In re Laird

109 F. 550, 13 Ohio F. Dec. 658, 1901 U.S. App. LEXIS 4227

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
• Decided: June 4, 1901
• Docket: No. 921
• Status: Published

Opinion

DAY, Circuit Judge,

after stating the foregoing facts, delivered the opinion of the court.

The determination of the right to priority of the demands of the labor claimants in this case depends in the first instance upon a construction of the Ohio statute (section 3206a). This act was passed April 18, 1888, and is entitled “An act supplementary to section 3206 of the Revised Statutes of Ohio, providing a lien for laborers, miners, mechanics and others, for their labor.” 80 Ohio Laws, 80, p. 188. It reads as follows;

“Laborers and employes of any persons, association of persons or corporation, whether such employment be at agriculture, mining, manufacture or other manual labor, shall have a lien upon the real property of their employers for their wages, -which is hereby declared to be superior to the following liens taken or attaching during the existence of such unpaid labor claims, to wit: liens of attachment, liens of mortgage given or taken at a time of actual insolvency of the debtor, or with a view of preferring creditors or to secure a pre-existing debt, and superior to all claims for homestead or other exemptions, except under section fifty-four hundred and thirty; and in all cases where property of an employer is placed in the hands of an assignee, receiver or trustee, claims due for labor performed within the period of three months prior to the time such assignee, receiver or trustee is appointed, shall be first paid out of the trust fund, in preference to all other claims against such employer, except claims for taxes and the costs of administering the trust. The lien herein provided shall he deemed to be waived by the laborer or employe, as to any portion of such labor, unless within thirty days from the expiration of three months from the performance of such portion, he shall file with the recorder of the county where the labor was performed, an itemized statement verified by affidavit, of the amount, kind and value of the labor performed within said period, with all credits and offsets, and the amount then due him therefor, which verified statement, when so filed shall be recorded in a book kept for the purpose, and shall become and operate as a lien upon the real property of the employer without any specific description thereof, for the period of one year from and after the filing thereof, and if an action is brought to enforce the lien within that time, it shall continue in force until finally adjudicated; and the proceedings to enforce such lien shall be the same as in other cases of lien, against the owner of the property and all other persons interested provided that if several persons have or obtained liens under the provisions of this section', against the property of the same employer, they shall have no priority among themselves, but all shall be paid pro rata, nor shall they have priority over those obtaining liens under sections thirty-one hundred and eighty-four, thirty-one hundred and eighty-five, thirty-one hundred and eighty-six and thirty-one hundred and eighty-seven of this chapter, but the persons obtaining liens under said sections thirty-one hundred and eighty-four, thirty-one hundred and eighty-five, thirty-one hundred and eighty-six, and thirty-one hundred and eighty-seven shall have priority as provided therein.”

This section undertakes to provide a means by which laborers or employés can obtain a lien upon the real property of their employer which shall be superior to certain other liens named. The lien thus provided for is to be obtained by filing with the recorder of the county where the labor was performed, within thirty days from the expiration of three months from the performance, an itemized statement, verified and authenticated as directed in the statute. Into the body of this statute this provision is injected:

“And in all cases where property of an employer is placed in tbe hands of an assignee, receiver or trustee, claims due for labor performed within the period of three months prior to the time such assignee, receiver or trustee is appointed, shall be first paid out of the trust fund, in preference to all other claims against such employer, except claims for taxes and costs of administering the trust.”

