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STATE OF WASHINGTON
20113 APR -9 Ali 9:2a
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In re the Marriage of: No. 76144-7-1
KEVAN HUSTON, DIVISION ONE
Appellant,
and
ANA HUSTON, UNPUBLISHED
Respondent. FILED: April 9, 2018
Cox, J. — This is primarily a factual appeal by Kevan Huston ("Kevan").
He challenges the findings and conclusions of the trial court. Substantial
evidence supports the findings and the findings support the conclusions, with one
exception. That exception is the monthly net income figure that the trial court
calculated on the child support worksheets. We cannot reconcile that figure with
the information on Kevan's 2015 W-2 form that the trial court used for his child
support obligation and other matters in this dissolution. Accordingly, we affirm in
part, vacate in part, and remand with directions to address these apparent
inconsistencies. No. 76144-7-1/2
Kevan and Ana Huston met in late 2001:1 They married two years later..
At the time, Ana held a M.S. Degree in Nursing and worked in a family clinic in
New York City. The couple had their first child, E., in 2005 and decided that Ana
would leave her job to stay at home with E.
Over the next few years, they moved frequently for Kevan's work. After -
some time in San Francisco, Kevan accepted a position with Microsoft in the
Seattle area in 2008. Four years later, the couple returned to New York so
Kevan could take a position as vice president at his current employer, Evercore
Partners. When he joined Evercore Partners, he received restricted stock units
("RSUs") to compensate him for stock options he lost by leaving Microsoft. In
2007, the couple had a second child, M.
That same year, the marriage began fracturing. The couple saw a
couple's counselor for several months. Kevan would act aggressively at these
sessions.
Kevan began abusing alcohol and other substances. His drinking
markedly increased shortly after the move to San Francisco. Once in
Washington, Kevan began experiencing anxiety, for which he was proscribed
certain prescription drugs, including benzodiazepine. He became dependent on
this drug. Back in New York City, Kevan drank more and began using cocaine in
early 2013.
1 For purposes of clarity, we use the first names of the parties in this decision.
2 No. 76144-7-1/3
By October 2012, Ana was pregnant with a third child, K. After
Thanksgiving, Kevan perpetrated two acts of domestic violence involving Ana
and, in December 2012, the couple separated.
Ana took the children and left to stay with family in Peru. Then, after a
brief stay with Kevan's parents, she moved with the children to Woodinville,
Washington. In June 2014, the couple purchased a house in Carnation, with a
$20,000 gift of funds from Ana's mother to Ana for the down payment.
Kevan petitioned for dissolution of the marriage on March 25, 2015. He
moved for temporary orders on June 24, 2015, seeking a temporary parenting
plan and a temporary order for child support.. The trial court commissioner
entered the requested temporary orders, ordered an award of monthly
maintenance to Ana for $3,500, and appointed Dr. Melanie English as parenting
evaluator. On July 31, 2015, Kevan moved to revise the commissioner's ruling.
He argued that the trial court should find Ana to be voluntarily underemployed
and revise certain financial obligations imposed in the previous ruling.
In August 2015, Kevan e-mailed the trial court to request emergency relief.
The trial court judge heard the matter by conference call and then,
acknowledging that it had come "before the court in an unusual procedural
posture," granted a specific August visitation schedule. Kevan failed to exercise
his rights under this schedule.
Shortly after, the trial court entered an order on the motion to revise the
commissioner's ruling. The new order granted in part and denied in part the
3 No. 76144-7-1/4
motion. It imputed income to Ana of $30 per hour. It upheld an earlier award of
$5,000 in attorney fees imposed against Kevan.
Kevan moved to reconsider on August 28, 2015, asking that the trial court
impute a higher income to Ana, and revise several financial obligations Kevan
had been ordered to pay. The trial court largely denied that motion.
Trial was set for March 14, 2016, but Kevan moved to continue until late
April. The trial court granted that motion. Trial then took place over seven days
spanning the next two months.
The trial court prepared and entered its own findings of fact, decree, child
support order, and parenting plan on September 14, 2016. The findings and
conclusions are 34 pages long. On September 26, 2016, Kevan moved for
reconsideration of these final orders. He argued that the trial court should
reconsider its orders on maintenance, imposition of an attorney fee award, and
its imputation of $30 hourly wages to Ana. The trial court denied that motion,
except to amend the earlier finding to reflect that Kevan's wages had been
garnished for child support.
Kevan appeals.
DIVISION OF PROPERTY AND LIABILITIES
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by dividing the
parties' assets and liabilities based on allegedly incorrect findings. We disagree.
4 No. 76144-7-1/5
RCW 26.09.080 requires that the trial court in a dissolution proceeding
divide the parties' community and separate assets. The division must be "just
and equitable" but not necessarily equal.2
The trial court must consider a non-exhaustive list of factors in making this
division. These include the nature and extent of community and separate
property, the marriage's duration, and the economic circumstances of the parties
at the time of division, "including the desirability of awarding the family home or
the right to live therein for reasonable periods to a spouse or domestic partner
with whom the children reside the majority of the time."3 The trial court may also
consider any party's concealment of assets.4 It may not consider the parties'
misconduct.5
This court reviews for abuse of discretion the trial court's division of assets
and liabilities.6 It does not reassess credibility.7 Since the trial court weighed the
evidence, this court's review is limited to determining if substantial evidence
supports the trial court's findings of fact.5 If so, this court then determines
2 DewBerry v. George, 115 Wn. App. 351, 366, 62 P.3d 525(2003).
3 RCW 26.09.080(1)-(4).
4 In re Marriage of Nicholson, 17 Wn. App. 110, 117, 561 P.2d 1116 (1977).
5 RCW 26.09.080
6 In re Marriage of Muhammad, 153 Wn.2d 795, 803, 108 P.3d 779 (2005).
7 In re Melter, 167 Wn. App. 285, 301, 273 P.3d 991 (2012).
8 In re Det. of H.N., 188 Wn. App. 744, 762, 355 P.3d 294(2015).
5 No. 76144-7-1/6
whether the findings support the conclusions of law and the judgment.9
Substantial evidence is a quantum of evidence "sufficient to persuade a fair-
minded person of the truth of the declared premise."1°
Depletion of Fidelity IRA *3958
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that he
wasted $117,000 of community assets in the Fidelity IRA *3958, contending that.
