IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA24-737
Filed 5 March 2025
Brunswick County, No. 23JT000017
IN THE MATTER OF: S.W.
Appeal by guardian ad litem from orders entered 16 May 2024 by Judge
Pauline Hankins in Brunswick County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals
12 February 2025.
Administrative Office of the Courts, by GAL Appellate Counsel Matthew D. Wunsche, and GAL Staff Attorney Hope Connie Wertz, for appellant guardian ad litem.
No brief filed for petitioner-appellee.
No brief filed for respondents-appellees.
FLOOD, Judge.
The guardian ad litem (the “GAL”) appeals from the trial court’s orders
denying the GAL’s: motion to dismiss Petitioner’s petition to terminate Respondent-
Mother’s parental rights (the “Petition”), motion to transfer venue, and motion to hold
the matter in abeyance. On appeal, the GAL argues: (A) the trial court erred in
denying the GAL’s motion to dismiss the Petition and motion to hold the matter in
abeyance, because Cumberland County maintains exclusive, continuing jurisdiction,
and the prior pending action doctrine prevents the Brunswick County trial court (the IN RE: S.W.
Opinion of the Court
“Brunswick court”) from hearing the Petition; and (B) the trial court abused its
discretion in failing to transfer venue from Brunswick to Cumberland County. Upon
review, we conclude the Brunswick court did not err in denying the GAL’s motion to
dismiss the Petition and motion to hold the matter in abeyance, because Brunswick
County properly has jurisdiction over the termination action, and the prior pending
action doctrine is inapplicable. We further conclude the Brunswick court did not
abuse its discretion in denying the GAL’s motion to transfer venue because the
Brunswick court was not required to make statutory findings.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
On 4 December 2017, Cumberland County Department of Social Services
(“DSS”) filed a petition alleging the minor child, S.W. (“Sutton”),1 was neglected and
dependent, and that same day, Sutton was placed in DSS custody. On 6 March 2018,
the Cumberland County district court (the “Cumberland court”) entered an order
adjudicating Sutton a dependent juvenile.
On 15 March 2019, the Cumberland court placed Sutton in the custody and
guardianship of Sutton’s paternal grandmother. On 27 January 2022, the paternal
grandmother filed a motion for review, seeking to dissolve the guardianship and have
Petitioner, Sutton’s “godmother,” be granted guardianship of Sutton. In an order
entered 7 June 2022 (the “June 2022 Order”), the Cumberland court appointed
1 A pseudonym is used to protect the juvenile’s identity, pursuant to N.C.R. App. P. 42(b).
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Petitioner as Sutton’s guardian. The Cumberland court waived further review
hearings but retained jurisdiction.
On 9 February 2023, Petitioner filed, in the Brunswick court, the first petition
to terminate Respondent-Mother’s and Respondent-Father’s (collectively,
“Respondent-Parents”) parental rights in Sutton (the “First Petition”). On 28 August
2023, Respondent-Mother filed a motion to dismiss the First Petition based on a lack
of subject matter jurisdiction and improper venue, arguing in relevant part that the
June 2022 Order did not terminate the proceedings or transfer jurisdiction to the
Brunswick court.2
On 11 October 2024, the Brunswick court entered an order denying
Respondent-Mother’s motion to dismiss the First Petition, finding in relevant part
that: Respondent-Parents were properly served with the First Petition; at the time
the First Petition was filed, Sutton lived in Brunswick County; Brunswick County
had proper subject matter jurisdiction; and Brunswick County was the proper venue
for the termination action. On 21 November 2023, DSS filed a motion with the
Brunswick court to intervene and change venue to Cumberland County. DSS argued,
in relevant part, that there was a pending action pre-existing the First Petition in the
2 On 6 September 2023, Respondent-Mother filed a motion for review with the Cumberland
court, seeking to modify visitation with Sutton, and on 10 October 2023, filed an amended motion for review with the Cumberland court, alleging Petitioner had misled the trial court and she was not fit to be Sutton’s guardian, and requested the guardianship be dissolved. The matter was heard on 7 October 2024, but no written order had been entered by the time the GAL’s brief was filed, and no written order is contained in the Record on appeal.
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Cumberland court over which Cumberland County had jurisdiction, and Petitioner
had misinformed the Brunswick court in her First Petition that no other custody
order regarding Sutton existed.
The next day, on 22 November 2023, the GAL filed motions with the Brunswick
court to be appointed as representative of Sutton, and to consolidate the existing
Cumberland court case and the Brunswick court termination action to be heard in
the Cumberland court. The GAL argued, in relevant part, that Cumberland County
had retained jurisdiction, and no party had sought to transfer jurisdiction or venue.
