[Cite as In re K.C., 2024-Ohio-5269.]
COURT OF APPEALS ASHLAND COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
IN THE MATTER OF: JUDGES: Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. K.C. and Hon. John W. Wise, J. R.C. Hon. Andrew J. King, J.
Case Nos. 24 COA 016 DEPENDENT CHILDREN 24 COA 017
OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, Case Nos. 20183061 and 20183062
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: November 4, 2024
APPEARANCES:
For Appellee For Appellant-Father
CHRISTOPHER R. TUNNELL JOSEPH P. KEARNS, JR. PROSECUTING ATTORNEY MASON, MASON & KEARNS JOSHUA T. ASPIN P.O. Box 345 ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR 153 West Main Street 110 Cottage Street, Third Floor Ashland, Ohio 44805 Ashland, Ohio 44805 Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 2
Wise, J.
{¶1} Appellant-Father T.C. appeals the March 25, 2024, Decision and Judgment
Order entered by the Ashland County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, which
granted permanent custody of minor children K.C. and R.C. to the Ashland County
Department of Job and Family Services.
{¶2} Appellee Ashland County Job and Family Services has not filed a brief or
otherwise appeared in this appeal.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶3} Appellant-Father T.C. and Mother P.A. are the biological parents of minor
children K.C. (DOB 06/17/2016) and R.C. (DOB 06/07/2018).
{¶4} On December 11, 2018, Ashland County Department of Job and Family
Services filed a Complaint for Dependency and Neglect as to both of the minor children.
The Court held a timely Shelter Care hearing and found the removal of the minor children
to be proper. The minor children were placed in the Temporary Custody of the Ashland
County Department of Job and Family Services (ACDJFS) pursuant to the Shelter Care
Order.
{¶5} The allegations leading to the Complaint arose from the parents abuse of
drugs and trafficking in drugs. On December 11, 2018, drugs were found in the home and
both parents were arrested. Both of the minor children tested positive for cocaine, as
found through hair follicle testing. The children were removed from the home.
{¶6} Appellant-Father was charged in a nine-count Indictment and plead guilty
to four of the counts, including Aggravated Trafficking, Trafficking, Weapons Under Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 3
Disability, and Child Endangering. (T. at 35). He received a sentence of 42 months and
was released in August, 2022. (T. at 36).
{¶7} Mother P.A. was also charged in a nine-count Indictment from the same
incident, alleging Complicity to the same charges as Appellant-Father, as well as Child
Endangering. (T. at 42). She plead guilty to three counts, Complicity to Aggravated
Trafficking, Complicity to Trafficking, and Child Endangering and was sentenced to 120
days house arrest. (T. at 44). She was granted Judicial Release in March, 2020, but
violated her Judicial Release Community Control in March, 2022, and her remaining days
were reinstated in June, 2022, with credit for time served. (T. at 47). She was released
from incarceration on October 6, 2022. (T. at 71).
{¶8} Both children were adjudicated Neglected pursuant to R.C. §2151.03(A)(2)
and Dependent pursuant to R.C. §2151.04(C).
{¶9} On February 21, 2019, an initial case plan was filed with the trial court. It
provided for mental health services, substance abuse services, parent education and
case management for the parents of the minor children.
{¶10} On March 13, 2019, the court held a Dispositional hearing and issued an
Opinion and Judgment Entry. (See JE filed March 25, 2019). The Dispositional Order
placed both children in the Temporary Custody of the Ashland County Department of Job
and Family Services.
{¶11} The court issued written decisions on both the Adjudication and Disposition.
{¶12} Updated case plans were filed on December 5, 2019, December 13, 2019
and April 8, 2020, December 24, 2020, February 12, 2021, and October 15, 2021. The
updated case plans did not change service requirements or goals but instead dealt with Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 4
removing or adding a parent to the case plan due to incarceration or changing visitation
provisions.
