitted the Parents’ drug test results, any such error was harmless
because the remaining evidence presented at the termination hearing, as
discussed below, was more than sufficient to support the termination of Parents’
parental rights.2 See E.T., 808 at 646 (explaining that the improper admission of
2 Parents also argue that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the test results because: (1) the tests were not administered in accordance with proper protocol; (2) “Lemberg’s affidavit appears to have been drafted, at least in part, to certify a single drug test, not the 40 drug tests referenced in documents attached to each affidavit;”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 12 of 18 evidence is harmless error when the judgment is supported by substantial
independent evidence to satisfy the reviewing court that there is no substantial
likelihood that the questioned evidence contributed to the judgment).
2. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[22] Parents argue that there is insufficient evidence to support the terminations.
The traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is
protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In
re J.W., Jr., 27 N.E.3d 1185, 1187-88 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.
However, a trial court must subordinate the interests of the parents to those of
the child when evaluating the circumstances surrounding a termination. Id. at
1188. Termination of the parent-child relationship is proper where a child’s
emotional and physical development is threatened. Id. Although the right to
raise one’s own child should not be terminated solely because there is a better
home available for the child, parental rights may be terminated when a parent is
unable or unwilling to meet his or her parental responsibilities. Id.
[23] Before an involuntary termination of parental rights may occur, DCS is
required to allege and prove, among other things:
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(Father’s Br. at 29) and (3) DCS failed to establish a proper chain of custody. We also reject these arguments because any error in the admission of the test results would be harmless error.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 13 of 18 (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well- being of the child.
(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated a child in need of services;
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child.
IND. CODE § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). DCS must prove the alleged circumstances by
clear and convincing evidence. K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d
1225, 1230 (Ind. 2013).
[24] When reviewing a termination of parental rights, this Court will not reweigh
the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. In re R.S., 56 N.E.3d 625,
628 (Ind. 2016). We consider only the evidence and any reasonable inferences
to be drawn therefrom that support the judgment and give due regard to the
trial court’s opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses firsthand.
K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1229.
[25] When the trial court’s judgment contains specific findings of fact and
conclusions thereon, we apply a two-tiered standard of review. In re R.S., 56
N.E.3d at 628. First, we determine whether the evidence supports the findings,
and second, we determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id. We
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 14 of 18 will set aside a trial court’s judgment terminating a parent-child relationship
only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. Findings are clearly erroneous only when the
record contains no facts or inferences to be drawn therefrom that support them.
In re A.G., 6 N.E.3d 952, 957 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). A judgment is clearly
erroneous if the findings do not support the trial court’s conclusions or the
conclusions do not support the judgment. Id.
[26] Mother and Father both argue that DCS failed to prove by clear and convincing
evidence that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted
in the Children’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home will
not be remedied. In determining whether the conditions that resulted in a
child’s removal or placement outside the home will not be remedied, we engage
in a two-step analysis. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 643 (Ind. 2014). We first
identify the conditions that led to removal or placement outside the home and
then determine whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions
will not be remedied. Id. The second step requires trial courts to judge a
parent’s fitness at the time of the termination proceeding, taking into
consideration evidence of changed conditions and balancing any recent
improvements against habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there
is a substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation. Id. Habitual
conduct may include parents’ prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse,
history of neglect, failure to provide support, and a lack of adequate housing
and employment. A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1157
(Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. The trial court may also consider services
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 15 of 18 offered to the parent by DCS and the parent’s response to those services as
evidence of whether conditions will be remedied. Id.
[27] Here, our review of the evidence reveals that the Children were removed from
Parents because of conditions in the home, domestic violence, and drug use.
Evidence at the termination hearing revealed that Mother and Father have not
provided suitable housing for the Children. Specifically, at the time of the
hearing, Parents were living with Mother’s brother, who had recently lost his
job and who also housed his girlfriend and his five children. In addition,
Parents admitted that they had continued to use methamphetamine throughout
the proceedings and even after the termination petitions had been filed. Father
did not believe that his drug use affected the Children even though he had two
pending felony charges for dealing methamphetamine. Further, neither parent
had completed any of the court-ordered programs. FCM Evers testified that the
conditions that had resulted in the Children’s removal had not been remedied
because the drug and domestic violence issues continued and the family’s
housing situation was unstable. This evidence supports the trial court’s
conclusion that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the Children’s removal would not be remedied. We find no error.
[28] Mother also argues that there is insufficient evidence that the termination was
in the Children’s best interests. In determining whether termination of parental
rights is in the best interests of a child, the trial court is required to look at the
totality of the evidence. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004),
trans. denied. In so doing, the court must subordinate the interests of the parents
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 16 of 18 to those of the child involved. Id. Termination of the parent-child relationship
is proper where the child’s emotional and physical development is threatened.
In re R.S., 774 N.E.2d 927, 930 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. “‘A parent’s
historical inability to provide adequate housing, stability and supervision
coupled with a current inability to provide the same will support a finding that
continuation of the parent-child relationship is contrary to the child’s best
interest.’” In re B.D.J., 728 N.E.2d 195, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (quoting
Matter of Adoption of D.V.H., 604 N.E.2d 634, 638 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992), trans.
denied, superceded by rule on other grounds). Here, our review of the evidence
reveals that Mother and Father have historically been unable to provide
housing, stability, and supervision for the Children. Further, testimony at the
termination hearing revealed that they were unable to provide the same at the
time of the hearing. Mother’s argument therefore fails, and there is sufficient
evidence that termination is in the Children’s best interests.
[29] Last, Mother argues that DCS does not have a satisfactory plan for the
Children’s care and treatment. This Court has previously explained that the
plan for the care and treatment of the child need not be detailed, so long as it
offers a general sense of the direction in which the child will be going after the
parent-child relationship is terminated. In re L.B., 889 N.E.2d 326, 341 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2008). Here, the DCS caseworker testified the plan for the care and
treatment of the Children is adoption. This is a satisfactory plan. See In re
A.N.J., 690 N.E.2d 716, 722 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 17 of 18 [30] Affirmed.
Robb, J., concur in result.
Mathias, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-487 | September 26, 2019 Page 18 of 18