[Cite as In re S.H., 2019-Ohio-3575.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
IN RE S.H. :
Minor Child : No. 108404
[Appeal by V.H., Mother] :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 5, 2019
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Juvenile Court Division Case No. AD17902987
Appearances:
Dean Valore, for appellant.
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting Attorney, and Rachel Eisenberg, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J.:
Appellant V.H. (“mother”) appeals from a judgment of the juvenile
court granting permanent custody of her child S.H. to the Cuyahoga County Division
of Children and Family Services (“CCDCFS” or “agency”). After a careful review of
the record and applicable law, we affirm the judgment of the juvenile court. Substantive Facts and Procedural History
In February 2017, S.H., 14 at the time, was removed from mother’s
home by law enforcement. Three days after the removal, CCDCFS filed a complaint
alleging S.H. to be abused due to domestic violence in the home. On June 1, 2017,
S.H. was adjudicated abused and neglected. On June 6, 2017, temporary custody
was granted to the agency. In its decision granting temporary custody, the trial court
noted that mother was refusing to visit the child and disagreed with visits outside
the home, and that S.H. did not feel safe in mother’s home and did not want to return
to the home at the time.
On January 22, 2018, the agency filed a motion for permanent
custody. On June 26, 2018, the trial court held a hearing on the motion, but denied
the motion and continued the agency’s temporary custody of S.H.
On August 9, 2018, the agency filed a second motion for permanent
custody. On February 27, 2019, the court held a hearing on the motion. At the
hearing, the court heard testimony from the assigned social worker in this case,
mother, and S.H.’s guardian ad litem (“GAL”). S.H.’s counsel also spoke on her
behalf.
a. Social Worker’s Testimony
Alia Neal, the social worker in this case, testified regarding S.H.’s
custodial history and the agency’s efforts in providing services to mother for
purposes of reunification. The agency was first involved in February 2017. S.H., 14
at the time, was removed by the police from the home due to a physical altercation between her and an adult sister who lived in the home. S.H. had marks on her face
and her arm from the altercation, and her sister was subsequently charged with
domestic violence. Mother was present during the altercation but did not intervene.
When the social worker was assigned to the case in April 2017, S.H.
revealed to her that her half-brothers raped her when she was 13. S.H. also told her
therapist later about the rape during an individual therapy session. S.H. did not
want to return to the home because of her brothers. Both of them were currently
charged with delinquency due to the sexual-assault allegations. One of them still
lived in the home at the time of the permanent custody hearing.
The agency’s case plan included a parenting class for mother, family
counseling for mother and S.H., and individual counseling for S.H. Mother
completed the parenting class, which addressed parent-teen communication skills,
and S.H. regularly attended her counseling sessions.
The agency’s efforts to provide family counseling, however, were not
successful. Initially, the family therapist was to meet with mother and S.H. in S.H.’s
foster home, but the social worker had difficulties scheduling the sessions because
of mother’s work schedule. When S.H. was placed in another foster home, family
therapy in the foster home was not an option, and mother indicated she could not
go to the therapist’s office due to her work schedule and her lack of transportation.
The social worker then tried to arrange family therapy in mother’s
home where all family members would attend. However, while that arrangement
was being made, S.H. and mother had a verbal altercation in May 2018, and the two stopped communicating with each other. S.H. did not wish to speak to her mother
any longer, making in-home therapy impossible to arrange.
In August 2018, mother and S.H. started speaking with each other
again. The social worker tried to refer them to a new family counseling service.
However, because of inadequate paperwork prepared by the social worker, the social
worker’s request was not properly submitted until November 2018. The service
provider declined to provide the in-home therapy, explaining mother had not visited
the child sufficiently for the in-home therapy to be effective. As a final resort, the
social worker contacted S.H.’s therapist to explore the possibility of family therapy
with her, but the therapist considered it a conflict due to S.H.’s ongoing individual
therapy with the therapist. Consequently, the family counseling prescribed in the
case plan never took place over the course of this custody matter.
Regarding visits between S.H. and her mother, after S.H.’s removal
from the home in February 2017, there was one or two visits in March 2017. From
April to August 2017, there were only two or three visits because mother had
difficulties identifying dates when she could be available. These visits had taken
place in the foster home. From November 2017 to January 2018, the foster family
arranged for S.H. to have visits in the mother’s home. However, after a January
2018 visit in mother’s home, S.H. reported to the social worker that her half-
brothers were in the home during the visit and she no longer wanted to have visits
in mother’s home. Consequently, the social worker tried to arrange out-of-home
visitation but without success, because mother could not provide dates when she
could be available. Then, the incident of verbal altercation in May 2018 between S.H.
and mother rendered any further visitations impossible because S.H. no longer
wished to speak to her mother. Mother initially did not want to communicate with
S.H. either after the altercation, but later indicated she was willing to visit with S.H.
in her home provided S.H. was “respectful.” S.H., however, was unwilling to have
visits either in the home or in the community.