he spent these funds on community expenses. He argues that the trial court
consequently abused its discretion by recapturing the amount of this account and
allocating it to him in the division of assets. His argument ignores the trial court's
actual findings.
At the date of separation in December 2012, the account carried a
balance of $117,208. The trial court found that Kevan withdrew $9,991 from this
account between June and September 2013, and $9,496 between December
2013 and March 2014. After that, the trial court found that Kevan withdrew
$5,000 in March 2014. Between then and June 2014, the account was reduced
by $90,530. Between March and April 2015, another $2,000 was withdrawn.
The account was in Kevan's name.
The trial court associated these withdrawals with Kevan's extensive
discretionary expenses. It noted credit card payments he made in 2014
exceeding $60,000 and a $10,000 payment he made to his girlfriend at the time
of trial. It also noted that he had carried a "healthy balance in his accounts at all
9 Id. 10 Id.
6 No. 76144-7-1/7
times." The trial court further found that Kevan had not shown a financial need to
justify the withdrawals that he made from this account.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in recapturing $117,000 in this
account and allocating the full $117, 208 value, as of the date of separation, to
Kevan.
Kevan argues that he spent the relevant funds on community expenses.
The record does not support this argument.
Kevan provides various explanations for these expenses on appeal.
These explanations contradict the earlier explanation he gave in his motion for
temporary orders, filed June 24, 2015. There, he alleged that he had spent the
funds from his IRA on travel costs to see his children.
On appeal, Kevan claims that he paid $18,500 from this account for rent
for their home in Tarrytown, NY. Not only were these payments made between
December 2012 and April 2013, outside the relevant period of withdrawals, but
Kevan cites to statements for the *3460 account, not the Fidelity IRA *3958.
Kevan also claims that he repaid Ana's mother $20,000 from this account
on March 6, 2013. Not only is this outside the relevant period, but the record of
this transaction shows only a customer withdrawal from the *3460 account.
Kevan alleges that he transferred $35,000 on April 9, 2013,from joint
savings account *3460 to Ana's personal checking account to pay the children's
tuition. Not only was this transfer made outside the relevant period but it did not
implicate Fidelity IRA *3958.
7 No. 76144-7-1/8
Kevan alleges that he paid $32,562 as a down payment for the Carnation .
home on June 24, 2014. That payment was made from a Merrill Lynch Bank of
America account *3445, not this IRA account.
Lastly, Kevan alleges that he paid $18,151.90 in private school tuition for
the 2014 to 2015 school year. But these payments came from American Express
accounts.
Kevan argues that the trial court contradicted itself in describing the
depletion of this account. He points to the trial court's recognition that the
balance of this account was $107,219 in December 2013 and $92,754 in March
2014. He argues that these findings contradict the trial court's finding that Kevan
had spent $90,000 "of the funds in that account in the few months after [Anal
moved." But this finding referred to the Bank of America account *3460. Kevan
makes similar contentions regarding a $50,000 withdrawal that conflate these
two accounts. If these are the same account, Kevan has failed to prove it by
citation to this record.
Cash Payment to Ana
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by ignoring a
$115,000 cash payment he made from his post-separation income as spousal
support. We disagree.
Kevan argues that he paid $95,000 in regular payments of $5,000 from
the *3460 account to the jointly held *7754 account He cites Exhibit 8, which
documents withdrawals but does not specify the destination or purpose of those
withdrawals. He argues that these payments were reduced after he began
8 No. 76144-7-1/9
paying part of the Carnation home mortgage. After that point, the trial court
found that Kevan paid $19,500 of spousal maintenance between December 2014,
and May 2015, in monthly $3,250 amounts.
Kevan fails to demonstrate on this record that the trial court did not
consider these payments. The trial court indeed made a finding as to the $3,250
payments. Kevan's argument suggests the trial court was obligated to find
credible his testimony regarding the regular payments of $5,000. The trial court
was not so obligated and this court does not reweigh the credibility of evidence.11
Other Waste
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that he
wasted community funds in credit card payments and personal discretionary
expenditures. We again disagree.
Here, the trial court found that Kevan "went through $90,000 within the
first few months after" the couple separated. The trial court also found that
Kevan had made exceptional discretionary expenses.
Regarding food purchases, Kevan testified that he regularly has to buy
meals for account representatives for work. But he testified that he paid for these
transactions with a corporate American Express credit card, for which his
company was liable. He fails to explain why he would nonetheless be personally
liable for these payments.
11 Melter, 167 Wn. App. at 301.
9 No. 76144-7-1/10
Kevan also testified to paying for dinners "with people at work" with his
personal card in exchange for cash. But he did not testify that these were for
business instead of some other social purpose.
Kevan further claims that the trial court lacked support in finding that he
took a trip to St. Thomas. He cites generally to his Delta SkyMiles statements to
show that the trip never took place, and alleges that he would have testified as
much if asked. But he cites no evidence in the record to show that he did not
take this trip, only that he did not collect Delta SkyMiles on it.