On 13 December 2023, the GAL filed a Rule 60 motion seeking relief from the
Brunswick court’s denial of Respondent-Mother’s motion to dismiss the First Petition.
On 18 December 2023, Petitioner: filed motions to dismiss DSS’s motion to
change venue and motion to intervene, the GAL’s motion to consolidate, and the Rule
60 motion; and filed an amended petition, acknowledging the Cumberland court case
concerning her guardianship of Sutton. On 16 January 2024, the GAL was appointed
to represent Sutton in the Brunswick court termination action. Subsequently, on 18
January 2024, the GAL filed a motion to change venue to Cumberland County, and
filed another Rule 60 motion.
On 7 February 2024, Petitioner took “a voluntary dismissal without prejudice
of” the First Petition, and that same day, filed the Petition, which also acknowledged
the Cumberland County proceedings. On 20 March 2024, Respondent-Mother filed a
motion to dismiss the Petition, and the GAL filed a motion to dismiss the Petition
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and motion to transfer venue. In their motions, both parties reiterated their prior
arguments as to subject matter jurisdiction and venue that they had made in
response to the First Petition.
The Brunswick court held a hearing on the motions on 27 March 2024. The
GAL argued, in relevant part, that: jurisdiction over the prior pending child welfare
action in Cumberland County had not been terminated, which deprived the
Brunswick court of jurisdiction to hear the termination petition; it was in Sutton’s
best interests to hear the case in Cumberland County; and travel from Cumberland
County to Brunswick County would be inconvenient.3 The GAL requested the
Brunswick court hold the termination action in abeyance due to the prior pending
action doctrine. In response, Petitioner argued that: guardians frequently move to
terminate parental rights in counties other than the county where guardianship is
awarded, and it was in Sutton’s best interests to hear the termination action in
Brunswick County because “[a]ll of the witnesses, all of the individuals that actually
have anything to do with” Sutton lived in Brunswick County.
On 16 May 2024, the Brunswick court entered orders denying the GAL’s
motions to dismiss, transfer venue, and hold the matter in abeyance; and denying
Respondent-Mother’s motion to dismiss. The GAL timely appealed.
3 Respondent-Mother argued that the Petition failed to recognize the Cumberland court case
was still pending, and that the law did not allow a private party to file a termination petition in one county while a child welfare case was pending in another county.
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II. Jurisdiction
As a preliminary matter, the orders from which the appeal is taken are
interlocutory, because the orders were “made during the pendency of an action and
d[id] not dispose of the case, but instead l[eft] it for further action by the trial court
in order to settle and determine the entire controversy[.]” Carriker v. Carriker, 350
N.C. 71, 73 (1999). “As a general proposition, there is no right of immediate appeal
from interlocutory orders and judgments.” Jesse v. Jesse, 212 N.C. App. 426, 431
(2011) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
A trial court’s refusal to abate an action based upon the prior pending action doctrine is . . . immediately appealable. On the other hand, a trial court order’s refusal to dismiss a complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is not subject to appellate review on an interlocutory basis as a matter of right.
Id. at 431.
Here, “given the necessity for us to address the ‘prior pending action’ issue on
the merits[,]” and “given the interrelated nature” of the GAL’s challenges to the trial
court’s orders, this Court elects to treat the Record on appeal and the GAL’s brief as
a petition for writ of certiorari with respect to the exclusive jurisdiction issue “in order
to reach the merits of [Petitioners’] challenges to the trial court’s order[s,]” and will
address Petitioners’ claims on the merits. See id. at 431.
III. Analysis
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On appeal, the GAL argues: (A) the trial court erred in denying the GAL’s
motion to dismiss the Petition and motion to hold the matter in abeyance, because
Cumberland County maintains exclusive, continuing jurisdiction, and the prior
pending action doctrine prevents the Brunswick court from hearing the Petition; and
(B) the trial court abused its discretion in failing to transfer venue from Brunswick
to Cumberland County. We address each argument, in turn.
A. Motion to Dismiss
The GAL first argues the Brunswick court erred in denying its motion to
dismiss and motion to hold the matter in abeyance because the Cumberland court
retains exclusive, continuing jurisdiction under the Juvenile Code, and the prior
pending action doctrine prevents the Brunswick court from hearing the Petition. We
disagree.
“A Rule 12(b)(6) motion tests the legal sufficiency of the pleading.” Kemp v.