The social worker testified that S.H. suffers from anxiety, depression,
and post-traumatic stress disorder. She had stayed in a Rainbow Babies and
Children Hospital’s psychiatric unit for having suicidal thoughts and was known to
cut herself. S.H. changed foster homes multiple times due to her negative behaviors
in these homes, such as stealing from the foster home.
The social worker had discussed the custody issue with S.H. Because
S.H. and her mother had difficulties positively communicating with each other, S.H.
did not want her mother involved in her life in any way. The social worker discussed
PPLA (Planned Permanent Living Arrangement), an alternative to permanent
custody, with S.H. S.H. vacillated between the two options but eventually rejected
PPLA, because under that arrangement, mother would still be making decisions
about her life. The social worker talked to S.H. to ensure that she understood the
consequences of permanent custody. Ultimately, S.H. was steadfast about her
choice for permanent custody. In the social worker’s assessment, S.H., 16 at the time of the hearing, had the maturity level of someone her age. The social worker
also felt that permanent custody would be the best option for S.H. under the
circumstances of this case.
b. Mother’s Testimony
Mother testified that she has eight children, four of them currently
living with her. When S.H. was in her first and second foster homes, they had
frequent contact with each other. When she moved to a third foster home, their
contact became infrequent.
Mother acknowledged that when S.H. was 13, she told her about the
sexual assault by her half-brothers, but at that time her sons had already left her
house and were living with their father. She however acknowledged that one of them
was currently living in her home. Under cross-examination by S.H.’s counsel about
whether she believed S.H. was raped by her brothers, mother responded that she
“kinda do, kinda don’t” because S.H. “has been reaching out to” her half-brothers by
sending them text messages.
Mother testified visitation was difficult to arrange because S.H. was
“wishy-washy” about visiting with her. Mother stated she was unavailable for out-
of-home family therapy because of her work schedule and lack of transportation.
She stated she was willing to have S.H. back in the home. When asked about her son
facing the rape charge but still living in her home, she responded that she would
have him leave the home if she could find a place for him. She acknowledged that several of her children faced delinquency charges. She also testified that she is a
good mother.
c. GAL’s Testimony
S.H.’s GAL filed a report before the permanent custody hearing. The
report noted S.H.’s sister’s domestic violence charge stemming from an altercation
between the two and S.H.’s half-brothers’ pending rape cases in the juvenile court.
The GAL reported that the case-plan objectives were not complete; family
counseling failed because of S.H.’s placement disruptions; mother had made
minimal progress on her case-plan objectives; and visitations have been rare. The
GAL also reported that S.H. has rejected PPLA because she did not want mother to
have any decision-making authority over her. The GAL recommended that, if PPLA
was not an option, permanent custody would be in S.H.’s best interest.
At the hearing, the GAL testified that S.H.’s behavioral problems
worsened since she was in the agency’s custody, but the agency was not to be faulted.
The GAL recounted an incident where S.H. stole a cell phone from a foster family
and another incident where she was very disrespectful toward the GAL himself
during a telephone conversation. The GAL also noted that S.H. had tried to harm
herself on two occasions in December 2018, and once stayed in a psychiatric unit.
Because of the incidents involving her siblings, the GAL did not think
it would be appropriate for S.H. to return to the home. He reiterated his
recommendation for PPLA, but would recommend permanent custody if PPLA was
not an option. The attorney appointed for S.H. in this custody matter also spoke at
the hearing. He stated S.H. did not wish to return to the home because of the sexual
assault by her brothers, one of whom remained in the home. Counsel reminded the
court that the agency’s first motion for permanent custody was denied so that PPLA
could be explored as an option for S.H. S.H. subsequently rejected PPLA, prompting
the agency to file the second motion for permanent custody.
After the hearing, the court issued a judgment entry granting
permanent custody of S.H. to the CCDCFS. On appeal, mother raises the following
assignment of error for our review:
1. The trial court’s award of permanent custody and termination of the appellant’s parental rights is against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Standard of Review
We begin our analysis by recognizing that “a parent’s right to raise a
child is an essential and basic civil right.” In re Hayes, 79 Ohio St.3d 46, 48, 679
N.E.2d 680 (1997). “The permanent termination of parental rights has been
described as the family law equivalent of the death penalty in a criminal case,” In re
Hoffman, 97 Ohio St.3d 92, 2002-Ohio-5368, 776 N.E.2d 485, ¶ 14, “All children
have the right, if possible, to parenting from either natural or adoptive parents which
provides support, care, discipline, protection and motivation.” In re Hitchcock, 120
Ohio App.3d 88, 102, 696 N.E.2d 1090 (8th Dist.1996).
