In re M.A.C.

999 S.W.2d 442, 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 5090
Court of Appeals of Texas·Decided July 8, 1999·No. No. 08-98-00132-CV·Published·Cited by 60 cases

Opinion

OPINION

ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Justice.

M.A.C., a juvenile, appeals from a disposition order committing him to the Texas Youth Commission following an adjudication that he engaged in delinquent conduct by possessing more than 50 but less than 2,000 pounds of marihuana. We affirm.

FACTUAL SUMMARY

On March 19, 1998, sixteen-year-old M.A.C., a Mexican citizen and resident of Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, attempted to enter the United States by driving a Dodge Caravan into the Paso Del [444] Norte Port of Entry. Because M.A.C. appeared extremely nervous, a customs inspector detained him at a secondary inspection area and a canine alerted to the gas tank of the vehicle. A search revealed a compartment in the gas tank where several bundles of marihuana, totaling 96.7 pounds, were concealed.

The State filed a petition alleging that M.A.C. engaged in delinquent conduct by committing the felony offense of possessing more than 50 but less than 2,000 pounds of marihuana. At the adjudication hearing, M.A.C. stipulated to the evidence and the juvenile court found that he had engaged in delinquent conduct as alleged in the petition. A juvenile probation officer, Manuel Barrera, prepared a pre-dis-position report and recommended that Appellant be committed to the care, custody, and control of the Texas Youth Commission (TYC). This report was admitted into evidence without objection at the disposition hearing and Barrera testified on behalf of the State.

M.A.C. resides in Ciudad Juarez with his mother, O.G., who had been separated from M.A.C.’s father, M.R.C., for about a year and a half at the time of the disposition hearing. Barrera recommended that M.A.C. be placed in TYC because he is in need of rehabilitation. He could not recommend that M.A.C. be placed in the Mexican National Children’s Program, a type of supervised probation for Mexican juvenile offenders, because that program requires the existence of some supervision and control over the child which did not exist in O.G.’s home since M.A.C. does not obey her rules and leaves the home entirely on weekends. Barrera believed it was questionable whether M.A.C.’s father has control over the child. Due to the juvenile department’s policy, there are only two alternatives for juvenile offenders from Mexico: placement in the Mexican National Children’s Program under supervised probation or commitment to TYC. Barrera did not testify that he would recommend probation for M.A.C. if he were a United States citizen, but he admitted “there would be more alternatives.” Neither party elicited from Barrera the nature of those alternatives. Barrera was aware of juvenile offenders in the same circumstances who had been given probation.

Based upon the evidence, the juvenile court found that M.A.C. is in need of rehabilitation, and the protection of both the public and the juvenile required that disposition be made. The court further concluded that it is in M.A.C.’s best interest that he be placed outside of his home because his parents are unable to supervise, control, or discipline him, and efforts could not be made to prevent or eliminate M.A.C.’s removal from his home because he is an illegal alien and there are no programs or alternatives available that would prevent his removal. Accordingly, the juvenile court committed Appellant to TYC.

EQUAL PROTECTION

In Point of Error No. One, M.A.C. asserts that his commitment to TYC violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution because a similarly-situated U.S. citizen would have been placed on probation. The Fourteenth Amendment provides that “[n]o State shall ... deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” [Emphasis added.] U.S. Const, amend. XIV. Aliens, even aliens whose presence in this country is unlawful, have long been recognized as “persons” guaranteed due process of law by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202, 210, 102 S.Ct. 2382, 2391, 72 L.Ed.2d 786 (1982); Shaughnessy v. Mezei, 345 U.S. 206, 212, 73 S.Ct. 625, 629, 97 L.Ed. 956 (1953); Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 369, 6 S.Ct. 1064, 1070, 30 L.Ed. 220 (1886). Until a person leaves the jurisdiction — either voluntarily or involuntarily in accordance with the Constitution and laws [445] of the United States — he is entitled to the equal protection of the laws that a State may choose to establish. Plyler, 457 U.S. at 215,102 S.Ct. at 2394.

The Equal Protection Clause directs that all persons similarly situated should be treated alike. City of Cleburne, Texas v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 439, 105 S.Ct. 3249, 3253-54, 87 L.Ed.2d 313, 320 (1985); Plyler, 457 U.S. at 216, 102 S.Ct. at 2394. In examining the validity of state action that is challenged as violative of the Equal Protection Clause, the general rale is that state action is presumed to be valid and will be sustained if the classification drawn by the state action is rationally related to a legitimate state interest. City of Cleburne, 473 U.S. at 439-40, 105 S.Ct. at 3254. However, if the classification is based on race, alienage, or national origin, or if it serves to deny an affected group a fundamental right, the statutory scheme must survive strict scrutiny. Id. at 439-40, 105 S.Ct. at 3254. In such a case, the classification will be sustained only if it is suitably tailored to serve a compelling state interest. Id.

Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI

In re M.A.C., 999 S.W.2d 442, 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 5090 (Tex. Ct. App. 1999).

999 S.W.2d 442 (In re M.A.C.) — published by Counsel Stack Legal Research, free access to 12M+ legal documents.

Related

In the Matter of E.P. v. the State of Texas
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2025
In the Matter of J.H. v. the State of Texas
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2024
in the Matter of B. E. E., a Juvenile
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2022
in the Matter of J. P.
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2021
in the Matter of M.C.H., a Juvenile
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2016
Moon, Cameron
451 S.W.3d 28 (Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, 2014)
in the Matter of J.T.W.
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2013
in the Matter of S. M., a Juvenile
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2013
State v. Alexander Elliot Dinur
383 S.W.3d 695 (Court of Appeals of Texas, 2012)
in the Matter of L.L., Jr., a Juvenile
408 S.W.3d 383 (Court of Appeals of Texas, 2011)
In Re Ee
320 S.W.3d 399 (Court of Appeals of Texas, 2010)
In the Matter of E.E., a Juvenile
320 S.W.3d 399 (Court of Appeals of Texas, 2010)
in the Matter of E. E., a Juvenile
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2010
in the Matter of C.C.B.
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2009
in the Matter of A. D.
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2009
In re A.D.
287 S.W.3d 356 (Court of Appeals of Texas, 2009)
in the Matter of R. D. P. , a Child
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2008
In the Matter of A.T.M., a Juvenile
281 S.W.3d 67 (Court of Appeals of Texas, 2008)
In Re ATM
281 S.W.3d 67 (Court of Appeals of Texas, 2008)
in the Matter of A. T. M., a Juvenile
Court of Appeals of Texas, 2008