Spivey, 166 N.C. App. 456, 461 (2004) (citation omitted). “[T]his Court reviews de
novo whether, as a matter of law, the allegations of the complaint are sufficient to
state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” Lovett v. Univ. Place Owner’s Ass’n,
285 N.C. App. 366, 368 (2022) (citation omitted) (cleaned up). “This Court considers
the allegations in the complaint as true, construes the complaint liberally, and only
reverses the trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss if the plaintiff is entitled to no
relief under any set of facts which could be proven in support of the claim.” Id. at 368
(citation omitted) (cleaned up).
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“Whether a trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law,
reviewed de novo on appeal.” McKoy v. McKoy, 202 N.C. App. 509, 511 (2010). “Under
a de novo review, the court considers the matter anew and freely substitutes its own
judgment for that of the lower tribunal.” Kassel v. Rienth, 289 N.C. App. 173, 183
(2023) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We first consider the GAL’s
argument that the Cumberland court retains exclusive, continuing jurisdiction.
1. Exclusive District Court Jurisdiction
Under Chapter 7B of the Juvenile Code, the trial court “has exclusive, original
jurisdiction over any case involving a juvenile who is alleged to be abused, neglected,
or dependent.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-200(a) (2023). Such “jurisdiction shall continue until
terminated by order of the court or until the juvenile reaches the age of 18 years or is
otherwise emancipated, whichever occurs first.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-201(a) (2023).
Separate and apart from these provisions, the trial court also has “exclusive original
jurisdiction to hear and determine any petition or motion relating to termination of
parental rights to any juvenile who resides in . . . the district at the time of filing of
the petition or motion.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 (2023); see also In re O.E.M., 379 N.C.
27, 35 (2021) (“A petitioner or movant must satisfy distinct requirements to vest a
trial court with jurisdiction to conduct a juvenile proceeding on the one hand and a
termination proceeding on the other.”).
Our Supreme Court, in recent opinions, has provided that a trial court’s
jurisdiction over abuse, neglect, or dependency proceedings is distinct from a trial
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court’s jurisdiction over termination of parental rights proceedings. In In re A.L.L.,
after the Davidson County trial court entered an order adjudicating the minor child
a dependent juvenile, the Davidson County trial court appointed the petitioners as
the minor child’s legal guardians. 376 N.C. 99, 102–03 (2020). The petitioners
thereafter “filed a petition seeking to terminate [the] respondent’s parental rights in
[the trial court.]” Id. at 103. On appeal, the respondent-parents argued that the trial
court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the termination of parental rights case,
where the Davidson County trial court had previously entered an order establishing
the petitioners as the minor child’s guardians. Id. at 103. Our Supreme Court
rejected the respondent-parents’ arguments, holding that the requirements of
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 were satisfied, such that subject matter jurisdiction over the
termination of parental rights case was conferred to the trial court. Id. at 105. The
Court explained that “although the Juvenile Code permits [the] petitioners to seek
termination in the same district court that is simultaneously adjudicating an
underlying abuse, neglect, or dependency petition, the statutory language does not
mandate filing in a single court.” Id. at 105. The Court then explained that “if the
requirements of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 have been met in one county, then a district court
in that county has jurisdiction, even if an abuse, neglect, or dependency action is
pending in another county.” Id. at 105 (emphasis added).
Our Supreme Court reached an identical result in In re M.J.M. 378 N.C. 477
(2021). Relying on its reasoning in In re A.L.L., the Court concluded that: where a
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termination of parental rights petition was filed in Robeson County, while Wake
County “obtained and retained” jurisdiction over the underlying juvenile case, “the
requirements of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 were satisfied so as to confer jurisdiction over
the termination petition in the [d]istrict [c]ourt in Robeson County.” See In re M.J.M.,
378 N.C. at 479–81. Finally, in In re O.E.M., our Supreme Court reiterated that a
trial court’s “jurisdiction does not continue from the underlying juvenile proceeding
to a subsequent termination proceeding.” 379 N.C. at 37. The Court provided, in
relevant part, that “[t]here is nothing anomalous about requiring a party to establish
that the trial court possessed jurisdiction to conduct a termination proceeding even
when the court previously had jurisdiction to conduct a juvenile proceeding—it is
simply what our juvenile code requires.” Id. at 37.
Here, the facts are analogous to those in In re A.L.L. Just like in In re A.L.L.,
where an abuse, neglect, or dependency action was pending in one county and the
petition to terminate parental rights was filed in another county, Petitioner was
granted custody of Sutton in Cumberland County, where Sutton’s underlying juvenile
case is pending, and the Petition was filed in a different county, Brunswick County.