{¶13} On April 24, 2020, the Ashland County Department of Job and Family
Services filed a Motion to Modify Disposition. The Agency was requesting that the children
be placed in the Legal Custody of Jessica Bennett and Phillip Bennett. The Bennetts are
the children's Aunt and Uncle, and the children had been placed with them immediately
after their original removal.
{¶14} On September 10, 2020, a Guardian Ad Litem report was filed.
{¶15} The Magistrate held a lengthy hearing on the Motion to Modify Disposition
filed by the Agency and issued its Decision on July 2, 2021. The Decision granted the
Ashland County Department of Job and Family Services' Motion and Ordered that the
children be placed in the Legal Custody of Jessica Bennett and Phillip Bennett.
{¶16} Mother P.A. filed timely objections to the Magistrate's Decision. However,
before the court could rule on the Objections, a Notice of Change of Circumstances was
filed notifying the court that Jessica Bennett and Phillip Bennett were no longer willing to
accept Legal Custody of the minor children.
{¶17} The Ashland County Department of Job and Family Services changed the
children's placement to the home of their maternal great-grandfather, Michael "Mick"
McPherran.
{¶18} On April 6, 2022, another updated case plan was filed with the court
changing the children's placement.
{¶19} On May 3, 2022, Mother P.A filed a Motion for Reunification with the
children. Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 5
{¶20} On May 6, 2022, the Magistrate issued an Amended Decision and
Judgment Entry keeping the minor children in the Temporary Custody of the Ashland
County Department of Job and Family Services. Mother P.A. was granted parenting time.
Appellant-Father was not granted parenting time.
{¶21} On July 7, 2022, the Ashland County Department of Job and Family
Services filed a Motion for Permanent Custody of the minor children.
{¶22} On August 11, 2022, Michael "Mick" McPherran, the maternal great-
grandfather of the minor children, filed a Motion to Intervene and on August 16, 2022, he
filed a Motion for Legal Custody of the minor children.
{¶23} On September 6, 2022, the court granted Michael "Mick" McPherran's
Motion to Intervene.
{¶24} On October 8, 2022, another updated Case Plan was filed with the court. It
dealt with Mother's visitation based on her recent release from prison. Mother objected to
this updated case plan and proposed a case plan with more expanded visitation.
{¶25} On November 10, 2022, Mother P.A. filed a Motion for Reunification with
the children and a Motion for Temporary Orders.
{¶26} On December 2, 2022, the Guardian Ad Litem filed a report with the court
and on December 21, 2022, the Guardian Ad Litem filed an additional report with the
court.
{¶27} On December 7, 2022, and December 22, 2022, the trial court held an
evidentiary hearing on the Motions of the Ashland County Department of Job and Family
Services Motion for Permanent Custody, Mother P.A.’s motion for reunification with the
minor children, and Mr. McPherran’s motion for Legal Custody of the minor children. Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 6
{¶28} An incident occurred which caused the Ashland County Department of Job
and Family Services to file an Emergency Case Plan on May 17, 2023. This updated case
plan changed the placement of the children who were removed from the home of Mr.
McPherran and placed in a foster home.
{¶29} On May 24, 2023, Objections to the emergency case plan were filed and
the court Ordered and held a further hearing.
{¶30} At that hearing, a witness testified that there had been an allegation of the
children being touched inappropriately at the home of Mr. McPherran, and that a police
investigation into that matter had commenced. Subsequently, that police investigation
was closed because the allegations were not substantiated.
{¶31} By Decision and Judgment Order filed March 25, 2024, the trial court
granted permanent custody of the children to the Agency.
{¶32} It is from this decision Appellant-Father appeals, assigning the following
error:
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
{¶33} "I. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT GRANTED
PERMANENT CUSTODY OF THE CHILD TO THE ASHLAND COUNTY DEPARTMENT
OF JOBS AND FAMILY SERVICES, AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
EVIDENCE.”
