[Cite as In re N.G., 2012-Ohio-2825.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )
IN RE: N.G. C.A. No. 12CA010143
APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO CASE No. 06JC12646
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: June 25, 2012
MOORE, Judge.
{¶1} Appellant, Jennifer Burchell (“Mother”), appeals from a judgment of the Lorain
County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, that terminated her parental rights and
placed her minor child in the permanent custody of Lorain County Children Services (“LCCS”).
This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} Mother is the natural mother of N.G., born January 3, 2004. N.G.’s father is not a
party to this appeal. This case began on March 10, 2006, when LCCS filed a complaint,
alleging that N.G., then only 18 months old, was a neglected and dependent child. The
allegations of LCCS focused on Mother’s admitted problem with substance abuse, which had
included using drugs during her pregnancy with a younger child, whom she had placed for
adoption after the child’s birth. LCCS was also concerned about Mother’s mental health and that
she had been the victim of domestic violence during her on and off relationship with her ex- 2
husband, who also had a long history of drug addiction. By stipulation of the parties, N.G. was
adjudicated a neglected and dependent child on May 20, 2006.
{¶3} N.G. was initially allowed to remain in Mother’s home, under an order of
protective supervision by LCCS. During June 2006, however, Mother had knee surgery due to
an injury she sustained in an automobile collision, which required extensive rehabilitation.
Because Mother was unable to provide care for N.G., the trial court first placed the child in the
temporary custody of relatives and later in the temporary custody of LCCS.
{¶4} During the following year and a half, Mother worked on recovering from her knee
injury and managing the resulting pain while at the same time ending her addiction to drugs. By
the end of 2007, she had apparently ended her relationship with her ex-husband and achieved
ongoing sobriety. On January 17, 2008, pursuant to a motion filed by LCCS, the trial court
returned N.G. to Mother’s custody, under an order of protective supervision. Following a
hearing on the change of disposition, the trial court concluded that Mother had completed drug
and alcohol treatment and that her addiction was in full remission. On June 28, 2008, protective
supervision was terminated and N.G. was placed in Mother’s legal custody.
{¶5} There was no further activity in this case until February 1, 2010, when LCCS filed
a motion “for further dispositional orders,” seeking temporary custody of N.G. Mother was
living with her ex-husband and was again using drugs and involved in a violent relationship.
Mother agreed to enter a detoxification program and stipulated that N.G. should be placed in the
temporary custody of LCCS.
{¶6} According to the expert who performed Mother’s most recent substance abuse
evaluation, Mother had a long history of addiction to both opiates and benzodiazepines. Her
addiction was medically complicated because she also suffered from epilepsy, mental health 3
issues, and chronic pain due to her knee injury. Nevertheless, Mother had been able to conquer
these problems in the past and achieve a sustained period of sobriety that had enabled her to be
reunified with N.G. in 2008. LCCS developed a case plan that again had reunification as its
goal, with its primary focus on Mother achieving and maintaining sobriety.
{¶7} During the 19 months that followed, however, Mother did not achieve ongoing
sobriety for any period of time. She entered two different drug treatment programs and, although
she completed the detoxification portion of each program, she did not follow up with the
necessary aftercare to maintain her sobriety. Consequently, she continued abusing cocaine,
heroin, and other drugs throughout that period. Mother also continued living with her ex-
husband. One month before the permanent custody hearing, Mother was involved in a domestic
dispute with her him after he returned home to find her using intravenous drugs with a strange
man. When the police responded to the scene, Mother was charged with possession of cocaine
and possession of drug paraphernalia.
{¶8} On December 1, 2011, following a permanent custody hearing, the trial court
found that N.G. had been in the temporary custody of LCCS for more than 12 of the prior 22
months, that she could not be returned to Mother’s custody within a reasonable time or should
not be returned to her, and that permanent custody was in the child’s best interest. Consequently,
it terminated Mother’s parental rights and placed N.G. in the permanent custody of LCCS.
Mother appeals and raises three assignments of error.
