IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. 491A19
Filed 20 November 2020
IN THE MATTER OF: K.S.D-F., K.N.D-F.
Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from an order entered on
12 September 2019 by Judge Burford A. Cherry in District Court, Catawba County.
This matter was calendared for argument in the Supreme Court on 7 October 2020
but determined on the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f)
of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Marcus Almond for petitioner-appellee Catawba County Department of Social Services.
Elon University Guardian ad Litem Appellate Advocacy Clinic, by Senior Associate Dean Alan D. Woodlief Jr., for appellee Guardian ad Litem.
Wendy C. Sotolongo, Parent Defender, by J. Lee Gilliam, Assistant Parent Defender, for respondent-appellant father.
Robert W. Ewing for respondent-appellant mother.
EARLS, Justice.
Respondents appeal from an order terminating their parental rights to their
children K.S.D-F. (Katie) and K.N.D-F. (Kennedy).1 Because the trial court had
jurisdiction to enter the termination order and did not abuse its discretion by
1 Pseudonyms used throughout the opinion to protect the children’s identities and for
ease of reading. IN RE K.S.D-F., K.N.D-F.
Opinion of the Court
concluding that termination of respondents’ parental rights was in the children’s best
interests, we affirm the trial court’s order.
Background
On the day of Kennedy’s birth in May 2008, both she and respondent-mother
tested positive for marijuana, which initiated a report to Catawba County
Department of Social Services (DSS). Respondent-mother admitted that she and
respondent-father both smoked marijuana, and respondent-father later confirmed
that he smoked marijuana every day. On 7 July 2008, the children were found by DSS
to be in need of services.
On 12 August 2008, respondents participated in a Child and Family Team
Meeting where they both admitted to using marijuana on a regular basis, and
respondent-father stated he would continue to do so. Respondents entered into a case
plan on 21 August 2008, but they refused to consent to random drug screens.
Respondents were unemployed and were evicted from their residence on or about 5
September 2008. The children moved from relative to relative, and on 19 December
2008 respondent-mother agreed to place the children in a Safety Resource Placement.
The children were placed with their paternal great-aunt and great-uncle (the
Turners).
On 23 December 2008, DSS filed a juvenile petition alleging that Katie and
Kennedy were neglected juveniles, due to respondents’ failure to provide proper care,
supervision, or discipline. In addition to the disclosures of drug use, unemployment,
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and unstable housing, the juvenile petition alleged that respondent-mother had failed
a drug screen requested by her probation officer in October 2008, respondent-father
had previously relinquished his parental rights to another child after DSS filed a
motion to terminate his parental rights, and both respondents had criminal records.
Following a hearing on 26 January 2009, Katie and Kennedy were adjudicated
to be neglected juveniles based upon the facts alleged in the juvenile petition. At the
time of the hearing, the children were in the custody of their mother but were residing
with the Turners. The trial court granted custody of the children to DSS, which left
the children in the Turners’ care. Respondents were ordered to enter into and comply
with a case plan that required them to abstain from possessing or using illicit
substances; submit to drug screens; complete a substance abuse assessment, a
psychological evaluation, and a parenting assessment; follow recommendations from
the assessments and psychological evaluation; and maintain stable housing and
employment. Respondents were allowed one hour of visitation a week.
In an order entered on 18 May 2009 after a 20 April 2009 review hearing, the
trial court noted that respondent-mother had completed her mental health
assessment but had missed several drug screens. Of the two drug screens she did
complete, she tested positive for marijuana once. Respondent-father visited the
children twice but had not contacted the social worker in several months, had not
engaged in his case plan, and had not responded to messages left by the social worker
or his attorney. The children remained in DSS’s custody and in the care of the
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Turners, though the Turners were not approved for a long-term placement after a
home study was completed. Visitation remained unchanged.
In an order entered on 7 August 2009 after a 13 July 2009 review hearing, the
trial court ceased reunification efforts with respondent-father due to his lack of
participation. The children remained in DSS’s custody and in the care of the Turners.
The trial court found that respondent-mother was not in compliance with her case
plan; she had missed five requested drug screens and had only attended two
visitations over a fourteen-week period. Visitation with respondent-father was
ceased, and respondent-mother’s visitation was modified to one hour every other
week.
The trial court entered a permanency planning order on 28 October 2009.
