1 Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the Atlantic 2 and Maryland Reporters. Users are requested to notify the Clerk of the Court of 3 any formal errors so that corrections may be made before the bound volumes go 4 to press. 5 6 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS 7 8 Nos. 16-FS-1291, 16-FS-1292 & 16-FS-1293 9 10 IN RE PETITION OF D.R.M.; 11 T.M.S., APPELLANT. 12 13 Appeals from the Superior Court of the 14 District of Columbia 15 (ADA-70-15, ADA-71-15, & ADA-72-15) 16 17 (Hon. Sean C. Staples, Magistrate Judge) 18 (Hon. Yvonne Williams, Associate Judge) 19 20 (Argued September 27, 2017 Decided December 20, 2018) 21 22 (Amended January 10, 2019) * 23 24 Leslie J. Susskind for appellant T.M.S. 25 26 Sabine Browne for appellee D.R.M. 27 28 Rhodalyn Primes Okoroma, Assistant Attorney General, with whom Karl A. 29 Racine, Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Todd S. Kim, then Solicitor 30 General, and Loren L. AliKhan, then Deputy Solicitor General, were on the brief, for 31 the District of Columbia. 32 33 N. Kate Deshler Gould, guardian ad litem, filed a statement in lieu of a brief 34 in support of appellee D.R.M.
* This amended opinion reflects a clarification in our standard of review. 2
35 Before BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, Chief Judge, and GLICKMAN and THOMPSON, 36 Associate Judges. 37
38 BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, Chief Judge: Appellant T.M.S. appeals the Superior
39 Court’s order terminating her parental rights over her three biological daughters,
40 A.S., M.S., and T.S., and granting the adoption petition of the children’s foster
41 parent, appellee D.R.M. T.M.S. broadly argues that the magistrate judge, in his
42 order, which the associate judge affirmed, erred in (1) finding that she was unfit to
43 parent her children, and (2) finding that D.R.M.’s petition for adoption was in the
44 best interests of her children. The trial court’s decision that T.M.S. was unfit to
45 parent her children and that adoption is in the best interests of the children is
46 supported by clear and convincing evidence in the record. We affirm.
48 I. Factual and Procedural Background
50 The record demonstrates that on January 28, 2012, Metropolitan Police
51 Department (“MPD”) officers found ten-year-old A.S., nine-year-old M.S., and
52 four-year-old T.S., home alone. “[T]he home had minimal electricity, no gas, was
53 infested with mice, and had minimal food and no hot water.” The children reported
54 to the officers that T.M.S. had left the “home early that morning and had not returned
55 by evening.” Upon removal, the girls were placed at St. Ann’s Infant and Maternity 3
56 Home until February 29, 2012, when they were placed together in a foster care home.
57 On April 25, 2012, T.M.S. stipulated to the adjudication of neglect of her three
58 daughters, admitting that “she suffered from a mental illness that impacted her
59 ability to parent” her children, “and that her failure to receive treatment, the
60 condition of her home and her leaving the children unattended provided a basis for
61 the Court to find neglect pursuant to D.C. Code [§§] 16-2301 (9)(A)(ii) and (iii)
62 [(2012 Repl.)].” As a result, the three children were put into the care of the Child
63 and Family Services Agency (“CFSA”). On September 9, 2013, T.M.S. and the
64 children’s biological father, R.L.A., 1 were granted supervised visitation rights. On
65 December 20, 2014, the girls were placed into D.R.M.’s home.
67 Following the children’s removal from T.M.S.’s home, the trial court ordered
68 her to undergo a mental health evaluation and participate in Cognitive Behavioral
69 Therapy (“CBT”) and weekly drug tests. Following a psychiatric evaluation of
70 T.M.S., McClendon Center psychiatrist, Dr. Steven Steury, diagnosed T.M.S. with
71 “Adjustment [D]isorder, mixed depression [and], mixed depressed mood,” and
72 prescribed her Zoloft. T.M.S.’s treating therapist Korey Puckett, who has been
73 treating T.M.S. using CBT, testified that T.M.S.’s symptoms include “maladaptive
1 R.L.A. and T.M.S. share nine children. R.L.A. has been in and out of jail for all of the children’s lives and consented to the girls’ adoption. 4
74 thoughts,” “crying spells and repressed feelings,” which cause her to “have a
75 heightened suspicion” of others and assume others are trying to hurt her. The record
76 indicates that the paramount concern of Dr. Steury and Mr. Puckett is that T.M.S.’s
77 mental illness causes “poor [behavior] choice[s],” which prevent her from putting
78 the best interests of her children above what she wants for her children. On June 5,
79 2013, the permanency goal was changed from reunification to adoption.