Under Ohio’s permanent custody statute, R.C. 2151.414, the juvenile
court’s judgment granting permanent custody must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. Clear and convincing evidence has been defined as “that
measure or degree of proof which is more than a mere ‘preponderance of the
evidence,’ but not to the extent of such certainty as is required ‘beyond a reasonable
doubt’ in criminal cases, and which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a
firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” In re K.H., 119
Ohio St.3d 538, 2008-Ohio-4825, 895 N.E.2d 809, ¶ 42, quoting Cross v. Ledford,
161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus.
As for our review, we will not reverse a juvenile court’s termination of
parental rights and award of permanent custody to an agency unless the judgment
is not supported by clear and convincing evidence. See, e.g., In re N.B., 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 101390, 2015-Ohio-314, ¶ 48; and In re M.J., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 100071, 2013-Ohio-5440, ¶ 24.
Two-Part Analysis for Permanent Custody
R.C. 2151.414 sets forth a two-part analysis to be applied by a juvenile
court in adjudicating a motion for permanent custody. R.C. 2151.414(B). Under the
statute, the juvenile court is authorized to grant permanent custody of a child to the
agency if, after a hearing, the court determines, by clear and convincing evidence,
that (1) any of the five factors under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) to (e) exists, and
(2) permanent custody is in the best interest of the child under the factors
enumerated in R.C. 2151.414(D). The Court’s Findings Under the First Prong Are Supported by Clear and Convincing Evidence
Under the first prong of permanent-custody analysis, the juvenile
court is to determine if any of the following factors exists: whether the child has been
in the temporary custody of public children services agencies or private child placing
agencies for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period (R.C.
2151.414(B)(1)(d)); whether the child is abandoned (R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(b));
whether the child is orphaned and there are no relatives of the child who are able to
take permanent custody (R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(c)); whether another child of the
parent has been adjudicated as abused, neglected, or dependent on three occasions
(R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(e)); or, when none of these factors apply, whether “the child
cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents within a reasonable time or should
not be placed with the child’s parents.” (R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a)).
Here, under the first prong of the permanent-custody analysis, the
court found two of these five factors present. First, the trial court noted S.H. has
been in the temporary custody of the agency (since June 6, 2017) for 12 or more
months of a consecutive 22-month period (R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d)). This finding is
reflected by the record.
Second, the court also found that S.H. cannot be placed with mother
within a reasonable time or should not be placed with mother (R.C.
2151.414(B)(1)(a)). For this finding — regarding the possibility of reunification —
R.C. 2151.414 lists 15 factors for the court to consider (R.C. 2151.414(E)(1)-(15)), and it also permits the court to consider “any other factor the court considers relevant.”
(R.C. 2151.414(E)(16)). Only one of the enumerated factors under R.C. 2151.414(E)
is required to exist for the court to make the finding that the child cannot be placed
with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either
parent. In re Glenn, 139 Ohio App.3d 105, 113, 742 N.E.2d 1210 (8th Dist.2000). In
fact, once the court has properly determined that one of the enumerated factors
exist, the court is required to enter a finding that the child cannot or should not be
placed with either of his parents within a reasonable period of time. In re
Hauserman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 75831, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 338, 12 (Feb. 3,
2000).
Although the trial court only needs to make one finding to support its
determination that S.H. cannot be placed with mother within a reasonable time or
should not be placed with mother, the court here found four of the enumerated
factors present in this case. First, the court found mother failed continuously and
repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions that had caused the removal of
S.H. notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the agency to
assist the parents (R.C. 2151.414(E)(1)). For this factor, the court specifically found
that the agency made reasonable efforts for unification by including parenting,
individual counseling, and family counseling but the services were not completed.
Second, the court found mother was unwilling to provide food,
clothing, shelter, and other necessities for S.H. as evidenced by the unwillingness to
successfully complete a case plan so she can properly provide for the child (R.C. 2151.414(E)(14)). Third, mother has neglected S.H. during the period between
the date of the complaint and the date of the motion for permanent custody by her
failure to regularly visit, communicate, or support the child (R.C. 2151.414(E)(3)).
Fourth, mother has demonstrated a lack of commitment toward S.H. by failing to
regularly support, visit, or communicate with S.H. or by her other actions showing
an unwillingness to provide an adequate permanent home for S.H.
(R.C. 2151.414(E)(4)).
Our review of the record indicates the trial court’s findings are
supported by clear and convincing evidence. In its efforts to facilitate unification,
the agency prescribed a parenting class to address the parent-child communication
issues and family counseling. Although mother completed the parenting class, it did
not appear to benefit her, because the communication between her and S.H. actually
deteriorated in the course of this permanent custody matter. Although mother is to
be commended for completing the parenting class, we note that “[t]he issue is not
whether the parent has substantially complied with the case plan, but whether the
parent has substantially remedied the conditions that caused the child’s removal.”