{¶34} This case comes to us on the expedited calendar and shall be considered
in compliance with App.R. 11.2(C). Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 7
I.
{¶35} In his sole assignment of error, Appellant-Father maintains the trial court’s
decision awarding permanent custody of the minor children to Ashland County DJFS was
against the manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.
{¶36} More specifically, Appellant in his brief argues that the trial court should
have granted legal custody to Michael “Mick” McPherran, the children’s maternal great-
grandfather.
{¶37} To the extent that Appellant-Father argues that the trial court erred by failing
to place the children in the legal custody of Mr. McPherran, the general rule is that “ ‘[a]
parent has no standing to assert that the court abused its discretion by failing to give
[McPherran] legal custody; rather, the challenge is limited to whether the court's decision
to terminate parental rights was proper.’ ” In re L.W. at ¶ 23, quoting In re S.G. 2016-
Ohio-8403, ¶ 52 (3rd Dist.), citing In re Pittman, 2002-Ohio-2208, ¶ 70 (9th Dist.). Accord
In re N.M., 2018-Ohio-1100, ¶ 23 (8th Dist.). If permanent custody to the Agency is in the
children's best interests, legal custody to a relative necessarily is not. In re V.C. 2015-
Ohio-4991, ¶ 61 (8th Dist.) citing In re M.S., 2015-Ohio-1028, ¶ 11 (8th Dist.).
{¶38} Accordingly, Appellant-Father's challenge to the trial court's judgment
granting Ashland County Department of Job and Family Services permanent custody is
limited to whether the trial court improperly terminated his parental rights. With these
principles in mind, we will proceed to review the trial court's judgment awarding
permanent custody of the children to ACDCFS and terminating Appellant-Father's
parental rights. Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 8
Standard of Review
{¶39} Parents have a constitutionally protected interest in raising their children.
In re M.J.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94130, 2010-Ohio-1674, 2010 WL 1500871, ¶ 15,
citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982).
That interest, however, is “ ‘always subject to the ultimate welfare of the child.’ ” In re
M.J.M., quoting In re B.L., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-1108, 2005-Ohio-1151, 2005 WL
615642, ¶ 7.
{¶40} A juvenile court's termination of parental rights and award of permanent
custody to an agency is not reversed unless the judgment is unsupported by clear and
convincing evidence. In re Dylan C., 121 Ohio App.3d 115, 121, (6th Dist.1997); In re
N.B., 2015-Ohio-314, ¶ 48 (8th Dist.). “ ‘Clear and convincing evidence’ is evidence that
‘will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations
sought to be established.’ ” In re T.B., 2014-Ohio-2051, ¶ 28 (8th Dist.), quoting Cross v.
Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 477 (1954). The evidence must be more than a
preponderance, but it does not rise to the level of certainty that is required beyond a
reasonable doubt in criminal cases.
{¶41} R.C. §2151.414 sets forth a two-prong analysis to be applied by a juvenile
court in adjudicating a motion for permanent custody. R.C. §2151.414(B). First, it
authorizes the juvenile court to grant permanent custody of a child to the public agency
if, after a hearing, the court determines, by clear and convincing evidence, that any of the
following factors apply: Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 9
(a) the child is not abandoned or orphaned, but the child cannot be
placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed
with the child's parents;
(b) the child is abandoned;
(c) the child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who
are able to take permanent custody;
(d) the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
children services agencies or private child placing agencies for 12 or more
months of a consecutive 22-month period; or
(e) the child or another child in the custody of the parent or parents
from whose custody the child has been removed has been adjudicated an
abused, neglected, or dependent child on three separate occasions by any
court in this state or another state.
{¶42} R.C. §2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(e). In re J.G., 2014-Ohio-2652, ¶ 41 (8th Dist.).
{¶43} Only one of the factors must be present for the first prong of the permanent
custody analysis to be satisfied. In re L.W., 2017-Ohio-657, ¶ 28 (8th Dist.).