Kevan also provides no satisfactory reason for paying $10,000 to his
girlfriend.
Thus, Kevan's challenge to the trial court's finding that he made wasteful
discretionary purchases is unpersuasive.
Equity in Carnation Residence
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by mischaracterizing
$20,000 of equity in the Carnation residence as Ana's separate property,
claiming it is community property. We conclude that the trial court properly
determined the character of this property.
Washington law presumes assets acquired during marriage to be
community property.12 But "[t]his presumption is rebuttable by establishing that
the acquisition fits within a separate property provision."13
12 In re Marriage of Short, 125 Wn.2d 865, 870, 890 P.2d 12(1995). 13 Id.
10 No. 76144-7-1/11
RCW 26.16.140 contains such a provision, stating that "[w]hen spouses or
domestic partners are living separate and apart, their respective earnings and
accumulations shall be the separate property of each." This language
contemplates a "defunct" marriage, rendered so "when both parties to the
marriage no longer have the will to continue the marital relationship.1,14
Here, the trial court found that the couple was separated at the time they
purchased the Carnation home. The parties put a $32,562 payment down on this
purchase. Of this amount, the trial court identified $20,000 as a gift from Ana's
mother solely for Ana's benefit. Ana's mother provided corroborating testimony.
The trial court thus properly found this gift to be Ana's separate property.
Kevan argues that the funds from Ana's mother, once deposited in the
joint account, became untraceable and thus lost their separate character. This
argument is not persuasive.
When a party deposits separate funds in a shared account, such that
"money in a single account cannot be apportioned to separate and community
sources, the community property presumption will render the entire fund
community property."16 But the funds will retain their separate property character
if "the sources of the deposits can be traced and apportioned, and the use of
withdrawals for separate or community purposes can be identified."16 In such
14 Id. at 871.
In re Marriage of Pearson-Maines, 70 Wn. App. 860, 866, 855 P.2d 15 1210(1993).
16 Id. at 867.
11 No. 76144-7-1/12
instance, "the funds are not so commingled that the account itself becomes
community property."17
The trial court found that "[t]he fact that[the $20,000] was deposited in the
joint account temporarily did not change the characterization or the intended
purpose of Ms. Huston's mother." This is correct on the record before this court.
Kevan argues that these funds cannot be Ana's separate property
because they were a loan. But he fails to explain why his characterization of
these funds as a loan changes the result. The dispositive point is that they were
separated when the funds were advanced to Ana solely for her benefit by her
mother.
Kevan also contends that Ana's mother testified that Kevan repaid her for
this loan. The record does not support this. Ana's mother testified that in March
2013, Kevan gave her $20,000 to repay "[o]ne of the loans." She did not specify
that this "loan" was the gift towards the down payment.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in making its decisions on the
basis of the challenged findings, each of which is supported by substantial
evidence.
Kevan does not challenge the justice or equity of the property division,
only the underlying factual findings. He has thus failed to show that the trial court
abused its discretion.
17 Id.
12 No. 76144-7-1/13
INCOME COMPUTATION
Kevan argues that the trial court miscalculated his income and, thus,
miscalculated the burden that certain court-ordered financial obligations would
put on him. We disagree, with one exception.
His argument focuses on his claimed 2016 and 2017 income. But the trial
court never used income information from 2016 and 2017 in this 2016 trial.
Rather, the court stated in its written findings that it used his 2015 W-2 form for
the purposes of deciding his "child support obligation, division of assets and
debts and spousal maintenance."18
The trial court calculated Kevan's gross monthly income in the child
support schedule worksheets as $18,720. That is consistent with the use of his
2015 W-2, which states his yearly gross income as $224,640.30.
But we cannot reconcile the total income tax deduction of $3,390.83 set
forth in the worksheet with the state and federal income tax and other deductions
shown on his W-2 form. We accordingly requested at oral arguments that
counsel provide supplemental briefing to clarify this discrepancy.
Our concerns are not resolved by this supplemental briefing. Because
these deductions directly affect the monthly net income figure for calculation of
his child support obligation, the trial court should address this issue on remand.
We now vacate the child support order until the inconsistencies we have
identified are resolved by the trial court.
18 Clerk's Papers at 640.
13 No. 76144-7-1/14
Kevan also argues that the trial court calculated his income without
appropriate consideration for the decreases his compensation will suffer as
certain RSUs that Kevan received from Evercore Partners, upon leaving
Microsoft and which will vest over time. But he cites as evidence the December
31, 2015 earnings statement which only references treasury stocks. Kevan cites
no evidence on this record to show that the treasury stocks indicated in the
earnings statement are identical to the RSUs referenced in the trial court's
findings or Kevan's offer letter from Evercore Partners.
Kevan claims that the trial court ordered that he pay $7,111 for child
support, childcare, private school tuition, and maintenance, all to be taken from
his net income. The record does not support that allegation.
Here, the trial court deducted maintenance prior to arriving at its monthly
net income calculation of $11,427. Kevan cites nothing in the record establishing
the cost of private school tuition that he must pay.
Kevan also contends that several unquantified costs imposed by the trial
court's orders "would exceed $2,000/month." These include a share of out-of-
pocket medical expenses, extracurricular activities, and co-parenting counseling,
as well as the full cost of hiring a case manager, a parenting supervisor,
substance treatment and evaluation, and a CPA. But he cites no evidence to
establish the cost of these obligations.
Kevan discusses within this section the $35,000 attorney fee award he
must pay, which he calculates as a $3,000 monthly obligation. He argues that
this calculation results from a division of the total award into monthly
14 No. 76144-7-1/15
contributions. Kevan cites no authority for the proposition that an attorney fee
obligation should alter calculation of the other challenged obligations.19 So we
reject this argument.