{¶9} Before reaching Mother’s assignments of error, this Court must draw attention to
a procedural error that was not raised by Mother. Although not dispositive of this appeal, we
feel compelled to comment about the manner in which this case was reopened in 2010 because 4
the trial court and the parties were apparently under the mistaken understanding that this
procedure complied with Ohio law.
{¶10} The trial court’s authority in dependency and neglect cases is strictly governed by
a comprehensive statutory scheme set forth in R.C. Chapter 2151. E.g., In re I.S., 9th Dist. No.
24763, 2009-Ohio-6432, ¶ 10. On February 1, 2010, when LCCS sought removal of N.G. from
Mother’s home, it did not file a new dependency and neglect complaint under R.C.
2151.27(A)(1), alleging that the child was neglected and dependent, which would have
authorized the juvenile court under R.C. 2151.23 and 2151.31 to remove the child from the
home. Compare In re R.H., 9th Dist. No. 24537, 2009-Ohio-1868, ¶ 3 (child who had been
placed in father’s legal custody at the conclusion of a prior juvenile case was removed from his
custody after the agency filed a new complaint).
{¶11} Rather than commencing a new dependency and neglect case, LCCS filed a
motion in the existing 2006 case “for further dispositional orders,” seeking to terminate the 2008
legal custody order and have N.G. placed in its temporary custody. N.G. had been living with
Mother for over two years and had been in her full legal custody for over 19 months, but the trial
court and all parties proceeded as if LCCS were seeking modification of a temporary disposition
in an ongoing dependency and neglect case under R.C. 2151.353(A)(2) and R.C. 2151.42(A),
which merely required a demonstration that such a disposition was in the child’s best interest.
{¶12} Although the trial court retained jurisdiction over N.G. after it adjudicated her a
dependent and neglected child and LCCS was authorized to seek a modification or termination of
the trial court’s prior dispositional order “at any time[,]” it was also necessary that any
modification of the prior dispositional order comply with R.C. 2151.42 “[i]f applicable.” R.C.
2151.353(E)(1) and (2). Although R.C. 2151.42(A) authorizes the trial court to modify many 5
dispositional orders if it finds that such a modification is in the child’s best interest, R.C.
2151.42(B) sets forth an additional constraint on the trial court’s authority to modify or terminate
orders “granting legal custody of a child to a person[.]”
{¶13} R.C. 2151.42(B) explicitly emphasizes that an order granting legal custody is
“intended to be permanent in nature.” Consequently, it provides that the trial court “shall not”
modify or terminate a legal custody order unless it first finds, based on facts that have arisen
since the prior order or were unknown to the court at that time, “that a change has occurred in the
circumstances of the child or the person who was granted legal custody, and that modification or
termination of the order is necessary to serve the best interest of the child.” R.C. 2151.42(B).
{¶14} Although the trial court failed to make the requisite findings that there had been a
change in circumstances in this case or that termination of legal custody was “necessary” to
serve the best interest of N.G., Mother was represented by counsel when she affirmatively
waived this requirement by stipulating that N.G. should be removed from her home and placed in
the temporary custody of LCCS. Waiver is the “intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a
right” that cannot form the basis of error on appeal. State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-
Ohio-4642, ¶ 23. Moreover, given the substantial evidence in the record that Mother was unable
to care for her child because she could not control her addiction to drugs by achieving even
short-term sobriety, we could not conclude that the outcome of this case would have been any
different had the trial court followed the appropriate procedure in reopening this case.