376 N.C. at 102–03. Further, just like in In re A.L.L., the jurisdictional requirements
of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 were met for Brunswick County to obtain jurisdiction over the
Petition.4 Id. at 105; see also N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101. Just as our Supreme Court
4 Brunswick County’s jurisdiction over the Petition, pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101, is not
contested on appeal.
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explained that, so long as the requirements of N.C.G.S. §7B-1101 are satisfied, “a
district court in that county has jurisdiction, even if an abuse, neglect, or dependency
action is pending in another county[,]” so here does Brunswick County have
jurisdiction over the Petition, even though the underlying juvenile case is pending in
Cumberland County. See In re A.L.L., 376 N.C. at 105 (emphasis added); see also In
re M.J.M., 378 N.C. at 479–81.
The GAL, however, cites McMillan v. McMillan, 267 N.C. App. 537 (2019), to
argue that Brunswick County lacks jurisdiction to hear the Petition because the
Cumberland court was required to terminate its jurisdiction under N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-
200 and 7B-201(a). The GAL’s reliance on McMillan is misplaced. In McMillan, the
issue concerned whether the trial court had jurisdiction over a civil child custody
action under Chapter 50 where there was a pending neglect proceeding under
Chapter 7B. Id. at 542–43. This Court concluded that where the trial court retained
jurisdiction over a neglect proceeding, it would need to either terminate jurisdiction
under N.C.G.S. § 7B-201, or transfer the Chapter 7B action to a Chapter 50 action
under N.C.G.S. § 7B-911, because child custody actions are automatically stayed
when there is a pending Chapter 7B juvenile case. See id. at 543–46; see also N.C.G.S.
§ 7B-200(c)(1); N.C.G.S. §§ 50-13.1(i), 7B-911(a) (2023) (“Upon placing custody with a
parent or other appropriate person, the court shall determine whether or not
jurisdiction in the juvenile proceeding should be terminated and custody of the
juvenile awarded to a parent or other appropriate person pursuant to [Chapter 50].”).
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Here, unlike in McMillan, both the underlying juvenile case and the Petition
involve different jurisdictional statutes under Chapter 7B, and do not involve a child
custody action under Chapter 50. 267 N.C. App. at 542–43; see also N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-
200, -1101. As our Supreme Court has established, jurisdiction for the underlying
juvenile case is distinct from jurisdiction for the Petition; thus, even had the Petition
been filed in the Cumberland court, jurisdiction to hear the Petition would have to
have been established separately under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101. See In re O.E.M., 379
N.C. at 35, 37; see also N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-200, -1101; In re A.L.L., 376 N.C. at 105 (“[A]
trial court lacks jurisdiction over a termination petition if the requirements
of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 have not been met, even if there is an underlying abuse,
neglect, or dependency action concerning that juvenile in the district in which the
termination petition has been filed.”). Because the Petition does not involve a
Chapter 50 child custody case, there is nothing contradictory in Cumberland County
having jurisdiction over the underlying juvenile case while Brunswick County has
jurisdiction over the termination action. See In re A.L.L., 376 N.C. at 105. The
Cumberland court therefore did not have “exclusive, original jurisdiction” over the
termination action stemming from the Petition. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-200(a).
2. Prior Pending Action Doctrine
“Under the law of this state, where a prior action is pending between the same
parties for the same subject matter in a court within the state having like jurisdiction,
the prior action serves to abate the subsequent action.” Eways v. Governor's
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Island, 326 N.C. 552, 558 (1990). “The ordinary test for determining whether or not
the parties and causes are the same for the purpose of abatement by reason of the
pendency of the prior action is this: Do the two actions present a substantial identity
as to parties, subject matter, issues involved, and relief demanded?” Cameron v.
Cameron, 235 N.C. 82, 84 (1952); see also Jesse, 212 N.C. App. at 438.
Here, there is no basis for requiring the Brunswick court to abate the
termination of parental rights case under the prior pending action doctrine. The
subject matter and issues are completely different: the underlying juvenile case in
Cumberland County involves questions of guardianship for Sutton, while the
termination of parental rights case in Brunswick County involves the question of
termination of Respondent-Parents’ parental rights. Likewise, the relief demanded
is distinct. The relief demanded under the underlying juvenile case involves only who
will be the appointed guardian of Sutton; the relief demanded under the Petition
involves the termination of all of Respondent-Parents’ parental rights in Sutton.
Because the subject matter, issues involved, and relief demanded in each action are
distinct, the prior pending action doctrine does not serve to abate the termination of
parental rights action. See Cameron, 235 N.C. at 84; see also Eways, 326 N.C. at 558.