Kevan argues that the trial court failed to account for his expense in flying
back and forth across the United States to visit his children. This argument is
unpersuasive.
Ana argues that Kevan's expenses are "special child rearing expenses"
under RCW 26.19.080(3). Such expenses include "long-distance transportation
costs to and from the parents for visitation purposes."2° Such costs must be
shared by the parents in the,same proportion as the basic child support
obligation.21 And the trial court must consider the parents' ability to pay if the
issue is raised before imposing such an obligation.22
But these expenses do not fit within that definition. They include Kevan's
transportation costs, not the children's. Relatedly, they include the lodging and
food costs that Kevan may choose to spend. Kevan's argument seems to be that
these expenses, over which he has some discretionary control, should affect his
other court obligations. But he cites no authority for that principle.23
Darkenwald v. Emp't Sec. Dep't, 183 Wn.2d 237, 248, 350 P.3d 19 See 647(2015); RAP 10.3(a)(6). 20 RCW 26.19.080(3).
21 Id.
22 State ex rel. J.V.G. v. Van Guilder, 137 Wn. App. 417, 430, 154 P.3d 243(2007).
23 See Darkenwald, 183 Wn.2d at 248; RAP 10.3(a)(6).
15 No. 76144-7-1/16
MAINTENANCE
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding
maintenance to Ana. We again disagree.
RCW 26.09.090(1) provides that the award must be "as the court deems
just, without regard to misconduct, after considering all relevant factors." The
statute provides a non-exhaustive list of such factors.
These factors include each party's financial needs and resources, which
must include consideration of the division of property.24 They also include the
parties' standard of living during the marriage, the marriage's duration, and the
party seeking maintenance's age, physical and emotional condition, and financial
obligations.25
RCW 26.09.090(1)(b) also requires that the trial court consider the "time
necessary to acquire sufficient education or training to enable the party seeking
maintenance to find employment appropriate to his or her skill, interests, style of
life, and other attendant circumstances." In examining this factor, the trial court
must consider the sacrifices and contributions one spouse has made so that the
other could advance his education or career.26 Such sacrifices include "career
opportunities which the supporting spouse gave up in order to obtain sufficiently
lucrative employment, or to move to the city where the student spouse wished to
24 RCW 26.09.090(1)(a). 25 RCW 26.09.090(1).
26 Washburn v. Washburn, 101 Wn.2d 168, 180, 677 P.2d 152(1984).
16 No. 76144-7-1/17
attend school."27 To compensate for these sacrifices, the trial court may award
maintenance allowing "the supporting spouse to share, temporarily, in the
lifestyle which he or she helped the student spouse to obtain."28
This court reviews for abuse of discretion a trial court's maintenance
award.29
Here, the trial court awarded Ana three years of maintenance at $3,000 a
month. It did so after considering the RCW 26.09.090 factors. For example, it
considered the nine and a half year duration of the marriage.
It considered the parties' employment, noting Ana's M.S. degree in
nursing as well as her relevant work experience. But it also observed that Ana's
employment after she became a mother "ha[d] been sporadic, with periods of
unemployment and at most has been part-time."
That history had been interrupted in particular by the family's multiple
relocations, "brought on by Mr. Huston's change of jobs, and career
advancement." The trial court found that "Mr. Huston has had the benefit of
career advancement while Ms. Huston had to re-start her employment each time
that the family relocated." Ana had to reapply with each move for recertification,
repeatedly sacrificing professional networks and seniority. "None of the
relocations were for the advancement of Ms. Huston's career."
27 Id.
28 Id. at 179.
29 Id.
17 No. 76144-7-1/18
On this basis, the trial court found that Ana had a temporary need for
maintenance in order to transition to self-sufficiency. It awarded maintenance
accordingly. These findings are sufficient to support the maintenance award.
The trial court also took "into account the division of assets and other
financial resources of the Wife." And it found that Kevan had the ability to pay,
noting his lucrative employment, as elaborated in the Child Support Order.
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by improperly
calculating Ana's imputed income. He is wrong.
RCW 26.19.071(6) guides the trial court's calculation of imputed income.
Under that provision, the trial court imputes income to a voluntarily unemployed
or voluntarily underemployed parent.3° Ideally, the trial court imputes income
based on the parent's actual documented earnings.31 Absent such
documentation, the court must impute income based on, in order of priority, full-
time earnings at the parent's current rate of pay, full-time earnings at the parent's
historical rate of pay if based on reliable information, or full-time earnings at a
past rate, if information is incomplete.32
This court reviews for abuse of discretion a trial court's imputation of
income.33
3° RCW 26.19.071(6)
31 Id.
32 RCW 26.19.071(6)(a)-(c).
33 In re Marriage of Shui and Rose, 132 Wn. App. 568, 588, 125 P.3d 180 (2005).
18 No. 76144-7-1/19
Here, the trial court imputed Ana's hourly wage at $30 for 40 hours a
week. In doing so, it found that she was voluntarily underemployed. Although
Ana's undisputed current wage is $60 per hour, the trial court found this did not
reflect "reliable information for full time pay in Ana Huston's position."34
The trial court "further did not find that imputing full time pay to Ms.
Huston based on the higher rate of pay that she receives as a part-time nurse,
who does not receive full benefits, would be proper." Accordingly, the trial court
used the hourly rate Ana proposed. It calculated her full-time wage at $30 per
hour, equivalent to a net monthly income of $6,589.91.