It is not specifically stated in this connection that the claim in favor of the laborer thus to be preferred shall be a lien upon the debtor’s property, but it is provided that, in the event property oí an employer is placed in the hands of an assignee, receiver, or trustee, such claim shall be first paid out of the trust funds, in preference to all other claims excepting only taxes and costs of administering the trust. As the statute reads, claims of all classes are to be postponed to the labor claims accruing within the period mentioned, whether the same have theretofore constituted liens upon the property or not. It is the manifest purpose of this statute to give this class of claims a preference over all other demands whatsoever with the exception of taxes and costs of administration. We learn from the agreed statement of facts in this case that the receiver, after his appointment on August 27, 18D8, and before any interference to acquire the estate for the trustee in bankruptcy, had reduced the property of the insolvent to money, and had a fund in his hands more than .sufficient to pay these labor claims which had. been duly filed with him. Independently now of any effect which the bankruptcy proceedings may liave upon the question of the standing of these claims as a lien upon the fund, it is apparent that it is the purpose of the Ohio statute, when property of an employer shall be placed by assignment or receivership* beyond the reach of those who may have assisted in its creation by iheir labor to the extent of claims which have accrued within three months prior thereto, to fasten upon it a charge which shall yield in priority of payment only to taxes and costs of administering the trust. This being the object and purpose of the statute, it seems to us tantamount to charging upon such funds a specific lien in favor of this class of creditors. Persons who deal with an employer-after the passage of this statute must be held to know that, in case the'property is placed in the hands of an assignee or receiver, the resulting fund from the administration of such trust shall first be subjected to the payment of such liens. Such a charge is in fact a lien. 2 Bouv. Law Dict. p. 47, defines a lien as:

“A hold or claim which one person has upon the property of another -as security for some debt or charge. In every case in which property, either real or personal, is charged with the payment of a debt or duty, every such charge may be denominated a lien oii the property. Whit. Lien. It differs from an estate in or title to the property, as it may be discharged at any time by payment of the sum for which the lien attaches. It differs from a mortgage in the fact that a mortgage is made, and the property delivered, or otherwise, for the express purpose of security; while the lien attaches as incidental to the main purpose of the bailment, or, as in case of judgment, by mere act of the law, without any act of the party. In this general sense the word is commonly nsed by English and American law writers to include those preferred or privileged claims given by statute or by admiralty law, and which seems to have been adopted from the civil law, as well as the security existing at common law, to which the term more exactly applies.”

In tbe fund realized from the administration of the trust, labor claimants who have performed service within three months before the property was taken to the uses of the trust have an interest. The statute charges the fund in their favor with the amount of their claims. We are of opinion that this is a charge or lien which cannot be interfered with to the prejudice of those entitled-to it under the statute. An attempt to raise the assignment or discharge the receiver, ignoring the statutory charge in favor of labor claimants, would be nugatory as to them. Tlie statute has vested this right in cases of this character by a distinct charge upon the fund, which, if it could be said not technically to constitute a lien, has, nevertheless, all the characteristics and effect of one. This section of the statutes has not been before the supreme court of Ohio for construction, so far as we are advised. In the state circuit court of the Sixth circuit it was held that a laborer in such case was entitled to a preference in payment for work done without filing an itemized account with the recorder, as is required where a lien is acquired upon real estate; and that court held, furthermore, that the legislature has the constitutional power to make such claim for labor superior to all other liens. Trust v. Oil Co., 19 Ohio Cir. Ct. R. 727. In the case of Devine v. Taylor, 12 Ohio Cir. Ct. R. 729; the same court, speaking of a laborer who had performed service within three months next preceding the appointment of a receiver, says:

“He comes under this clause, and, so far as his claim is concerned, we think he obtained a lien in preference to the other general creditors who appear in this case.”

In Goebel’s Ohio Probate Report (page 94), in an opinion which we are informed by a note was affirmed by the circuit court of Hamilton county, it is said:

“The middle clause of said section, herein referred to, gives to employes, where property of an employer is placed in the hands of an assignee, receiver, or trustee, a lien upon the trust fund in preference to all other claims agaidst such employer, except claims for taxes and the costs of administering the trust, when such claims have accrued during the three months preceding the appointment of such assignee, trustee or receiver.”

We therefore reach the conclusion that it was the purpose and object of this statute, which has been made effectual by its terms, to make a charge or lien upon the fund arising from property placed in the hands of a receiver in favor of labor claimants for service performed within three months.