Custody of the children remained unchanged, and while the trial court noted several
concerns that prevented the Turners from being an appropriate long-term placement,
it noted that the children were doing “very well” in their care. The trial court found
that respondent-mother remained noncompliant with her case plan, noting six missed
drug screens, several missed visits with the children, her continued unemployment,
and her failure to “meaningfully” address the issues which brought the children into
DSS’s care. The trial court ceased reunification efforts with respondent-mother and
ordered that the permanent plan be a concurrent plan of (1) custody/guardianship
with relatives, namely the Turners, or adoption by the Turners; and (2) adoption by
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a non-relative. Respondent-mother was allowed one visit per month, and the trial
court restricted unauthorized contact between the children and respondent-mother.
The trial court entered a subsequent permanency planning order on
23 February 2010 following a hearing on 25 January 2010. The trial court noted
respondent-father’s complete lack of contact and respondent-mother’s continued
noncompliance with her case plan. The trial court found that while a home study
would not allow the Turners to be approved to adopt the children, guardianship with
the Turners was appropriate. The permanent plan was changed to
custody/guardianship with relatives, namely the Turners, and custody and
guardianship was granted to the Turners. The trial court prohibited visitation with
respondent-father but allowed respondent-mother two hours of visitation a month,
supervised by the Turners, provided that respondent-mother was “sober and
appropriate.” The trial court did not schedule further reviewing hearings, but it
retained jurisdiction and provided that “the matter may be brought on for hearing
upon motion of any party.”
On 24 June 2016, DSS filed a “Motion for Review,” which requested that the
trial court “conduct a custody review . . . to address the children’s custody, placement,
and safety.” The motion alleged that the Turners returned the children to respondent-
mother’s care in December 2015. The children also had contact with respondent-
father, had witnessed illegal drug use by respondents, and had been subjected to
inappropriate discipline by respondent-mother, where she slapped and hit them in
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the head or face and kicked them. After respondent-mother tested positive for THC,
the trial court entered an order for nonsecure custody, granting custody of the
children to DSS. Katie and Kennedy were placed into foster care and were moved
several times due to their behavior.
The trial court entered a permanency planning order on 5 January 2017
following a hearing on 9 December 2016. The trial court concluded that the most
appropriate permanent plan remained guardianship with the Turners. The children
remained in DSS’s custody, but a trial home placement with the Turners was
approved. Reunification with respondents was not resumed, visitation with
respondent-father was denied, and respondent-mother was allowed one hour a week
of visitation supervised by DSS.
In February 2017, the Turners requested that Katie and Kennedy be removed
from their care due to their unmanageable behaviors. They were placed in separate
foster homes. A subsequent permanency planning order entered on 26 April 2017
removed the Turners as parties in the matter. The trial court found that respondent-
mother had begun working on her case plan again; she completed a parenting and
substance abuse assessment, obtained stable housing and employment, and was
attending all visitations. DSS maintained custody of the children, reunification
efforts with respondent-mother were resumed, and the permanent plan was changed
to reunification with respondent-mother, with a secondary plan of adoption.
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Respondent-mother was allowed at least four, and up to twelve, hours of visitation
per month, though visitation for respondent-father was not resumed.
A 13 September 2017 permanency planning order noted respondent-mother’s
“sporadic” visitation, missed drug screens, unemployment, and arrest for assault
since the last hearing. While the permanent plan remained unchanged, respondent-
mother’s visitation was suspended pending two consecutive negative drug screens.
A 5 April 2018 permanency planning order found that respondent-mother had
no contact with DSS since the previous hearing. She had not visited the children due
to her failure to produce two consecutive negative drug screens. She missed five
requested drug screens but had tested positive for cocaine and THC in January 2018
at the birth of another child. She was involved in a high-speed car chase with law
enforcement, who witnessed drugs being thrown from the car during the chase. The
social worker was able to reach respondent-father, who signed a case plan but did not
submit to a drug screen. The primary plan was changed to adoption, with a secondary
plan of reunification. Katie and Kennedy remained in foster care, though they had
changed placements several times due to their behavior.
In a 25 September 2018 permanency planning order, the trial court maintained
the permanent plan as adoption and changed the secondary plan to guardianship.