These findings are substantiated by Ana's testimony at trial. Ana
explained that absent exceptional experience, she would not receive a full-time
hourly wage commensurate with her current part-time hourly wage. She only
received the higher wage for part-time work because her employer was not
paying for benefits, continuing medical education, or conference travel.
Because the trial court had evidence of Ana's actual earnings, it did not
have to reconstruct her full-time earnings. It heard testimony regarding Ana's
current wages as well as evidence on the payment practices for employers of
nurse practitioners in Ana's position, and reached the imputed income of $30 per
hour for 40 hours a week. This was not an abuse of discretion.
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering this
award because Ana provided "almost no supporting LFLR10 documents."
34 (Emphasis omitted.)
19 No. 76144-7-1/20
Elsewhere, he contends that she provided one binder of account statements
compared to his eight. This argument is unpersuasive.
RCW 26.19.071 requires disclosure and consideration of each parent's
income and resources, documented in appropriate financial records. This court
does not reweigh such evidence.35
Here, Ana provided financial records demonstrating her income and
resources. Kevan's contention that these were not sufficiently extensive
improperly asks this court to reweigh the evidentiary value of Ana's disclosure.
CHILD SUPPORT
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering him to
pay his children's private school tuition for the 2016 to 2017 school year as a
special child support obligation. We disagree.
Under RCW 26.19.080(3), private school tuition is a "special child rearing
expense[]" not included in the basic child support calculation. The trial court has
discretion to determine the "necessity for and reasonableness of" such required
expenses.36
This court has previously "held that a noncustodial parent should not be
obligated to pay for private school when acceptable public schools are available
unless there is a 'showing of special circumstances justifying the need for private
RCW 26.19.071(1).
36 RCW 26.19.080(4).
20 No 76144-7-1/21
school education!"37 Such circumstances illustratively include, under In re
Marriage of Stern, "family tradition, religion, and past attendance at a private
school."38 The trial court must also make findings on the non-custodial parent's
abi ity to pay when the issue is raised.38
This court reviews for abuse of discretion a trial court's child support
determination.4°
Here, the trial court found in the final parenting plan that:
The children have been attending the Three Cedars Waldorf School for the past years [sic]. In order to provide some level of stability for the children during the transitional time, the Court finds that it is in the best interest of the children to attend the Three Cedars Waldorf School for the 2016-2017 school year. The mother shall apply any financial assistance that the school provides to the total amount due and the remainder of the tuition shall be divided 50/50 between the parents.[41]
This finding was sufficient to support the order that Kevan pay the private
school tuition. The trial court identified a proper special circumstance, namely
the children's past attendance and need for stability. And the trial court made
extensive findings on Kevan's ability to pay in its child support order.
Guilder, 137 Wn. App. at 428 (quoting In re Marriage of Stern, 57 37 Van Wn. App. 707, 720, 789 P.2d 807(1990)).
38 57 Wn. App. 707, 720, 789 P.2d 807(1990).
39 Van Guilder, 137 Wn. App. at 430.
40 Id. at 423. 41 Clerk's Papers at 617.
21 No 76144-7-1/22
PARENTING RESTRICTIONS
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion in restricting his
visitation time and decision-making authority based on finding that he engaged in
a history of domestic violence, and abused alcohol and other substances. We
disagree.
Domestic Violence
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that he
engaged in a history of domestic violence sufficient to justify parenting
restrictions under RCW 26.09.191. The history of domestic violence is well
documented in this record.
RCW 26.09.191(1) and (2) require that a trial court restrict a parent's
residential time and decision-making authority if the parent has engaged in "a
history of acts of domestic violence. . . or an assault or sexual assault that
causes grievous bodily harm or the fear of such harm." RCW 26.50.010(3)
defines domestic violence for these purposes to include "[p]hysical harm, bodily
injury, assault, or the infliction of fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury or
assault, between family or household members." This court has previously
examined the legislative history behind these provisions to indicate that a "history
of Jomestic violence" must go beyond "isolated, de minimis incidents!"42
42 In re Marriage of C.M.C., 87 Wn. App. 84, 88, 940 P.2d 669(1997) (quoting 1987 Proposed Parenting Act, Replacing the concept of child custody, Commentary and Text 29(1987)).
22 No 76144-7-1/23
This court reviews for abuse of discretion a trial court's parenting plan
res rictions.43 This court does not reassess credibility in considering the findings
that support such decisions."
Here, the trial court found that Kevan committed two acts of domestic
violence against Ana while she was pregnant near the end of 2012. The trial
coirt found as follows:
1)[W]hen Mr. Huston came home late at night; knocked over and broke a glass in the girls' bedroom; became angry and loud; yelling at [Ana], using profanities, and telling her not to help in clean-up. She testified that he was drunk and that the incident woke up the girls who were asleep; and 2) a following incident when Mr. Huston came home late at night and during an argument pushed Ms. Huston and then pinned her against a dresser drawer. Ms. Huston testified that Mr. Huston was drunk on this occasion as well and that she could smell alcohol on him on both occasions.[45]
The trial court further found that, based on these incidents, Ana "feared for
her life and safety and that of their children." Kevan gave conflicting testimony
but the trial court found Ana to be more credible.
These findings support a mandatory restriction under RCW 26.09.191.
Each incident constitutes domestic violence. In the first instance, Kevan caused
Ana to fear physical harm. In the second, Kevan caused Ana actual physical
harm by assaulting her. Together these incidents constitute a history of domestic
violence.