It is claimed, however, that, the petition in bankruptcy having been filed within four months of the appointment of a receiver, the lien is avoided, under section 67, Bankr. Act 1898, subds. “c,” “f.” Subdivision “c” undertakes under certain circumstances to avoid liens. It is aimed at certain liens which are “created by or obtained in or pursuant to any suit or proceeding at law . or in equity, including an attachment upon mesne process or judgment by confession, which was begun against a person within four months before the filing of a petition in bankruptcy.” This is not a lien created by suit or proceedings at law or in equity. The lien is statutory, and is given perforce of theistatute,to those who have performed labor within three months "of the receivership. Ho more, in our judgment, does it come under subdivision “f,” which provides:

“That all levies, judgments, attachments or other liens, obtained, through legal proceedings against a person, who is insolvent, at any time within four months prior to the filing of a petition in bankruptcy against him, shall be deemed null and void in case he is adjudged a bankrupt, and the property affected by the levy, judgment, attachment, or other lien, shall be deemed wholly discharged and released from the same, and shall pass to the trustee as a part of the estate of the bankrupt.”

The lien of the statute is certainly not a levy, judgment, or attachment obtained through legal proceedings. It is true, the receiver in the state court was appointed in legal proceedings, but the lien was not obtained as a result of a proceeding with a view to its establishment. It was created by the statute upon the happening of the events preceding, — the performing of the labor, and the placing of the employer’s property in the hands of a receiver.

These views are in harmony with the decision of the United States district coupt in Wisconsin in Re Kerby-Dennis Co., affirmed in 36 C. C. A. 677, 95 Fed. 116. In affirming the holding of Judge Seaman in the district court, who held that the lien for labqr created by the Michigan statute was not dissolved by the bankruptcy act, Judge Jenkins, delivering the opinion, says: . . ■

“It is to he observed that the lien in the case before us was not obtained through ‘legal proceedings.’ It is a creature of the statute, arising from, and immediately upon, the performance of labor. The legal proceedings contemplated by the statute do not create a lien, but enforce a lien already existing.”

After summarizing the provisions of section 67 and quoting section 67c, which provides “a lien created hy or obtained in or pursuant to any suit or proceedings at law or in equity * * * shall he dissolved,” etc., the learned judge says:

“It is thus clear to us that the design of congress was to protect all liens, whether arising by contract or by statute, and only to avoid those which are In fraud of the act, and those which have been secured by and arise from legal proceedings within the limited time specified before the bankruptcy. 'Exprésalo unius est exclusio alteráis.’ We cannot indulge the presumption that congress intended to avoid a lien secured by the act of labor, and preserved and continued in force only when legal proceedings were instituted within a specified time. Such construction would avoid all mechanics’ liens, and all the liens of laborers, which the laws of the various states have for years sought to protect and to prefer.”

See, also, In re Emslie, 42 C. C. A. 350, 102 Fed. 291.

It is true, in the Kerby-Dennis Case the lien under consideration is specifically given hy the statute when the labor is performed, but in the construction we have given to the Ohio statute the lien arises when the property has been placed in the hands of a receiver, as pointed out in the statute. We do not think such liens, creations of the statute, come within the letter or spirit of section 67, which avoids certain judgments and liens.

This view of the case renders it unnecessary to determine the effect of the order of the state court, made after instituting proceedings in bankruptcy on application of the receiver, ordering him to pay the labor claims. It is to he remarked that, before the order was complied with, the trustee in bankruptcy intervened; and, while the common pleas court ordered the fund to he turned over to the labor claimants, upon review in the circuit court that order was reversed, and the fund ordered to he turned over to the trustee in bankruptcy to he administered in the federal court. We rest our decision upon the proposition that upon the facts disclosed a lien had been created under the state statute in favor of these labor claimants, which was not devested by the proceedings in bankruptcy, and that the fund was chargeable with this lien, which should be recognized and enforced in the bankruptcy court. In this view of the case, we think the district judge erred in denying a preference of claim in favor of these laborers. It is undoubtedly true that the bankrupt act has*made provision for the payment of certain preferred claims, and that the provision of that act in administering an estate in bankruptcy supersedes the state law upon the same subject; but where the lien has attached before the fund has been turned over to the bankruptcy court, and' is not one avoided hy the act, it will he respected, although it may have arisen under a state statute. Judgment reversed, and case remanded to the district court, with instructions to make such orders in distributing the estate as may he necessary in conformity to this opinion; the costs of this proceeding to be paid by the trustee out of the funds in his hands.