Respondent-mother had only sporadically attended therapy to address her substance
abuse concerns and failed to follow through on additional options offered by her social
worker. The trial court also found she had limited contact with her social worker, was
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unemployed, had missed eighteen drug screens but had tested positive for THC at a
screen in April 2018, had failed to comply with three requests for a hair follicle drug
screen, and DSS had been unable to verify her residence. Due to her failure to provide
acceptable drug screens, she had not visited with the children. The trial court found
that respondent-father did not have legal employment. He completed a substance
abuse assessment but only attended one class. Like respondent-mother, he failed to
submit to eighteen requested drug screens, as well as three requested hair follicle
tests, though he tested positive for marijuana after submitting to a drug screen
requested by his probation officer. The trial court concluded that further efforts to
reunify the children with respondents “would clearly be unsuccessful and contrary to
the children’s best interests, safety and welfare.” The children remained in foster
care, and each child had changed foster placements three more times.
On 16 November 2018, DSS filed a motion to terminate respondents’ parental
rights. As grounds for termination, the petition alleged that the children were
neglected, respondents had willfully left the children in foster care for more than
twelve months without showing reasonable progress to remedy the conditions that
led to the removal of the children, and respondents had failed to pay a reasonable
portion of the cost of care for the children while they were in foster care. See N.C.G.S.
§ 7B-1111(a)(1)–(3) (2019).
Subsequent to a termination hearing conducted on 4 June, 3 July, 30 July, and
14 August 2019, the trial court entered an order terminating respondents’ parental
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rights on 12 September 2019. The trial court concluded it had jurisdiction over the
proceeding and that DSS was a proper party to bring the motion before the court. It
adjudicated that grounds existed to terminate respondents’ parental rights due to
neglect and willfully leaving the children in foster care for more than twelve months
without showing reasonable progress to remedy the conditions that led to the
children’s removal. Based upon the evidence presented at the termination hearing,
the trial court concluded that terminating respondents’ parental rights was in Katie’s
and Kennedy’s best interests. Respondents filed notices of appeal.
Analysis
“Our Juvenile Code provides for a two-step process for termination of parental
rights proceedings consisting of an adjudicatory stage and a dispositional stage.”
In re Z.A.M., 374 N.C. 88, 94 (2020) (citing N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-1109, -1110 (2019)). “At
the adjudicatory stage, the petitioner bears the burden of proving by ‘clear, cogent,
and convincing evidence’ the existence of one or more grounds for termination under
section 7B-1111(a) of the General Statutes.” In re A.U.D., 373 N.C. 3, 5–6 (2019)
(quoting N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109(f) (2017)).
On appeal, respondents do not challenge the trial court’s adjudication of
grounds to terminate their parental rights under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1), neglect,
or N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2), failure to make reasonable progress. Instead, they argue
that: (1) DSS did not have standing to file the petition to terminate respondents’
parental rights, which prevented the trial court from having jurisdiction to enter the
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termination order; and (2) the trial court erred in making its dispositional
determination that terminating their parental rights was in the children’s best
interests. They also contend that a de novo standard of review applies to their best
interests argument. We address each argument in turn.
Standing and Jurisdiction
Respondents argue that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the termination
proceeding because DSS did not have standing to file a motion to terminate their
parental rights, as DSS had not been given custody of the children by a court of
competent jurisdiction pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1103(a) (2019). They assert that
the trial court did not have subject-matter jurisdiction to enter the 15 August 2016
nonsecure custody order granting custody to DSS because there was no pending
juvenile petition before the court. Specifically they claim that because DSS only filed
a “Motion for Review” and not a juvenile petition, the trial court did not have
jurisdiction to enter the 15 August 2016 nonsecure custody order, arguing that once
the juvenile petition had been adjudicated, the nonsecure custody provisions in the
Juvenile Code were no longer effective. This argument has no merit.
“The [district] court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction to hear and
determine any petition or motion relating to termination of parental rights . . . .”
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 (2019); see also N.C.G.S. § 7B-101(6) (2019) (defining “[c]ourt” as
the district court). Jurisdiction arises upon the filing of “a properly verified juvenile
petition” and extends “through all subsequent stages of the action.” In re T.R.P., 360
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N.C. 588, 593 (2006) (citing N.C.G.S. § 7B-201(a) (2005)); see N.C.G.S. § 7B-201(a)
(2019) (“When the court obtains jurisdiction over a juvenile, jurisdiction shall
continue until terminated by order of the court or until the juvenile reaches the age
of 18 years or is otherwise emancipated . . . .”).