81 a. The Termination of Parental Rights (“TPR”) and Adoption 82 Hearing 83
84 The TPR and adoption hearing was held on October 15, 16, 23 and 28, 2015,
85 before Magistrate Judge Staples. Although none of the three children testified at
86 trial, the trial court admitted statements that they made to their counselor, James
87 Sean Delehant, regarding their wishes for adoption and future relationship with
88 T.M.S. All three children expressed their desire to be adopted by D.R.M., exhibited
89 a clear understanding of the meaning of adoption, and understood “that they may
90 lose all contact with [T.M.S.]” should they be adopted. The trial court took judicial
91 notice that A.S., who was fourteen years old at the time, consented to the adoption,
92 after A.S. signed and submitted to the court a consent form indicating her desire to
93 be adopted by D.R.M. See D.C. Code § 16-304 (b)(1) (2012 Repl.).
94 5
95 At the hearing, the court heard a great deal of testimony about T.M.S.’s
96 struggles with mental illness and her lack of progress in ameliorating the conditions
97 that led to her children’s removal.2 The court also heard quite a bit of testimony
98 about the children’s mental, emotional, and developmental struggles and their
99 progress throughout their time following their removal from T.M.S.’s care. The
100 court relied primarily on the testimony of six key witnesses: the foster mother,
101 D.R.M.; the social worker, Christine Dogger; the expert witness, Dr. Seth King; the
102 counselor, Mr. Delehant; the birth mother, T.M.S.; and the birth mother’s therapist,
103 Mr. Puckett.3
2 Dr. Steury has been treating T.M.S. since approximately 2010. Although he did not testify during the proceedings, portions of his reports and diagnoses were read into the record by Joy Ellis-George, the Director of Nursing and Health Services at the McClendon Center. Ms. Ellis-George testified that Dr. Steury diagnosed T.M.S. with “Adjustment [D]isorder, mixed depression, [and] mixed depressed mood” and that T.M.S.’s records also indicated mental retardation, personality disorder, general medical conditions, hypertension, psychosocial environmental problems, stressors, and financial stressors. 3 Although the trial court relied less heavily on their testimony, the following five witnesses also testified and were credited by the court: (1) Pamela Brown of D.C. Pretrial Services; (2) Arleina Davis, a CFSA family support worker who assisted during visitations between the girls and T.M.S.; (3) Toi Bailey, A.S.’s community support worker; (4) Ashley Singleton, M.S.’s and T.S.’s community support worker; and (5) Joy Ellis-George, custodian of records for the McClendon Center. 6
106 b. The Magistrate Judge’s Ruling and the Associate Judge’s 107 Affirmance on Review 108
109 In detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law based on the
110 aforementioned testimony, the trial court concluded that T.M.S. was unfit to parent
111 the girls. See D.C. Code §§ 16-304 (e) and -2353 (b) (2012 Repl.).4 Therefore, the
112 trial court concluded that T.M.S. withheld her consent to adoption contrary to the
113 children’s best interests. Finally, the trial court concluded that adoption by D.R.M.
114 was in the children’s best interests, and T.M.S.’s consent was therefore waived.
116 The trial court noted that T.M.S. “deeply loves her children,” but that she,
117 nonetheless, was not fit to parent the children “due to her long-term, ongoing
118 unresolved mental health issues, refusal to admit to the neglectful conditions that her
119 children were living in, and lack of stable housing.” The trial court further reasoned
120 that T.M.S. cancelled several scheduled visits with the children over the years.