{¶15} Next, we turn to the assignments of error that Mother has raised on appeal.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I
THE FAILURE TO APPOINT COUNSEL FOR THE MINOR CHILD WAS PLAIN ERROR AND CONSTITUTED A VIOLATION NOT ONLY OF THE CHILD’S DUE PROCESS RIGHTS BUT ALSO OF MOTHER’S. 6
{¶16} Mother’s first assignment of error is that the trial court erred in failing to appoint
counsel for the minor child, N.G. Mother concedes that none of the parties raised this issue at
any time in the trial court and that she raises it for the first time in her appeal to this Court. As
this Court has repeatedly stated, “‘where no request was made in the trial court for counsel to be
appointed for the children, the issue will not be addressed for the first time on appeal.’” In re
T.E., 9th Dist. No. 22835, 2006-Ohio-254, ¶ 6, quoting In re K.H., 9th Dist. No. 22765, 2005-
Ohio-6323, ¶ 41, citing In re B.B., 9th Dist. No. 21447, 2003-Ohio-3314, ¶ 7. Other appellate
districts have also held that this issue must be raised in the trial court to preserve it for appellate
review. E.g., In re Graham, 4th Dist. No. 01CA57, 2002-Ohio-4411, ¶ 31-33; In re Brittany
T., 6th Dist. No. L-01-1369, 2001 WL 1636402, *6 (Dec. 21, 2001).
{¶17} In In re T.E., this Court explained its rationale for not addressing the trial court’s
failure to appoint counsel for the child when a parent raised the issue for the first time on appeal:
Although some courts have held that a parent cannot waive the issue of the children’s right to counsel because such a result would unfairly deny the children their right to due process, e.g., In re Moore, 158 Ohio App.3d 679, 2004-Ohio- 4544, ¶ 31, we disagree that the reasoning applies to this case. Mother has not appealed on behalf of her children and is not asserting their rights on appeal. This is Mother’s appeal of the termination of her own parental rights and she has standing to raise the issue of her children’s right to counsel only insofar as it impacts her own parental rights. In re Smith, 77 Ohio App.3d 1, 13 (1991).
The Ohio General Assembly and the Ohio Supreme Court have required courts to expedite cases involving the termination of parental rights, to prevent children from lingering in foster care for a number of years. E.g., R.C. Chapter 2151; App.R. 11.2. Mother should not be permitted to impose an additional delay in the proceedings by raising a belated challenge for the first time on appeal, under the auspices of defending her children’s due process rights. She had the opportunity at the permanent custody hearing to timely assert their rights, and therefore her derivative rights, but she chose not to. This Court is not inclined to reward a parent for sitting idly on her rights by addressing an alleged error that should have been raised, and potentially rectified, in the trial court in a much more timely fashion.
In re T.E., at ¶ 8-9. 7
{¶18} Although Mother has argued that the trial court committed plain error by failing
to appoint counsel for N.G., she has failed to demonstrate that the child’s lack of counsel
affected the outcome of this case in any way. Despite Mother’s argument to the contrary, we
will not speculate that there may have been a conflict between the wishes of the child and the
recommendation of guardian ad litem absent an affirmative demonstration of such a conflict on
the record. See In re D.H., 177 Ohio App.3d 246, 2008-Ohio-3686 ¶ 42 (8th Dist.).
{¶19} Consequently, Mother has failed to demonstrate that the trial court committed
plain error by failing to appoint counsel for N.G. Mother’s first assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT EVALUATING [N.G.’S] WISHES WHEN DETERMINING THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III
THE TRIAL COURT’S JUDGMENT THAT THE TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS OF MOTHER WAS IN [N.G.’S] BEST INTERESTS WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.
{¶20} Mother’s second and third assignments of error will be discussed together, as both
pertain to the trial court’s finding that permanent custody was in N.G.’s best interest. Mother
asserts that the trial court committed reversible error by making its best interest determination
without any evidence of the child’s wishes and, further, that its best interest finding was not
supported by the evidence that was presented at the hearing.
{¶21} Before a juvenile court may terminate parental rights and award to a proper
moving agency permanent custody of a child, it must find clear and convincing evidence of both
prongs of the permanent custody test that: (1) the child is abandoned, orphaned, has been in the
temporary custody of the agency for at least 12 months of the prior 22 months, or that the child
cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either 8
parent, based on an analysis under R.C. 2151.414(E); and (2) the grant of permanent custody to
the agency is in the best interest of the child, based on an analysis under R.C. 2151.414(D). See
R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) and 2151.414(B)(2); see also In re William S., 75 Ohio St.3d 95, 99 (1996).