In this matter, the trial court obtained jurisdiction on 23 December 2008, when
DSS filed a petition alleging that Katie and Kennedy were neglected juveniles.
Following a hearing, Katie and Kennedy were adjudicated to be neglected juveniles,
and the trial court ordered they be placed in the custody of DSS, “with placement in
its discretion.” At the time of the hearing, the children had been residing with the
Turners, and the trial court ordered that the placement continue. In the 23 February
2010 permanency planning order, the trial court determined that a permanent plan
for custody and guardianship with the Turners was in the children’s best interests
and awarded custody and guardianship to the Turners. The trial court specifically
retained jurisdiction and provided that further hearings could be brought upon a
motion by any party. DSS filed such a motion on 24 June 2016, seeking to address
the children’s “custody, placement, and safety” as it had reason to believe the children
had been residing with respondent-mother since December 2015 and had contact with
respondent-father, both in violation of court orders, and that the children witnessed
illegal drug use and been subjected to inappropriate discipline.
Contrary to respondents’ assertion, the trial court did have jurisdiction to enter
the nonsecure custody order on 15 August 2016. The trial court obtained jurisdiction
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on 23 December 2008 with the filing of the juvenile petition, and upon ordering
custody and guardianship to the Turners in its 23 February 2010 permanency
planning order, it did not terminate its jurisdiction and have a civil custody order
entered but specifically retained jurisdiction and provided for further hearings
through the filing of a motion by any party. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-911 (2019) (“Upon
placing custody with a parent or other appropriate person, the court shall determine
whether or not jurisdiction in the juvenile proceeding should be terminated and
custody of the juvenile awarded to a parent or other appropriate person . . . .”). DSS
then filed a “Motion for Review,” and the trial court had jurisdiction when it entered
the nonsecure custody order on 15 August 2016 granting custody of the children to
DSS. DSS subsequently had standing to file the 16 November 2018 motion to
terminate respondents’ parental rights as DSS had been granted custody of the
children. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-1103(a)(3) (2019) (stating that “[a]ny county department
of social services, consolidated county human services agency, or licensed child-
placing agency to whom custody of the juvenile has been given by a court of competent
jurisdiction” has standing to file a petition or motion to terminate parental rights).
Further, in contrast to respondents’ argument that the trial court entered the
order for nonsecure custody without being presented with such a request in a “proper
pleading,” DSS did request review of custody in its “Motion for Review.” Therefore,
this matter is distinguishable from those cited by petitioners, In re Transp. of Juvs.,
102 N.C. App. 806, 807–08 (1991), where the Court of Appeals concluded that
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“without an action pending before it, the district court was without jurisdiction to
enter an order” ex mero motu to transport delinquent juveniles; and In re McKinney,
158 N.C. App. 441, 448 (2003), where the Court of Appeals determined that a “Motion
in the Cause” that did not ask for parental rights to be terminated was insufficient to
give the trial court jurisdiction to enter an order doing so.
This matter is also distinguishable from In re Ivey, 156 N.C. App. 398 (2003),
which respondents also rely on. In In re Ivey, DSS filed no petition alleging the child
to be abused or neglected, which prevented the trial court from having jurisdiction to
grant DSS nonsecure custody. Id. at 401. Moreover, DSS presented no evidence, and
the nonsecure custody order contained no findings of fact, to allow for DSS to take
temporary custody prior to a petition being filed. Id. at 402. Here, a juvenile petition
was filed which conferred jurisdiction on the trial court, and jurisdiction continued
“through all subsequent stages of the action,” including the entry of the nonsecure
custody order. In re T.R.P., 360 N.C. at 593.
Accordingly, we conclude the trial court had jurisdiction to enter the nonsecure
custody order placing the children into the custody of DSS, and thus, the agency had
standing to file the motion to terminate respondents’ parental rights. The trial court
had jurisdiction over the termination action.
Best Interests Determination
“ ‘If a trial court finds one or more grounds to terminate parental rights under
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a), it then proceeds to the dispositional stage,’ at which it
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‘determine[s] whether terminating the parent’s rights is in the juvenile’s best
interest.’ ” In re I.N.C., 374 N.C. 542, 546 (2020) (alteration in original) (first quoting
In re A.U.D., 373 N.C at 6; then quoting N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a)). In determining
whether termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests,
the court shall consider the following criteria and make written findings regarding the following that are relevant:
(1) The age of the juvenile.