Accordingly, because Cumberland County does not have “exclusive, original
jurisdiction” over the termination action in Brunswick County, and the prior pending
action doctrine is inapplicable under these facts, the trial court did not err in denying
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the GAL’s motion to dismiss the Petition. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-200(a); see also In re
A.L.L., 376 N.C. at 105; Cameron, 235 N.C. at 84.
B. Motion to Transfer Venue
The GAL next argues the Brunswick court abused its discretion in denying its
motion to transfer venue because the Brunswick court did not consider the required
statutory factors to transfer venue. We disagree.
“Whether to transfer venue . . . is a matter firmly within the discretion of the
trial court and will not be overturned unless the court manifestly abused that
discretion.” Smith v. Barbour, 154 N.C. App. 402, 407 (2002) (citation omitted); see
also Godley Constr. Co. v. McDaniel, 40 N.C. App. 605, 607 (1979).
The Juvenile Code provides that:
At any time after adjudication, the court on its own motion or motion of any party may transfer venue to a different county, regardless of whether the action could have been commenced in that county, if the court finds that the forum is inconvenient, that transfer of the action to the other county is in the best interest of the juvenile, and that the rights of the parties are not prejudiced by the change of venue.
N.C.G.S. § 7B-900.1(a) (2023). Similarly, under our Civil Procedure statutes, venue
may be changed “[w]hen the convenience of witnesses and the ends of justice would
be promoted by the change.” N.C.G.S. § 1-83(2) (2023). In light of these
requirements, an abuse of discretion occurs when “the ends of justice will not merely
be promoted by, but in addition demand, the change of venue[,]” or a “failure to grant
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the change of venue will deny the movant a fair trial.” See Godley Constr. Co., 40
N.C. App. at 608–09 (citing N.C.G.S. §§ 1-84, -85 (2023)).
Here, regardless of whether the post-adjudication transfer of venue provision
under our Juvenile Code, or the venue transfer provision under our general statutes,
is binding, there is no showing that the “ends of justice . . . demand” a change of
venue, nor that a failure to grant the change of venue will deny the GAL a fair trial.
See id. at 608–09. The GAL’s concerns about travel from Cumberland County to
Brunswick County being inconvenient do not rise to the level that the “ends of justice
. . . demand[ing]” a change of venue, nor is there any indication such inconvenience
will deny the GAL a fair trial. See id. at 608–09. Further, the trial court’s findings
that Sutton had lived in Brunswick County for at least two years prior to the Petition,
where all of the witnesses resided, and where the trial court could “hear from who’s
been involved in this child’s life in the last two years[,]” supports that the trial court’s
denial of the GAL’s motion to transfer venue does not rise to an abuse of discretion.
See Smith, 154 N.C. App. at 407.
On appeal, the GAL argues that the Brunswick court did not consider the
factors under N.C.G.S. § 7B-900.1(a) as to “whether the forum was inconvenient,
whether transfer of the action to the other county was in [] Sutton’s best interest, and
whether the rights of the parties would not be prejudiced by the change of venue[,]”
and did not consider any of the factors under N.C.G.S. § 1-83(2). Under N.C.G.S. §
7B-900.1(a), however, the trial court must make certain findings only if it decides to
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transfer venue, and not when it denies a motion to transfer venue. See N.C.G.S. §
7B-900.1(a). Similarly, N.C.G.S. § 1-83(2) provides for those instances when the trial
court “may” change venue, but does not provide for what the trial court must consider
when denying a motion to transfer venue. See N.C.G.S. § 1-83(2). The GAL’s
argument, therefore, is without merit.
Accordingly, because there is no showing the “ends of justice . . . demand” a
change of venue, nor that a failure to grant the change of venue will deny the GAL a
fair trial, and the Brunswick court was not required to make statutory findings, the
Brunswick court did not abuse its discretion in denying the GAL’s motion to transfer
venue. See Godley Constr. Co., 40 N.C. App. at 608–09; see also Smith, 154 N.C. App.
at 407. We therefore affirm the Brunswick court’s orders.
IV. Conclusion
Upon review, we conclude the Brunswick court did not err in denying the
GAL’s motion to dismiss the Petition and motion to hold the matter in abeyance,
because Brunswick County properly has jurisdiction over the termination action, and
the prior pending action doctrine is inapplicable. We further conclude the Brunswick
court did not abuse its discretion in denying the GAL’s motion to transfer venue
because the Brunswick court was not required to make statutory findings.
Accordingly, we affirm the Brunswick court’s order.
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AFFIRMED.
Chief Judge DILLON and Judge COLLINS concur.
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