43 Id. at 86.
44 Melter, 167 Wn. App. at 301.
45 Clerk's Papers at 660.
23 No 76144-7-1/24
Kevan argues that the trial court found the occurrence of domestic
violence based on "'mere accusation[].'"46 This is not accurate. The trial court
heard testimony, assessed credibility, and reached a finding supported by the
The rest of Kevan's argument consists of attacking Ana's credibility based -
on alleged inconsistencies and Dr. English's report, as well as on downplaying
the severity of the first incident of domestic violence. This court does not
reassess credibility.47
Alcohol and Substance Abuse
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that he
suffers from alcohol and substance abuse sufficient to justify parenting
restrictions under RCW 26.09.191(3)(c). These are also well documented in this
record.
RCW 26.09.191(3)(c) allows a trial court the discretion to restrict a
parent's rights in a parenting plan based on "[a] long-term impairment resulting
from drug, alcohol, or other substance abuse that interferes with the performance
of parenting functions."
RCW 26.09.004(2) defines parenting functions as "those aspects of the
parent-child relationship in which the parent makes decisions and performs
functions necessary for the care and growth of the child." Those aspects include
Opening Brief at 54 (quoting In re Marriage of Caven, 136 46 Appellant's Wn.2d 800, 809, 966 P.2d 1247 (1998)).
47 Melter, 167 Wn. App. at 301.
24 Nol 76144-7-1/25
maintaining a loving and stable relationship, attending to the child's daily needs,
attending to the child's education, assisting the child in building appropriate I relationships, exercising judgment regarding the child's welfare, and financially
supporting the child.48
This court reviews for abuse of discretion a trial court's restrictions in a
parenting plan."
Here, the trial court found "that there is compelling evidence that Mr.
Huston has a long term drinking problem." It based these findings on testimony
from the parties, other witnesses, and parenting evaluator Dr. English.
Ana testified that Kevan was drunk during both episodes of domestic
violence noted by the trial court. In fact, she testified, Kevan came home drunk
most nights. Kevan acknowledged that he had struggled with alcohol after the
separation. Ana testified that several times Kevan smelled of alcohol when he
arrived from New York to visit the children.
Kevan briefly sought treatment at the Hazelden Betty Ford Clinic in New
York, attending 24 of 32 required sessions. His treatment provider there reported
that he "met the criteria for alcohol and cocaine dependence." He left, allegedly
because he was unable to balance work hours and session schedule, and did so
"against staff and medical advice."
But the trial court noted that his work hours did not stop Kevan from
socializing after work. Much of this socializing took place at establishments that
48 RCW 26.09.004(2).
49 In re Marriaqe of C.M.C., 87 Wn. App. at 86.
25 No. 76144-7-1/26
serve alcohol, including at least one brewery. The trial court noted a payment
from Kevan's account for the purchase of beer on three occasions in New York
City.
For this and related reasons, the trial court found that Kevan's "testimony .
as to being able to control his drinking is unsupported by his actions." The trial
court similarly found that Kevan's testimony on these issues was "minimizing."
The trial court also found that Kevan abused drugs, including prescription
drugs and cocaine.
Based on this evidence, the court expressed concern that Kevan's alcohol
and other substance usage "placed the children at risk of physical, emotional and
mental harm and has interfered with the performance of his parenting functions."
The trial court ordered that Kevan could only visit his children after
completing an alcohol and substance abuse assessment and, if recommended, a
treatment program. And it further ordered Kevan not to consume alcohol or
substances, including prescription drugs, within the 12 hours prior to any visit
with the children.
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by rejecting Dr.
English's report and the negative hair follicle test. This argument is
Dr. English's report was filed under seal. Based on our review of the
contents of that report, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
by etermining that RCW 26.09.191 restrictions were appropriate,
notwithstanding Dr. English's recommendation.
26 No 76144-7-1/27
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by citing his delay in
complying with a request for a hair follicle test when the e-mail containing this
request was excluded as hearsay. This court need not resolve this issue.
Here, the negative hair follicle test appears as exhibit 29. The trial court
made extensive further findings showing Kevan's alcohol and substance use
outside the five-month period tested. The trial court's findings were sufficient to
support the restrictions placed, without any necessary regard to the hair follicle
test.
Kevan also contends that the trial court misconstrued certain transaction
records to suggest that he bought alcohol to drink, when he did not. This
argument is unpersuasive in light of this court's standard of review.
Here, upon reviewing Kevan's American Express *2007 statement, the
trial court found transactions for "General alcohol." It also found that Kevan
purchased beer from Schumer Liquors in New York City on three occasions from
account *2007. Kevan argues that he purchased wine on the way to a friend's
picnic and the beer transactions were for gifts to colleagues. He presents no
evidence in support other than his own testimony, the credibility of which we do
not review.
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that he
had problems with alcohol and substance abuse based on evidence from 2014
and before. Because he cites no authority for the proposition that such
consideration is an abuse of this discretion, his argument is unpersuasive.5°
5° See Darkenwald, 183 Wn.2d at 248; RAP 10.3(a)(6).
27 No 76144-7-1/28
Kevan lastly argues that "while any reasonable person might have some
concern regarding my relationship with alcohol . .. no reasonable person could
conclude that I have an ongoing issue with alcohol warranting restrictions on my
parenting." This argument lacks merit.
Here, the trial court found cause for concern that Kevan's alcohol and
substance abuse would affect his ability to properly parent. The instability of
such abuse caused in his own life justifies concern regarding Kevan's ability to
provide the children stability or to exercise proper judgment for their welfare. For
example, he consumed alcohol before perpetrating the two acts of domestic
violence. And Kevan purchased alcohol while driving with his daughters. The
trial court thus did not abuse its discretion by imposing these parenting
restrictions.
ATTORNEY FEES
At Trial
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding
$30,000 in attorney fees based on his intransigence below. We disagree.