(2) The likelihood of adoption of the juvenile.
(3) Whether the termination of parental rights will aid in the accomplishment of the permanent plan for the juvenile.
(4) The bond between the juvenile and the parent.
(5) The quality of the relationship between the juvenile and the proposed adoptive parent, guardian, custodian, or other permanent placement.
(6) Any relevant consideration.
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) (2019).
We first address respondents’ argument concerning the appropriate standard
of review for a disposition entered under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a). Respondents
acknowledge this Court’s long-standing precedent that “[t]he trial court’s assessment
of a juvenile’s best interests at the dispositional stage is reviewed solely for abuse of
discretion.” In re A.U.D., 373 N.C. at 6 (citing In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. 835, 842 (2016));
see also In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 110 (1984). However, they argue that
“Montgomery’s dispositional standard of review has been abrogated by statutory
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changes and A.U.D. was incorrect to rely on it and its progeny for the standard of
review” and advocate for a de novo standard of review. We recently considered similar
arguments in In re C.V.D.C., 374 N.C. 525 (2020), and as in that case, “we again
reaffirm our application of the abuse of discretion standard when reviewing the trial
court’s determination of ‘whether terminating the parent’s rights is in the juvenile’s
best interest’ under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a).” Id. at 529; see also In re Z.A.M., 374 N.C.
88, 99 (2020); In re A.R.A., 373 N.C. 190, 199 (2019). “[A]buse of discretion results
where the court’s ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that
it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” In re A.U.D., 373 N.C. at 6–
7 (alteration in original) (quoting In re T.L.H., 368 N.C. 101, 107 (2015)). Given this
standard of review, respondents’ argument that each of the N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a)
factors weighs against termination in this matter when reviewed under a de novo
standard cannot prevail.
Respondents also argue that even under the abuse of discretion standard the
termination order should be reversed. Under their abuse of discretion argument, they
only challenge Finding of Fact 7, which provides that “[a]lthough there is not a
potential adoptive placement identified at this time, it is likely that the children can
be adopted[, and f]urthermore, more resources for recruiting potential adoptive
families will be available after entry of an order terminating parental rights.”
Respondents contend that the trial court’s finding that the children likely would be
adopted is “manifestly unsupported by reason” because DSS was unable to find a
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stable home for the children in the ten years between the adjudication and the
termination hearing.
However, the trial court’s finding is supported by the evidence. Both the social
worker and the guardian ad litem recommended terminating respondents’ parental
rights and reported it was “likely that [Katie and Kennedy] can be adopted together”
and “very likely [they can] be adopted once they have been legally free for adoption.”
At the disposition hearing, the social worker testified to potential adoptive
placements, including one with a relative, and “absolutely” agreed that additional
doors for recruiting potential adoptive homes would open upon the termination of
respondents’ parental rights. This evidence fully supports the challenged finding.
Respondents also rely on In re J.A.O., 166 N.C. App. 222 (2004). However, the
salient facts in that case are very different from the facts here. In In re J.A.O., the
juvenile’s mother “had made reasonable progress to correct the conditions that led to
the petition to terminate her parental rights.” Id. at 224. At the termination hearing,
the guardian ad litem opined that it was in the juvenile’s best interests not to
terminate the respondent’s parental rights. Id. at 225. The guardian ad litem testified
that it was “highly unlikely that a child of [the juvenile’s] age and physical and mental
condition would be a candidate for adoption, much less selected by an adoptive
family.” Id. at 228. The Court of Appeals stated that although there was a small
possibility that the juvenile would be adopted, the “remote chance of adoption in this
case” did not “justif[y] the momentous step of terminating respondent’s parental
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rights.” Id. This is distinguishable from the current matter, where the guardian ad
litem and social worker both recommended termination and provided that adoption
was likely, or even very likely, and the social worker testified to potential adoptive
placements.
A careful review of the trial court’s dispositional findings shows that the trial
court considered all of the relevant statutory criteria set out in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a).
The record establishes that the trial court’s conclusion that termination of
respondents’ parental rights was in Katie’s and Kennedy’s best interests was neither
arbitrary nor manifestly unsupported by reason. For the reasons stated above, we
affirm the 12 September 2019 order of the trial court terminating respondents’
parental rights.
AFFIRMED.
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