{¶22} The trial court found that the first prong of the permanent custody test had been
satisfied because N.G. had been in the temporary custody of LCCS for more than 12 months at
the time the agency filed its permanent custody motion, and because she could not be returned to
Mother’s home within a reasonable time or should not be returned to her because of several
factors under R.C. 2151.414(E), including that Mother had failed to substantially remedy the
conditions that caused the child’s continued removal from her home and that Mother had a
chronic chemical dependency that was so severe that it made Mother unable to provide N.G.
with an adequate home at that time or, as anticipated, within the next year. R.C. 2151.414(E)(1)
and (2). Mother does not dispute any of the trial court’s findings on the first prong of the
permanent custody test.
{¶23} Mother confines her challenge on appeal to the trial court’s finding that
permanent custody was in the best interest of N.G. When determining whether a grant of
permanent custody is in a child’s best interests, the juvenile court must consider the following
factors:
(a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child;
(b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the child;
(c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two- month period ***; 9
(d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency[.]
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(d). 1
{¶24} First, Mother asserts that the trial court committed reversible error by making the
best interest determination without having any evidence about the child’s wishes. A review of
the record supports Mother’s assertion that there was no evidence before the trial court
concerning the wishes of N.G., who was nearly eight years old at the time of the permanent
custody hearing. She did not testify in camera and there is nothing in the testimony or report of
the guardian ad litem to indicate what the child’s wishes were or even whether the guardian had
ascertained them. There was no suggestion on the record that N.G. was too immature or
otherwise unable to express her wishes.
{¶25} As quoted above, R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) sets forth the best interest factors that the
trial court is required to consider, including “[t]he wishes of the child, as expressed directly by
the child or through the child’s guardian ad litem[.]” R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b). Although the trial
court has the discretion to decide whether this evidence will be presented through the child’s
own testimony or that of the guardian ad litem, the statute explicitly requires the trial court to
consider the child’s wishes as part of its best interest determination. In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d
73, 2007-Ohio-1104, ¶ 55-56.
{¶26} In addition to the obligation of the agency to present evidence and the trial court
to consider the child’s wishes under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b), Sup.R. 48(D)(13)(c) explicitly
requires the guardian ad litem to ascertain the child’s wishes in preparing his or her report to the
court about the child’s best interest. If the guardian ad litem ascertained the child’s wishes in
1 The factor set forth in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e) does not apply to the facts of this case. 10
this case, he did not convey that information to the court, nor did he explain that N.G., who was
almost eight years old at the time of the hearing, was unwilling or unable to express her wishes.
{¶27} Nonetheless, although the trial court was required to consider each of the statutory
best interest factors, none of these factors is controlling, nor is any factor given greater weight or
heightened importance. In re Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d 498, 2006-Ohio-5513, ¶ 56. Rather, the
trial court is required to weigh the totality of evidence on all of the factors to reach a best interest
decision. Id. at ¶ 63-64. Although this Court has reversed permanent custody decisions due to a
lack of evidence of the child’s wishes, those cases have also involved an absence of evidence on
other best interest factors to support the trial court’s permanent custody decision. See, e.g., In re
A.W., 9th Dist. No. 09CA009631, 2010-Ohio-817, ¶ 12-26.
{¶28} In other words, the trial court’s failure to ascertain the child’s wishes will not
constitute reversible error if there was substantial evidence on the remaining factors to support
the trial court’s conclusion that permanent custody was in the child’s best interest. In this case, a
review of the evidence on the remaining best interest factors reveals that any error by the trial
court in failing to ascertain N.G.’s wishes was harmless, as there was substantial evidence before
the trial court to establish that permanent custody was in her best interest.
{¶29} The first statutory factor to be considered by the court was the interaction and
interrelationship between N.G. and Mother. Although the evidence demonstrated that Mother
regularly visited with N.G. and that the interaction between them was usually positive, Mother’s
interaction with N.G. throughout the 19 months preceding the hearing, and for numerous months
during N.G.’s prior removal from the home, had been limited to periodic visits that were
supervised by LCCS. During the past 19 months, Mother’s visits had never progressed beyond
supervised visits because she never achieved a period of sobriety. In fact, as the case progressed, 11
the frequency of Mother’s visits with N.G. was decreased from once a week to twice a month
because Mother was making so little progress on the case plan. During the periods that N.G. had
lived with her mother, she had been subjected to a home environment of drug use and domestic
violence, which had led to her removal from the home at the age of less than two and again at the
age of six.
{¶30} As explained above, there was no evidence of N.G.’s wishes about where she
wanted to reside. Nonetheless, the guardian ad litem, who had been assigned to this case since
shortly after its inception in 2006, explained his concerns about Mother’s inability to control her
long-term substance abuse. He had watched Mother’s repeated attempts to conquer her drug
addiction over a period of more than six years. The guardian emphasized that Mother had
“profound difficulties” with her drug addiction and that, in his opinion, she had “actually taken a
step backward” during the previous 19 months. Mother had been able to achieve ongoing
sobriety in 2007, which allowed N.G. to be returned to her home in January 2008.
{¶31} Since the removal of N.G. in February 2010, however, Mother had been unable to
achieve even short-term sobriety. She detoxed twice during this period, but did not follow
through with the required aftercare treatment either time. Although Mother testified that she had
recently begun a suboxone program that she was sure would work, she did not begin that
program until almost two years after N.G.’s second removal from her home. Moreover, she had
yet to demonstrate that she would be successful in achieving sobriety, as she had just recently
relapsed while on the program, and she continued living with her ex-husband with whom she had
an extensive history of drug addiction and domestic violence.
{¶32} N.G.’s custodial history has involved repeatedly moving in and out of Mother’s
home. She was first removed from her Mother’s custody before she was two years old and spent 12
most of the next two years living in temporary placements while Mother worked on her case plan
goals and temporarily achieved sobriety. N.G. returned to Mother’s custody, where she resided
for nearly two years, but was removed in early 2010, again due to Mother’s drug addiction. N.G.
then spent more than 19 months living in another temporary placement.
{¶33} N.G., who was almost eight years old at the time of the hearing, had spent almost
half of her life outside of Mother’s custody. This Court has held that “the time period in and of
itself cannot be held against the parent without considering the reasons for it and the implications
that it had on this child.” In re Smith, 9th Dist. No. 20711, 2002 WL 5178, *5. Unlike the
mother in In re Smith, who had made great strides working toward the reunification goals of her
case plan, Mother made little progress during the previous 19 months toward ending her cycle of
addiction to drugs. Although Mother had achieved ongoing sobriety during the 2006-2008
period of removal, at least temporarily, she had made no similar progress during the current 19-
month removal period.
{¶34} During this same period, N.G. had been living in a stable home with the foster
family, was in counseling to work on her behavioral problems, and had made significant
progress. She had assimilated into the foster family and the foster mother testified that she
would like to adopt N.G. if the agency was granted permanent custody.
{¶35} N.G. had moved between caretakers and homes at least every two years
throughout her life. She had never had a permanent home and was in need of a legally secure
permanent placement. Given Mother’s inability to achieve sobriety during the 19 months
preceding the hearing, the trial court could reasonably conclude that she would be unable to
provide N.G. with a suitable home any time in the foreseeable future. Although LCCS had
investigated potential relative placements, it had been unable to find a suitable relative who was 13
willing and able to provide N.G. with a permanent home. Because the trial court also had
evidence before it that the foster parents would like to adopt N.G., it concluded that a legally
secure permanent placement could be achieved by granting permanent custody of N.G. to LCCS.
{¶36} Consequently, the trial court reasonably concluded that permanent custody was in
the best interest of N.G. As there was substantial evidence to support its best interest finding,
any error in the trial court’s failure to ascertain N.G.’s wishes was harmless. Mother’s second
and third assignments of error are overruled.
III.
{¶37} Mother’s assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the Lorain County
Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of
this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant. 14
CARLA MOORE FOR THE COURT
WHITMORE, P. J. CONCURS.
BELFANCE, J. CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY.
APPEARANCES:
KATHLEEN M. AMERKHANIAN, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
DENNIS P. WILL, Prosecuting Attorney, and JENNIFER YOUNG, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.