(Emphasis sic.) In re McKenzie, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 95CA0015, 1995 Ohio App.
LEXIS 4618, 11 (Oct. 18, 1995).
The agency also prescribed family counseling. However, the agency’s
efforts to provide the counseling were hampered by mother’s work schedule and her
inability to provide transportation for the service, the acrimonious relationship
between mother and S.H. and their inability to communicate with each other, and S.H.’s frequent change of foster placement due to her negative behaviors in the
foster home. For the duration of this permanent custody matter, the social worker
was not able to schedule any family counseling sessions.
While the logistical difficulties for mother to be available for the
family counseling in locations outside her home is understandable given her work
schedule and a lack of transportation options, the social worker testified mother
never contacted her on her own or made herself available for the counseling service.
Mother appeared to be available only if the counseling would be provided in her
home, which indeed reflects a lack of commitment on her part, as noted by the trial
court. In addition, visitations between mother and child became sporadic and then
nonexistent because mother was unable to improve the antagonistic relationship
between them.
More importantly, one of the half-brothers charged with raping S.H.
continued to reside in the home. Although the rape cases have not been adjudicated,
mother did not know how she would accommodate both S.H. and her son should
S.H. return to the home.
Based on our review, therefore, there is clear and convincing evidence
on the record warranting the findings made by the trial court that S.H. cannot be
placed with mother within a reasonable time or should not be placed with her. The
first prong of the permanent-custody analysis is satisfied. The Trial Court’s Findings Under the Second Prong (Best Interest of the Child) are Supported by Clear and Convincing Evidence
Under the two-prong analysis, once the court determines that one of
the four factors listed in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) is present, the court proceeds to an
analysis of the child’s best interest. In determining the best interest of the child,
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) mandates that the juvenile court consider all relevant factors,
including, but not limited to, the following:
(a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child;
(b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the child;
(c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *;
(d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency;
(e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section apply in relation to the parents and child.1
When analyzing the best interest of the child, “[t]here is not one
element that is given greater weight than the others pursuant to the statute.” In re
1 These factors include: whether the parent has been convicted of certain crimes, has placed the child a substantial risk due to the parent’s drug use, has withheld medical treatment for the child, has abandoned the child, or is incarcerated. R.C. 2151.414(E)(7)- (11). Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d 498, 2006-Ohio-5513, 857 N.E.2d 532, ¶ 56. Furthermore,
only one of these enumerated factors needs to be resolved in favor of the award of
permanent custody. In re S.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102350, 2015-Ohio-2410,
¶ 30.
As to the second part of the permanent-custody analysis, the trial
court here noted that it has considered the statutory factors enumerated in
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) and found it to be in the best interest of S.H. for permanent
custody to be granted to CCDCFS. The trial court specifically found that mother and
S.H. have an ongoing parent–teen conflict that is so severe that it is not in the best
interest of the child to reside in mother’s home and that one of the child’s half-
brothers, who was charged with rape against S.H., still resided in mother’s home.
The record reflects clear and convincing evidence supporting the trial
court’s determination that permanent custody is in S.H.’s best interest. Regarding
her interaction and interrelationship with her family (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)), the
conflict between S.H. and her mother was so severe that even visitation or family
counseling cannot be arranged. As to her relationship with the siblings, one sister
was charged with domestic violence from an altercation with S.H., and two half-
brothers were charged with sexually assaulting her. This factor alone weighs heavily
in favor of permanent custody.
Regarding S.H.’s wishes (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b)), she was steadfast
about not having her mother having any decision-making authority about her life
due to their highly conflicted relationship. In addition, her unwillingness to return to the home is understandable given mother’s inability to protect her from her
siblings: mother was present during the domestic violence incident involving S.H.
and her sister, yet did not intervene; and mother did not have a plan to
accommodate both her and her half-brother charged with raping her should she
return to the home.
As to the child’s custodial history (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c) and
whether a legally secure placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent
custody (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d)), it is undisputed S.H. has been in the agency’s
custody for over two years. The relationship between mother and child became so
contentious and strained that S.H. rejected PPLA, leaving permanent custody the
only option.
Therefore, our review of the record reflects clear and convincing
evidence in support of the trial court’s finding that permanent custody is in the best
interest of the child. We recognize the paramount right of parents to raise their
children, In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990); however,
the parents’ rights are not absolute. In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d 538,
2008-Ohio-4825, 895 N.E.2d 809, at ¶ 40. “The constitutional right to raise one’s
children does not include a right to abuse, exploit, or neglect them, nor is there a
right to permit others to do so.” Id.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment
into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
______________________________ MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, JUDGE
ANITA LASTER MAYS, P.J., and FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCUR