An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance with the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA25-4
Filed 15 October 2025
Gaston County, Nos. 22JT000056-350, 22JT000057-350, 22JT000058-350
IN THE MATTER OF: P.U.M.C., N.M.P., T.M.P., Jr.
Appeal by respondent-mother from order entered 3 September 2024 by Judge
Angela G. Hoyle in Gaston County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 30
September 2025.
J. Edward Yeager, Jr. for petitioner-appellee Gaston County Department of Social Services.
Parker Poe Adams & Bernstein LLP, by William L. Esser IV, for guardian ad litem.
Parent Defender Wendy C. Sotolongo, by Assistant Parent Defender Jacky L. Brammer, for respondent-mother.
PER CURIAM.
Mother appeals from the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights to
her minor children, Thomas, Nicole, and Payton (collectively, the “children”).1 On
appeal, Mother raises two issues: (1) the trial court repeatedly misapprehended the
law in ways that deprived her of her right to a fair termination proceeding; and (2)
1 Pseudonyms are used to protect the juveniles’ identities, pursuant to N.C. R. App. P. 42(b). IN RE: P.U.M.C., N.M.P., T.M.P., JR.
Opinion of the Court
alternatively, the trial court failed to ensure the children received adequate
representation at the termination hearing, as the GAL did not present any evidence
concerning the children’s best interests. For the reasons discussed herein, we vacate
the trial court’s order and remand for a new disposition hearing.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Mother is the biological parent of the children: Thomas, Nicole, and Payton.2
On 18 February 2022, the Gaston County Department of Health and Human Services
(“DHHS”) filed a petition alleging that Thomas, Nicole, and Payton were neglected
and dependent juveniles. The trial court granted DHHS nonsecure custody of the
children that same day. The petition alleged as follows.
On 22 November 2021, DHHS received a neglect report alleging that Mother
was homeless and using drugs. On 29 November 2021, DHHS met with Mother at
an urgent care facility. She explained that the visit was for a health assessment for
Thomas, which was required for him to remain enrolled in school. Mother also
disclosed that the family was homeless and staying in nearby hotels. Following this
meeting, DHHS made several additional attempts to meet with Mother and the
children but was unsuccessful.
On 11 January 2022, DHHS received a second report involving truancy
allegations and concerns regarding Mother’s failure to pick up Thomas from school
2 Respondent-father is not a party to this appeal.
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on time. On 13 January 2022, DHHS was notified that Thomas had once again not
been picked up from school, and Mother could not be reached by phone. DHHS
assumed temporary custody of Thomas until Mother arrived to pick him up at
approximately 10:00 p.m. that evening. That night, Mother entered into a safety plan
with DHHS and agreed to keep DHHS informed of the family’s whereabouts. Over
the following weeks, Thomas was picked up late from school on several occasions, and
Mother failed to maintain contact with DHHS. Additionally, DHHS scheduled
multiple meetings and requested drug screenings from Mother, but she failed to
attend or comply with any of the appointments.
Following a hearing on 31 May 2022, the trial court adjudicated the children
neglected and dependent based on findings of fact consistent with the allegations in
the petition. A dispositional hearing was held on 19 July 2022, but Mother was not
present. The trial court ordered that the children remain in DHHS custody and
Mother comply with all recommendations under her case plan. The case plan
required Mother to, among other things, complete mental health and substance abuse
assessments; obtain stable housing and employment; submit to and comply with drug
screens; complete parenting classes; and maintain contact with DHHS.
The trial court held permanency planning hearings on the following dates: 6
December 2022, 28 February 2023, 23 May 2023, 15 August 2023, 5 December 2023,
5 March 2024, 4 June 2024, and 30 July 2024. Mother was only present for the 28
February 2023 hearing. Mother’s counsel was not present at the hearings held in
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December 2022, June 2024, and July 2024. At each hearing, the trial court
consistently found that Mother had failed to make reasonable progress, had not
corrected the conditions that resulted in the removal of the juveniles from her
custody, and had not completed her case plan. As a result, on 18 August 2023, DHHS
filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights to Thomas, Nicole, and Payton.
On 21 August 2023, Mother was appointed new counsel solely for the termination
hearing.
The termination petition was heard on 5 August 2024. Mother was not
present. At the hearing, the trial court received testimony from three DHHS social
workers. On 3 September 2024, the trial court entered an order concluding that
grounds existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights for neglect and willful failure
to make reasonable progress pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1) and (2) and that
termination would be in the children’s best interests. The trial court incorporated all
prior court orders, DHHS reports, and guardian ad litem (“GAL”) reports from the
underlying matter into its findings of fact. Mother timely appealed from the 3
September 2024 termination order.
II. Issues
Mother argues two issues on appeal: (1) the trial court misapprehended the
law numerous times in ways that detrimentally impacted Mother’s ability to receive
a fair termination proceeding; and (2) alternatively, the trial court failed to ensure
the children received adequate representation at the termination hearing, as the GAL
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did not present any evidence regarding the children’s best interests.
III. Analysis
A. Misapprehensions of Law
It is well established that “[a] parent whose rights are considered in a
termination of parental rights proceeding must be provided with fundamentally fair
procedures consistent with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.”
In re J.E.B., 376 N.C. 629, 633 (2021) (internal quotations and citations omitted); see
also In re K.M.W., 376 N.C. 195, 208 (2020) (“[W]hen the State moves to destroy
weakened familial bonds, it must provide the parents with fundamentally fair
procedures[.]” (citations omitted)). Here, Mother asserts she was denied a
fundamentally fair termination proceeding due to various misapprehensions of the
law by the trial court, which we address in turn.
1. Counsel’s Presence at Permanency Planning Hearings
First, Mother argues that she was deprived of a fair termination proceeding
because the trial court conducted three permanency planning hearings without the
presence of her counsel. Specifically, the orders from the hearings held in December
2022, June 2024, and July 2024 indicate that Mother’s counsel “waive[d] his
appearance.”
Mother has appealed only from the 3 September 2024 order terminating her
parental rights; accordingly, that order is the sole matter properly before this Court
for review. The permanency planning hearing orders are not subject to appellate
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review in this case. See N.C. R. App. P. 3(d) (“The notice of appeal . . . shall designate
the judgment or order from which appeal is taken[.]”). Moreover, Mother has failed
to cite any legal authority or present any argument in support of this issue. See N.C.
R. App. P. 28(b)(6) (“Issues not presented in a party’s brief, or in support of which no
reason or argument is stated, will be taken as abandoned.”). Thus, Mother’s first
argument is dismissed.
2. Mother’s Counsel for Termination Hearing
Second, Mother argues that the trial court erred by appointing different
counsel to represent her during the termination proceeding. However, she fails to
explain how the change in representation prejudiced the outcome of the proceeding.
Pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101.1(a), “[t]he parent has the right to counsel, and
to appointed counsel in cases of indigency, unless the parent waives the right.”
Mother was represented by appointed counsel throughout the underlying matter.
After the petition to terminate her parental rights was filed on 18 August 2023, new
counsel was appointed on 21 August 2023 to represent her solely in the termination
proceeding. Thereafter, on 9 January 2024, her newly appointed counsel filed a
response to the termination petition.
At the termination hearing, Mother’s new counsel indicated that after the
response was filed, Mother initially showed some interest in pursuing her case.
However, she made no further effort to communicate with counsel after January
2024. In the weeks leading up to the termination hearing, Mother missed several
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scheduled appointments and appeared over three hours late to the one appointment
she did attend.
We find no merit in Mother’s argument that the appointment of different
counsel rendered the termination proceeding fundamentally unfair. She was
appointed new counsel for the termination proceeding on 21 August 2023, nearly a
full year before the termination hearing on 5 August 2024. During that time, she had
ample opportunity to communicate with her attorney and prepare for the hearing.
The record indicates that it was Mother’s failure to maintain contact and attend
scheduled meetings, not the change in representation, that hindered her attorney’s
ability to prepare for the termination hearing.
For these reasons, Mother was not deprived of a fair proceeding based on the
appointment of different counsel.
3. Appearance of GAL Attorneys
Next, Mother argues that the trial court failed to ensure that the children
received consistent and proper representation, as several different GAL attorneys
appeared throughout the permanency planning proceedings. She further contends
that Respondent-Father’s appointed counsel withdrew from the case, accepted a
position with the GAL program, and subsequently appeared as a GAL attorney
advocate for the children in this matter, thereby creating a conflict in representation.
Mother asserts that the trial court’s failure to provide consistent and appropriate
representation for the children was “inextricably intertwined” with the termination
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proceeding.
This Court addressed a similar issue in In re J.E., where the respondent
“point[ed] to the children’s lack of representation at prior hearings, to which she did
not object nor later appeal, as grounds to overturn the trial court’s termination order.”
183 N.C. App. 217, 228 (2007) (Hunter, J. dissenting). Our Supreme Court
subsequently reversed this Court, adopting the dissenting opinion. In re J.E., 362
N.C. 168 (2008). The dissent reasoned that allowing respondents to challenge
termination orders based on alleged errors in prior hearings “would create
uncertainty and render judicial finality meaningless.” In re J.E., 183 N.C. App. at
228 (Hunter, J. dissenting) (citing In re O.C. & O.B., 171 N.C. App. 457, 463 (2005)).
Additionally, termination orders “may be sustained irrespective of earlier juvenile
court activity.” Id. (citation omitted) (emphasis in original). Further, and more
importantly, the prior orders concerning alleged inadequate representation were not
before the Court on appeal. Id. at 229. For these reasons, the termination order was
affirmed. Id., rev’d, 362 N.C. 168 (2008).
Similarly, in the instant case Mother points to the different GAL attorneys who
represented the children at prior hearings, orders she neither objected to below nor
appealed from, as grounds to reverse the termination order. Consistent with In re
J.E., allowing Mother to raise errors based on the prior orders “would create
uncertainty and render judicial finality meaningless.” In re J.E., 183 N.C. App. at
228. Moreover, the orders from those proceedings are not properly before this Court
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for appellate review. Accordingly, Mother’s argument is without merit. See id. at
228–29 (“[T]here is no statutory authority for the proposition that the instant order
is reversible because of a GAL appointment deficiency that may have occurred years
earlier.” (citation omitted)).
4. Default Judgment
Lastly, Mother challenges the trial court’s conclusion of law stating, “[t]he
Department is entitled to a judgment terminating the parental rights of
Respondent/mother herein pursuant to N.C.G.S. 1A-1, Rule 55 and N.C.G.S. 7B-
1107.”
The trial court referenced North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 55, which
governs the entry of default judgments. N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 55. Mother correctly
observes that “a default judgment or judgment on the pleadings is inappropriate in a
proceeding involving termination of parental rights[.]” In re Shaw, 152 N.C. App.
126, 129 (2002) (citation omitted). The trial court also cited N.C.G.S. § 7B-1107,
which states:
Upon the failure of a respondent parent to file written answer to the petition . . . within 30 days after service of the summons and petition . . . the court may issue an order terminating all parental and custodial rights of that parent with respect to the juvenile.
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1107 (2023). However, Mother filed an answer to the termination
petition. Thus, she is correct that this statute is inapplicable. Mother argues this
conclusion of law was erroneous because the trial court concluded DHHS was entitled
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to a default judgment terminating her parental rights. Contrary to Mother’s
assertion, the record clearly reflects that the trial court did not rely on a default
judgment. Rather, the trial court held a full hearing, received testimony from DHHS
social workers, made forty-two detailed findings of fact, and concluded that two
grounds existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-
1111(a)(1) and (2). There is no indication in the record that the termination of her
parental rights was based on a default judgment. Accordingly, regardless of this
erroneous conclusion, the error is harmless, as the trial court’s findings of fact support
its determination that Mother’s rights were subject to termination under N.C.G.S. §§
7B-1111(a)(1) and (2). See In re Bluebird, 105 N.C. App. 42, 51, (1992) (holding
despite the trial court failing to specify the grounds for termination in its order, the
error was harmless “because the evidence strongly support[ed] the trial court’s
conclusion[.]”).
In sum, we discern no error that deprived Mother of a fundamentally fair
termination proceeding.
B. GAL Representation at the Termination Hearing
Next, Mother argues that the trial court erred by failing to require the GAL to
present any evidence regarding the children’s best interests during the dispositional
phase of the termination hearing. She contends that without evidence from the GAL,
the trial court’s dispositional ruling was erroneous.
Although Mother did not object at the termination proceeding, such an error
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involves a statutory mandate that is preserved despite the absence of objection. See
In re J.C.-B., 276 N.C. App. 180, 192 (2021) (“When an appellant argues the trial
court failed to follow a statutory mandate, the error is preserved, and the issue is a
question of law and reviewed de novo.” (citation omitted) (emphasis in original)).
“[W]hen a trial court acts contrary to a statutory mandate and a defendant is
prejudiced thereby, the right to appeal the court’s action is preserved,
notwithstanding [the] defendant’s failure to object at trial.” In re J.T.S., 268 N.C.
App. 61, 67 (2019) (citation omitted).
A GAL is appointed to protect the juvenile’s interests “at every stage of the
proceeding.” In re R.A.H., 171 N.C. App. 427, 431 (2005) (citations omitted). Under
N.C.G.S. § 7B-601(a), a GAL’s duties include:
to make an investigation to determine the facts, the needs of the juvenile, and the available resources within the family and community to meet those needs; to facilitate, when appropriate, the settlement of disputed issues; to offer evidence and examine witnesses at adjudication; to explore options with the court at the dispositional hearing; to conduct follow-up investigations to insure that the orders of the court are being properly executed; to report to the court when the needs of the juvenile are not being met; and to protect and promote the best interests of the juvenile until formally relieved of the responsibility by the court.
N.C.G.S. § 7B-601(a) (2023). Therefore, “one of the statutorily enumerated functions
of a GAL is to assist the trial court in making its best interest determination during
the dispositional stage.” In re R.D., 376 N.C. 244, 250 (2020); see also In re K.J.E.,
288 N.C. App. 325, 331 (2023) (“[O]ne of the functions of the GAL is to provide
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information to the trial court to aid the trial court’s decision regarding the child’s best
interest.” (citation omitted)).
This Court recently addressed a similar issue in In re S.D.H., 296 N.C. App.
392 (2024). There, the respondent argued that the trial court failed to comply with
statutory mandates by ruling on disposition without evidence from the GAL. Id. at
403. This Court explained the GAL must “offer evidence, either written reports,
testimony, or both, recommending to the trial court which course of action is in the
best interests of the child.” Id. at 401. Thus, “the Juvenile Code imposes an implicit
duty upon the trial court to ensure the role(s) of the guardian ad litem are performed
as required by statute.” Id. at 402 (citing N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-601(a), 1108(b)).
In In re S.D.H., the record contained no evidence from the GAL. In re S.D.H.,
296 N.C. App. at 404. There was no indication that the GAL conducted a pre-trial
investigation or prepared reports to inform the trial court of the juveniles’ best
interests. Id. The trial court therefore ruled on disposition without any evidence
from the GAL. Id. This Court held, “the trial court had an implicit duty to receive
information or evidence from the Guardian ad Litem at the hearing to allow the trial
court to determine whether the Guardian ad Litem sufficiently performed his duties.”
Id. at 404. Moreover, “a trial court cannot properly consider all relevant criteria set
out in Section 7B-1110(a) where it wholly lacks evidence from the guardian ad litem
for the juveniles.” Id. Without evidence from the GAL and corresponding
recommendations, the trial court could not properly determine the juvenile’s best
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interests. Id.
Regarding whether the respondent was prejudiced, this Court in In re S.D.H.
relied on In re R.A.H., where the trial court failed to appoint a GAL until four days
into the termination hearing. See In re R.A.H., 171 N.C. App. at 430–31. In In re
R.A.H., the Court held that when “a child [is] not represented by a guardian ad litem
at a critical stage of the termination proceedings,” prejudice is presumed. Id. at 431.
Likewise, in In re S.D.H., the Court concluded that although the GAL was present at
the entirety of the hearing, the juveniles lacked effective representation because the
GAL failed to present any evidence or advocate on their behalf. In re S.D.H., 296
N.C. App. at 404. As a result, the Court determined the circumstances were
comparable to In re R.A.H., since the trial court proceeded without adequate
representation from the GAL. Id. at 403. This Court ultimately remanded for a new
dispositional hearing, while the adjudication ruling remained undisturbed. Id. at
405.
In the present case, the record similarly shows no evidence offered by the GAL.
The GAL did not present written reports or testimony, nor did he question witnesses,
make arguments, or provide the trial court insight into the juvenile’s best interests.
Although the termination order incorporates prior orders and GAL reports, the GAL
was still statutorily required to offer evidence at disposition. The trial court had a
duty to receive such evidence and could not properly determine the best interests of
the juveniles without it. We, therefore, presume prejudice. Thus, consistent with In
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re S.D.H., we hold the trial court erred by ruling on disposition without evidence from
the GAL.
IV. Conclusion
We hold that the trial court failed to fulfill its statutory duty to receive evidence
from the GAL necessary to determine the juveniles’ best interests. Without such
evidence, the trial court could not properly rule on disposition. Accordingly, we do
not disturb the trial court’s adjudication ruling, but we vacate the termination order
and remand for a new dispositional hearing.
VACATED AND REMANDED FOR NEW DISPOSITION HEARING.
Panel consisting of Chief Judge DILLON and Judges FLOOD and MURRY.
Report per Rule 30(e).
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