A trial court may order one party to pay another's attorney fees based on
statute, contract, or equity.51 A party's intransigence is an equitable basis to
support such an award.52
"Determining intransigence is necessarily factual, but may involve foot-
dragging, obstructing, filing unnecessary or frivolous motions, refusing to
51 Berryman v. Metcalf, 177 Wn. App. 644, 656, 312 P.3d 745(2013).
52 Wixom v. Wixom, 190 Wn. App. 719, 725, 360 P.3d 960(2015).
28 No 76144-7-1/29
cooperate with the opposing party, noncompliance with discovery requests, and
any other conduct that makes the proceeding unduly difficult or costly."53 If the
trial court determines that a party has demonstrated intransigence, the financial
sta us of the party seeking the award is irrelevant.54
This court reviews for abuse of discretion a trial court's order of attorney
fees based on intransigence.55
Here, the trial court found that Kevan had acted intransigently by filing
excessive motions, failing to pay court ordered fees, "not providing a clean
picture of the financial records," using abusive tactics against Ana during the
pendency of the matter, and obscuring his continued alcohol usage.
Excessive Motions
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that he
acted litigiously by filing excessive motions. This argument is unpersuasive.
Kevan filed several motions over the course of litigation. These include a
motion for temporary orders filed June 24, 2015; motion to revise commissioner's_
ruling filed July 31, 2015; emergency motion by e-mail letter in or around August,
2015; motion to reconsider filed August 28, 2015; motion for continuance filed
March 14, 2016; and motion for reconsideration of final orders filed September
26 2016. Kevan does not dispute that he filed these motions.
53 Id.
54 Mattson v. Mattson, 95 Wn. App. 592, 604, 976 P.2d 157(1999).
55 Wixom, 190 Wn. App at 725.
29 No 76144-7-1/30
The record contains substantial evidence to support the trial court's finding
that Kevan filed motions to an extent that the trial court could reasonably
characterize as excessive. Kevan provides no authority to require the trial court
find a specific severity of excessive filing.56 He only argues that his motions were
justified. But even if his earlier motions were not improper, the trial court has
discretion to find intransigence based on "any other conduct that makes the
proceeding unduly difficult or costly."57
Financial Disclosure
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that he
failed to transparently disclose his finances. This too is unpersuasive.
A party in a dissolution proceeding acts intransigently when he provides
incomplete or "conflicting information about his income" and by such conduct,
forces the other party to conduct intense and expensive discovery.58
King County Local Family Law Rule 10(b)(4) requires that each party
provide lap statements related to accounts in financial institutions in which the
parties have or had an interest during the last six (6) months."
The trial court found numerous deficiencies with the financial disclosures
Kevan provided.
The trial court observed that the couple's joint Bank of America account
*3460 showed a "very complicated transaction history." It noted that Kevan
56 See Darkenwald, 183 Wn.2d at 248; RAP 10.3(a)(6).
67 Wixom, 190 Wn. App at 725.
68 Mattson, 95 Wn. App. at 605.
30 No 76144-7-1/31
withdrew $50,000 by check #2169 but failed to identify where these funds were
deposited. It further noted withdrawal of roughly $20,000 paid towards Kevan's
credit cards.
The trial court identified deposits in this account from a PayPal account,
but found that "a PayPal account has not been disclosed and records were not
submitted." Kevan argues that records could not exist because PayPal is only a
processor. But the trial court did not discuss PayPal as a depository account. It
discussed it as a channel for deposits into account *3460, that potentially
recorded the source of those deposits. This is consistent with PayPal's
characterization as a processor.
Summarizing its review of this account, the trial court found "a high level of
expenditures by Mr. Huston without proper explanation." It observed that he had
withdrawn $90,000 "within the first few months" after the couple separated
without any apparent connection to the actual separation.
The trial court initially found discrepancies with Kevan's Bank of America
account *6611, opened with funds from joint account *3460. It observed that
Kevan's direct deposits of income into this account fell by almost half in
November 2015 without explanation. The trial court inferred that Kevan must
have deposited the rest of his income in some undisclosed account. The trial
court held that by failing to provide statements after November, 2015, Kevan had
failed to "submit[] a full and complete financial records [sic]."
The trial court amended its finding on reconsideration to find that Kevan's
income had diminished because it was garnished for child support obligations.
31 No 76144-7-1/32
Bu it concluded that this amendment did not change the other findings,
conclusions, and orders.
The trial court discussed at length the rollover IRA in Fidelity account
*3958. This asset, although in Kevan's name, was owned by the community.
The trial court identified several withdrawals made by Kevan. For example,
between March 2014 and June 2014, the statement balance fell from $92,754 to
$2 224. By April of the next year, the balance was at $224. The court found that
Kevan withdrew virtually the entire balance of this account, in connection with his
substantial credit card payments and other expenditures.
The trial court found that several monthly statements were missing from
this account. Kevan alleges that he did not submit the alleged monthly
statements because Fidelity only provided quarterly statements. He testified that
statements were only provided for the last month of the quarter, and the
statements provided are spaced roughly a quarter of the year apart from one
another.
But evidence also exists to support the finding that these were monthly
statements. Notably, each statement provides in the upper right corner the date
range to which it applies. The range for each statement is a month long. On this
basis, substantial evidence supports the finding that these were monthly
statements and thus the record provided was incomplete. The trial court did not
have to accept Kevan's characterization.
The trial court considered together Kevan's various American Express
credit card accounts, *5006, *6004, *1005, *2003, *3001, *5006, *2007, *1009,
32 No 76144-7-1/33
and *7002. The court identified several payments into these accounts from
sources that do not appear in the documentation.