121 During several of the visits that T.M.S. attended, she exhibited a variety of irrational
122 emotional states, which upset and agitated the children. Additionally, she continued
4 Section 16-304 (e) provides that the trial court may grant a petition for adoption without the natural parent’s consent upon finding that the natural parent is withholding consent contrary to the child’s best interest. Section 16-2353 (b) outlines the Termination of Parental Rights factors, which the court must consider before determining that terminating a natural parent’s right to parent a child, is in that child’s best interests. 7
123 to bring large amounts of food and unhealthy snacks to visits with the children,
124 notwithstanding that two of the three children struggled with obesity, which greatly
125 impacted their health and wellbeing. Finally, the trial court did not find T.M.S.’s
126 progress sufficient and did not expect her to make adequate progress in a reasonable
127 amount of time to be able to care for her children “in a way that does not endanger
128 their welfare.”
130 The trial court credited D.R.M.’s testimony and found that D.R.M. provided
131 a loving and stable home for the children. Magistrate Judge Staples further found
132 that D.R.M. understood and was capable of addressing the children’s educational,
133 medical, and emotional needs, and that adoption by D.R.M. was in the children’s
134 best interests.
136 On review, Associate Judge Williams affirmed the magistrate judge’s
137 decision, finding that it was based on firm factual findings and that the magistrate
138 judge did not abuse his discretion. The trial court thus concluded, by clear and
139 convincing evidence, that T.M.S.’s withholding of consent was contrary to the best
140 interests of the children. This appeal followed.
142 8
143 II. Discussion
145 When reviewing a proceeding to terminate parental rights and waive a natural
146 parent’s consent to adoption, we review “for abuse of discretion, errors of law, and
147 clear lack of evidentiary support.” In re J.O., 176 A.3d 144, 153 (D.C. 2018) (citing
148 In re J.J., 111 A.3d 1038, 1043 (D.C. 2015)). In our review, we must determine
149 whether the trial court “exercised its discretion within the range of permissible
150 alternatives, based on all the relevant factors and no improper factors.” In re T.W.M.,
151 964 A.2d 595, 601 (D.C. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
152 “Legal questions are reviewed de novo, but findings of fact are reviewed for clear
153 error.” In re J.O., supra, 176 A.3d at 153 (citing D.C. Code § 17-305 (a) (2012
154 Repl.)). We then evaluate “whether the trial court applied the correct standard of
155 proof,” and assess whether the “decision is supported by substantial reasoning drawn
156 from a firm factual foundation in the record.” In re T.W.M., supra, 964 A.2d at 601
157 (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also In re J.O., 174 A.3d 870, 881 (D.C.
158 2017).
161 9
162 a. The Trial Court’s Determination That T.M.S. Is Unfit to Parent 163 Her Three Children Is Supported by Clear and Convincing 164 Evidence 165
166 Adoption requires the consent of the biological parent. D.C. Code § 16-304
167 (a). If, however, the biological parent has not voluntarily consented, the court may
168 waive this consent by finding that the biological parent is unfit, In re Ta.L., 149 A.3d
169 1060, 1081 (D.C. 2016) (en banc), and that the parent is withholding consent
170 contrary to the child’s best interests. D.C. Code § 16-304 (e). We clarified, in our
171 en banc decision, In re Ta.L., that given the presumption that a child’s best interests
172 are “served by being placed with his or her fit natural parent,” prior to terminating
173 parental rights, the court must make “an independent determination of parental
174 fitness” and find that the natural parent is not fit to parent his or her child. 149 A.3d
175 at 1083; see also In re J.O., supra, 174 A.3d at 881.5 Once the court has found by
176 clear and convincing evidence that the biological parent is unfit to parent the child,
177 the court may find that a waiver of the parent’s consent is in the child’s best interest.
178 In re W.D., 988 A.2d 456, 459 (D.C. 2010) (internal citation omitted).
5 We note that In re S.L.G., which remains good law, states that “the presumption in favor of the natural parent in a TPR or contested adoption proceeding is ‘rebutted only by a showing that the parent is either unfit or that exceptional circumstances exist that would make the continued relationship detrimental to the child’s best interest.’” 110 A.3d 1275, 1286 (D.C. 2015) (emphasis added; citation and footnote omitted). 10
180 A parent’s “[f]itness refers to the parent’s intention and ability” to care “for a
181 child’s wellbeing and meet the child’s needs, with the basic inquiry focusing on
182 whether the parent is, or within a reasonable time will be, able to care for the child
183 in a way that does not endanger the child’s welfare.” In re J.O., supra, 174 A.3d at
184 881 (internal alternations and quotation marks omitted) (citing In re Ta.L., supra,
185 149 A.3d at 1082). The determination of whether a parent is unfit “is not merely a
186 restatement of the ‘best interests of the child’” but rather, fitness “is an independent
187 determination of parental ‘intention and ability over time.’” In re G.A.P., 133 A.3d
188 994, 998 n.11 (D.C. 2016) (quoting In re S.L.G., supra, 110 A.3d at 1287). The
189 ultimate purpose of this determination being, “to resolve the natural parent’s
190 capacity to ‘care for the child’ and protect the child against ‘undue risk of harm.’”
191 In re G.A.P., supra, 133 A.3d at 998 n.11 (quoting In re S.L.G., supra, 110 A.3d at
192 1287). Factors that may be considered in determining whether a parent is unfit
193 include:
194 past or ongoing child abuse, neglect, maltreatment, or 195 abandonment; a failure to maintain contact with, nurture, 196 or support the child; involvement in criminal or other 197 activities that are seriously inimical to a child’s welfare; 198 the inability or unwillingness to make reasonable efforts 199 to correct the behaviors or conditions that led to the child’s 200 removal from the parent’s custody, to provide a safe and 201 stable home for the child, or to meet a particular child’s 202 special needs; chronic drug or alcohol abuse; and mental 203 health issues or other impairments that demonstrably 204 interfere with the parent’s ability to care for the child or 205 that expose the child to undue risk of harm. 11
206 In re S.L.G., supra, 110 A.3d at 1287 (internal citation omitted). The determination
207 of unfitness shall be focused on the parent’s willingness and ability and, because
208 unfitness is a separate determination, it should not be made by comparing the birth
209 parent’s fitness with that of the adoptive parent. Id. at 1288.
211 On appeal, T.M.S. makes the conclusory assertion that the trial court’s
212 findings that she has “long term ongoing unresolved mental health issues,” which
213 render her unfit to parent the girls, were not based on clear and convincing evidence.
214 We disagree. There is clear and convincing evidence in the record that supports the
215 trial court’s conclusion that T.M.S.’s mental illness negatively impacts her ability to
216 care for her children and renders her unfit to parent her three girls, given their
217 educational, physical, mental, and emotional needs. The trial court based this
218 conclusion on the testimony of Dr. King, Mr. Puckett, and Mr. Delehant, which it
219 credited and which were corroborated by the credited testimonies of two CFSA
220 social workers and two community support workers. The trial court acknowledged
221 that T.M.S.’s multiple mental health diagnoses, the primary being Adjustment
222 Disorder, cause her to have overly negative thoughts, an inability “to recognize the
223 gravity of her mental health needs,” and difficulties with exercising good judgment.
224 The trial court also acknowledged that T.M.S. is prescribed Zoloft and despite telling
225 her therapist that she takes it regularly, she admitted to her community support 12
226 worker that she does not take her medication as prescribed. The court stated that it
227 was unable to fully credit T.M.S.’s testimony because she “refused to acknowledge
228 any factual basis for her children’s removal from her home” and “refused to answer
229 questions regarding her current mental health diagnosis” and ongoing struggles with
230 treatment. Finally, T.M.S.’s stipulation to suffering “from a mental illness that
231 impacted her ability to parent” her children, and “her failure to receive treatment”
232 formed an adequate basis for the children’s April 25, 2012 neglect adjudication.
233 T.M.S.’s circumstances have not significantly changed since then.
235 The fact that a parent has a mental illness does not, in and of itself, constitute
236 a lack of fitness to parent a child. In re D.S., 88 A.3d 678, 694 (D.C. 2014) (“[A]
237 parent’s poverty, ill health, or lack of education or sophistication, will not alone
238 constitute grounds for termination of parental rights.”) (quoting In re J.G., 831 A.2d
239 992, 1000-01 (D.C. 2003)). The court’s concern is with “the degree that such
240 [illness] affects the welfare of the child.” D.C. Code § 16-2353 (b)(2). The relevant
241 determination is whether the mental illness “demonstrably interfere[s] with the
242 parent’s ability to care for the child.” In re S.L.G., supra, 110 A.3d at 1287; see In
243 re P.B., 54 A.3d 660, 667 (D.C. 2012) (holding that in order to prove a child is
244 neglected, the government must not only show mental incapacity but “must also 13
245 show a nexus between a parent’s mental incapacity and an inability to provide proper
246 parental care”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
248 The trial court found that T.M.S. “has consistently failed to recognize the
249 gravity of her mental health needs and lack[s] motivation to address those needs,”
250 which prevents her from putting “the best interests of her children” above her own
251 personal desires. In addition to Dr. King’s recommendation that the children not be
252 returned to T.M.S.’s care, T.M.S.’s treating psychiatrist of six years, Dr. Steury, also
253 would not support T.M.S.’s efforts to gain custody of her children. Dr. Steury’s
254 reasoning was based on the fact that, during the six years he treated T.M.S., she was
255 “never . . . forthcoming with him regarding” the details of the girls’ removal from
256 her care. T.M.S. consistently lacked an appropriate perception of the gravity of her
257 behavior. When asked to support the girls with their academic struggles—the girls
258 have Individualized Education Plans (“IEP”) and have been diagnosed with learning
259 disabilities—T.M.S. refused to acknowledge their academic struggles and instead
260 responded, “my children are very intelligent.” In addition, despite A.S.’s and M.S.’s
261 diagnoses of obesity and other health concerns, T.M.S. insisted on giving her girls
262 large amounts of unhealthy food, including sweets and fast food, at visits.
263 14
264 T.M.S. also was unwilling to address the problems that led to her children’s
265 removal in the first place. Before the trial court, T.M.S. denied that her children
266 were removed from her home because it was roach- and rodent-infested, lacked
267 electricity, that the sink and bathtub were clogged, and that trash and clutter were
268 strewn throughout her home, even though she previously stipulated to these
269 conditions. T.M.S. would only admit that her children were removed because their
270 educational needs were not being met because they missed a lot of school. Despite
271 the fact that T.M.S.’s home was unsuitable for her children, T.M.S. would not allow
272 the social workers to visit and assess the home before the TPR and adoption hearing.
273 Although T.M.S. regularly attended therapy with Mr. Puckett, he admitted that
274 T.M.S.’s progress with CBT has been extremely slow—what typically takes patients
275 one year to complete has taken T.M.S. over four years. As a result of her slow and
276 minimal progress, based on a recent psychological evaluation, the court ordered
277 T.M.S. to increase the frequency of her visits with Mr. Puckett. Mr. Puckett also
278 testified that if the three girls were returned to T.M.S., they would be a stressor on
279 her life, and she would need additional support to cope with the change.
281 The evidence in the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that T.M.S.
282 has a history of ongoing unresolved mental health issues that continue to impair her
283 judgment and her ability to parent her children. While T.M.S.’s efforts in seeking 15
284 treatment and her regular visits with Mr. Puckett are commendable, her condition
285 has not significantly improved and it still impairs her ability to adequately assess
286 reality and respond appropriately to the needs of her children. To reiterate, the
287 evidence shows that T.M.S. is still dealing with a high level of anxiety surrounding
288 her children, which initially led to the deterioration of her home and the children’s
289 removal from her care. Further, T.M.S. still remains unable to acknowledge the
290 health, developmental, and emotional issues that her children are dealing with, which
291 negatively impacts her ability to support them in a meaningful way. Although
292 T.M.S. maintains that she wants her children back and will be able to care for them,
293 she has not exhibited concrete evidence of such an ability—for example, she
294 maintains that her home is clean and organized but has denied entry by the social
295 worker, Ms. Dogger. The combination of these conditions provides a firm basis for
296 the trial court’s ruling that T.M.S. “is not, and will not be within a reasonable amount
297 of time, able to care for the [children] in a way that does not endanger their welfare.”
298 It was therefore not an abuse of discretion for the magistrate judge and the associate
299 judge to find that T.M.S. is not fit to parent A.S., M.S., and T.S.
302 16
303 b. The Trial Court’s Determination That Waiving T.M.S.’s Consent 304 to the Adoption of Her Three Children Is Supported by Clear and 305 Convincing Evidence 306
307 The paramount consideration in TPR and adoption cases is the best interest of
308 the child, which is presumptively served by placing the child with a fit natural parent.
309 However, this presumption is not absolute and must “give way” when clear and
310 convincing evidence shows that a parental placement is contrary to the child’s best
311 interest—either because the parent is unfit or because exceptional circumstances
312 exist that would make the continued relationship detrimental to the child’s best
313 interest. See In re S.L.G., supra, 110 A.3d at 1285-86; see also In re J.O., supra,
314 174 A.3d at 882. The court must make a finding that the natural parent is
315 withholding her consent contrary to the best interests of the child. In re S.L.G.,
316 supra, 110 A.3d at 1285. In deciding what is in the child’s best interests, the court
317 shall look to the TPR factors because granting a petition for adoption over a natural
318 parent’s consent effectively terminates their rights. Id. “The court must weigh the
319 same statutory factors that are considered in a TPR proceeding to decide whether
320 termination is in the child’s best interest.” Id. Four of those factors are relevant
321 here:
322 (1) the child’s need for continuity of care and caretakers 323 and for timely integration into a stable and permanent 324 home, taking into account the differences in the 325 development and the concept of time of children of 326 different ages; 17
327 328 (2) the physical, mental and emotional health of all 329 individuals involved to the degree that such affects the 330 welfare of the child, the decisive consideration being the 331 physical, mental and emotional needs of the child; 332 333 (3) the quality of the interaction and interrelationship of 334 the child with his or her parent, siblings, relative, and/or 335 caretakers, including the foster parent; [and] 336 337 ... 338 339 (4) to the extent feasible, the child’s opinion of his or her 340 own best interests in the matter[.] 341
342 D.C. Code § 16-2353 (b). If, upon weighing these factors, the court finds that a
343 parent is withholding his or her consent contrary to the child’s best interests, then
344 the court may waive the parent’s consent.
346 The trial court applied the TPR framework and found that T.M.S. was not
347 entitled to the presumption that the girls’ best interests would be served by T.M.S.
348 The trial court weighed each of the factors and determined that the outcome favored
349 keeping the girls with D.R.M. We are satisfied that the trial court’s determinations
350 were supported by clear and convincing evidence in the record that the girls’ best
351 interests were served by placement with D.R.M. and that T.M.S.’s consent should
352 therefore be waived.
353 18
354 i. The Children’s Need for Continuity of Care and Caretakers
356 With respect to this first factor, the trial court emphasized that D.R.M. has
357 provided a stable and supportive family environment for the three girls. Although
358 T.M.S. has indicated she wants her girls back, the evidence of her lack of fitness
359 indicates that she will not be able to provide a stable home for the girls anytime soon.
360 The record does not indicate a reason to disturb the trial court’s determination that
361 this factor weighs in favor of keeping the girls under D.R.M.’s care.
363 ii. The Physical, Mental, and Emotional Health of All 364 Individuals Involved 365
366 In weighing this second factor, the trial court noted that D.R.M. has taken
367 every measure to maintain the girls’ health and development since the girls entered
368 D.R.M.’s care in December 2014; for example, D.R.M. takes the girls to the park to
369 stay active, encourages them in school, and has fully integrated them into her family
370 and her extended family. The children initially struggled with emotional and mental
371 health issues, including sadness, depression and abandonment issues, but their
372 conditions have improved since living with and adjusting to life with D.R.M., and
373 attending therapy.