The trial court describes a "phantom account" with JP Morgan Stanley,
from which several monthly deposits were made. Kevan argued in his motion for
reconsideration that when the RSUs granted by his employer vested, the
proceeds were deposited into this account and then transferred to Bank of
America account *6611. But in resolving that motion, the trial court found that
Kevan's testimony and corroborating documents showed initial deposit of
proceeds into Merrill Lynch account *1859,from whence funds were deposited
into Bank of America account *3460. Regardless, "[t]he Court did not include the
monthly deposits as income to Mr. Huston for the purpose of child support
calculation."
The evidence in this record was "sufficient to persuade a fair-minded
person of the truth of' the trial court's finding that Kevan was not transparent in
his financial disclosures, and thus acted intransigently.59
Kevan argues at length that the trial court unfairly ignored Ana's alleged
failure to comply with LFLR 10. But he provides no authority why Ana's failure is
relevant to whether he acted intransigently.69
Payment of Court Ordered Fees
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that he
had failed to pay court ordered fees. We disagree.
H.N., 188 Wn. App. at 762.
69 See Darkenwald, 183 Wn.2d at 248; RAP 10.3(a)(6).
33 No 76144-7-1/34
Here, the trial court based its finding of intransigence in part on Kevan's
"non-payment of the previously ordered amounts ($5,000 attorney's fees on
7/22/15, and non-payment of his pro-rata share of childcare and out of pocket
medical and other expenses)." The trial court found that "while [Kevan] lived a
high expense life style, as evidenced by his consumer charges on his credit
cards and his bank statements, he continued to ignore the Court's order requiring
him to pay attorney's fees to the Wife's attorney."
Kevan argues that he long lacked the funds to pay those fees, and that he
paid them to the extent he was able once he received his bonus. But the trial
court found that Kevan had not shown a basis for financial need that would justify
non-payment,"and his financial records d[id] not support such claim either."
Kevan testified on April 27, 2016, that he had paid his pro rata share of
childcare as well as the children's medical and school expenses to Ana a week
before trial. He did so after delaying for several months. And Kevan fails to
show in this record any evidence that he has paid any portion of the ordered
attorney fees.
The trial court found that Kevan had been intransigent in paying ordered
fees. And the record indicates that Kevan has continued not to pay the ordered
attorney fees. Substantial evidence thus supports the trial court's finding in this
regard.
Abusive Tactics
The trial court found that Kevan made abusive use of conflict by
forwarding an e-mail that Kevan's girlfriend wrote to Ana. Kevan does not
34 No 76144-7-1/35
appear to address this issue and as such, it can be accepted as a verity on
appeal, justifying the finding of intransigence.61
Alcohol Usage
The trial court also found that Kevan acted intransigently by failing to be
candid about his ongoing alcohol usage and by providing a hair follicle sample
several months after this issue arose. Kevan does not directly address this basis
for the finding of intransigence but discusses it in relation to his general alcohol
usage.
The trial court found that the record repeatedly indicated purchases of
alcohol that Kevan denied. This finding is supported in the record by evidence
that Kevan frequently socialized at restaurants serving alcohol, including at least
one brewery. The trial court also noted three payments Kevan made for beer in
New York City. Kevan alleges on appeal that these transactions were for gifts of
vodka to colleagues. The trial court also found upon reviewing Kevan's
American Express *2007 statement transactions for "General alcohol." Kevan
alleges that he purchased wine on the way to a friend's picnic. Kevan cites no
evidence to substantiate his explanations of these transactions. Based on this
record, and Kevan's denials, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding
that he was not candid regarding alcohol use.
Kevan argues that the trial court abused its discretion by relying on the
de ay in submitting the hair follicle test. At trial Dr. English was asked about an
e-mail dated May 20, 2015, acknowledging that Ana had requested Kevan
61 Schroeder v. Haberthur, 200 Wn. App. 167, 172, 401 P.3d 319 (2017).
35 No 76144-7-1/36
undergo an alcohol evaluation. But the trial court ruled that the e-mail was
inadmissible as it lacked foundation.
Thus, the trial court admitted no evidence to demonstrate that Ana
requested Kevan undergo a hair follicle test and that Kevan was intransigent in
complying. But it had sufficient other evidence from transactional records to
support its finding.
On Appeal
Ana seeks an award of her attorney fees on characterizing Kevan's appeal
as frivolous and intransigent. Neither basis is supported in this record, and we
dery her request for fees on appeal.
An appeal is frivolous if there are no debatable issues upon which
reasonable minds might differ and it is so totally devoid of merit that there is no
reasonable possibility of reversa1.62 All doubts as to whether the appeal is
frivolous should be resolved in favor of the appellant.63 Given that we vacate in
pa, it cannot be said that there are no debatable issues in this case. Thus,
Kevan's appeal is not frivolous.
The other basis is intransigence on appea1.64 But Kevan has not
continued to act intransigently or in an excessively litigious manner on appeal as
he id below. This record does not support an award of fees on this basis.
62 Kinney v. Cook, 150 Wn. App. 187, 195, 208 P.3d 1 (2009).
63 Id.
64 Eide v. Eide, 1 Wn. App. 440, 445-46, 462 P.2d 562(1969).
36 No. 76144-7-1/37
Kevan additionally requests attorney fees in his Brief in Response to
Respondent's Motion to Allow Supplemental Briefing and Supplemental
Evidence. He contends that Ana's counsel has advanced "fallacious and bad
faith argumentation" throughout this appeal. We hold that neither the record nor
briefing show such argumentation as would justify a fee award. We thus deny
Kevan's fee request as well.
We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand with instructions. We deny
the request for an award of appellate attorney fees to Ana Huston.
•
WE CONCUR:
C iSec_k.e