374 19
375 The trial court found that, in contrast, although T.M.S. is informed of the
376 girls’ IEP meetings and doctors’ appointments, she either does not attend or she
377 participates via telephone; further, although she is aware that her older girls are
378 considered obese, she insists on bringing the girls unhealthy food to scheduled visits.
379 The trial court noted that T.M.S. continues to battle her own mental health issues,
380 which negatively impact her ability to adequately take care of the three girls’ unique
381 physical, mental, and emotional needs. The trial court thus properly found that this
382 factor also weighs in favor of keeping the girls with D.R.M. and we discern no error.
384 iii. The Quality of the Interaction and Interrelationship of the 385 Children with Their Parent, Siblings, Relative, And/Or 386 Caretakers, including the Foster Parent 387
388 The trial court weighed the third factor and concluded that the children love
389 T.M.S. but that their relationship with her is not healthy for them. During visits,
390 T.M.S. has overshared her health issues with her children including that she has high
391 blood pressure, “she might die,” that “her tooth was falling out” and that she had
392 problems with her hair. These statements caused the two older girls, A.S. and M.S.,
393 a lot of stress and worry over her well-being. The girls’ therapist, Mr. Delehant,
394 testified that T.M.S.’s emotional state “could be anywhere from excited to
395 depressed, to tearful, confused, [or] happy,” which made the children “anxious.”
396 The oldest child, A.S., acknowledged that T.M.S.’s home is “not a good place to 20
397 return to for her and her sisters” and the middle child, M.S., “wishes things were
398 better” with T.M.S.
400 The trial court determined that living with D.R.M. has given M.S. a “sense of
401 safety.” The trial court credited Mr. Delehant’s testimony that the girls were initially
402 “more withdrawn” and “anxious” with D.R.M. but have adjusted well to her and
403 now have a calm and trusting demeanor with “very good signs of attachment and
404 bonding.” Further, the trial court relied on community support worker Ms.
405 Singleton’s testimony that the girls are bonded to D.R.M. and her daughter as M.S.
406 “really really likes D.R.M.’s daughter.” The trial court ultimately concluded that the
407 girls have a loving and trusting relationship with D.R.M., who supports them in
408 every aspect of their lives and is a reliable mother to them. Further, the trial court
409 noted that although the children love T.M.S. and have a relationship with her that
410 cannot be discounted, the overall quality of the interactions and interrelationship of
411 the children with D.R.M. is substantially greater. Therefore, the trial court did not
412 abuse its discretion in finding by clear and convincing evidence that this factor
413 weighed in favor of the adoption.
416 21
417 iv. The Children’s Opinion of Their Own Best Interests
419 The trial court weighed this fourth factor and credited the testimony of Dr.
420 King that the children wanted to live with their adoptive mother and not their
421 biological mother. The girls’ guardian ad litem as well as their social worker Ms.
422 Dogger also testified in support of the adoption. According to the testimony of Mr.
423 Delehant and Dr. King, which the trial court credited, the children understood what
424 adoption meant and that there was a possibility that they may no longer have visits
425 with T.M.S., and all three still wished to be adopted by D.R.M. The trial court did
426 not abuse its discretion by concluding the children wanted to be adopted by D.R.M.
428 The trial court did not err in finding by clear and convincing evidence that the
429 relevant statutory factors weighed in favor of keeping the girls with D.R.M., and
430 concluding that it was in the girls’ best interests to terminate T.M.S.’s parental rights
431 and grant the adoption petition by D.R.M.
433 III. Conclusion
435 T.M.S.’s significant mental health diagnoses and challenges severely impact
436 her ability to care for her children and render her unfit to parent A.S., M.S., and T.S., 22
437 given their specific learning disabilities and physical and emotional health concerns.
438 The magistrate judge’s findings were supported by clear and convincing evidence in
439 the record demonstrating that T.M.S. is not fit to parent the girls and which satisfies
440 each of the applicable TPR factors. In re J.G., supra, 831 A.2d at 1001. The
441 adoption is necessary to protect the girls “from protracted legal limbo” and “to afford
442 them a stable and permanent home,” which T.M.S. is unable to provide. Id. at 1004.
444 Affirmed.