{¶44} Second, when any one of the above factors exists, the trial court must
analyze whether, by clear and convincing evidence, it is in the best interest of the children
to grant permanent custody to the agency pursuant to R.C. §2151.414(D). Id.
R.C. §2151.414(B) Factors
{¶45} In the instant matter, Appellant-Father does not challenge the trial court's
finding under the first prong that the minor children have been in the Temporary Custody
of the Agency for 12 or more consecutive months of a consecutive 22-month period, with Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 10
the Permanent Custody motion being filed after more than three years had passed. The
trial court therefore determined that the condition set forth in R.C. §2151.414(B)(1)(d) was
satisfied.
{¶46} As findings under R.C. §2151.414(B)(1)(a) and R.C. §2151.414(B)(1)(d) are
alternative findings, each is independently sufficient to use as a basis to grant the motion
for permanent custody. In re Daltoni, 2007-Ohio-5805 (5th Dist.); In re K.C., 2024-Ohio-
2081, ¶45 (10th Dist.). This finding alone, in conjunction with a best interest finding, is
sufficient to support the grant of permanent custody. In re Calhoun, 2008-Ohio-5458 (5th
Dist.); In re K.C., 2024-Ohio-2081, ¶45 (10th Dist.).
{¶47} The trial court also found that R.C. §2151.414(B)(1)(b) was applicable to
the children, and that due to their repeated incarcerations, both Appellant-Father and
Mother had abandoned their minor children.
{¶48} Because Appellant-Father has not challenged the twelve of twenty-two-
month finding as to the children, we need to address the best interest of the children
pursuant to R.C. §2151.414(D). Id.
{¶49} Accordingly, we find that the first prong of the permanent custody analysis
has been satisfied.
Best Interest of the Children
{¶50} Appellant-Father's challenge to the trial court's judgment appears to pertain
to the second R.C. §2151.414 prong. Appellant-Father argues that the trial court abused
its discretion in determining that granting permanent custody to ACDCFS was in the
children's best interest. Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 11
{¶51} Appellant contends that it was in K.C.'s and R.C.'s best interest to be placed
in the legal custody of Mr. McPherran.
{¶52} Once the juvenile court determines that one of the factors listed in R.C.
§2151.414(B)(1) applies, then the court must determine, by clear and convincing
evidence, whether permanent custody is in the best interest of the child. 2016-Ohio-4870,
¶ 29 (8th Dist.).
{¶53} We review a trial court's determination of a child's best interest under R.C.
§2151.414(D) for an abuse of discretion. In re J.F., 2018-Ohio-96, ¶ 55 (8th Dist.), citing
In re D.A., 2010-Ohio-5618, ¶ 47 (8th Dist.). “ ‘A trial court's failure to base its decision on
a consideration of the best interests of the child constitutes an abuse of discretion.’ ” In
re J.F., quoting In re N.B., 2015-Ohio-314, ¶ 60 (8th Dist.).
{¶54} In determining the best interest of a child at a permanent custody hearing,
R.C. §2151.414(D)(1) mandates that the juvenile court consider all relevant factors,
including the following:
(a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child's
parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers,
and any other person who may significantly affect the child;
(b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or
through the child's guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the
child;
(c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has
been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 12
agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a
consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *;
(d) The child's need for a legally secure permanent placement and
whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of
permanent custody to the agency;
(e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section
apply in relation to the parents and child.
{¶55} While the trial court must consider all best-interest factors, only one of the
factors enumerated in R.C. §2151.414(D) needs to be resolved in favor of the award of
permanent custody in order for the court to terminate parental rights. In re N.B. at ¶ 53;
In re Z.T., 2007-Ohio-827, ¶ 56 (8th Dist.).
{¶56} In the instant matter, we find that the trial court considered the relevant
statutory factors. The court, in its decision granting permanent custody of the children to
ACDCFS, found:
The two girls have always lived together. They are very bonded and
should remain together wherever they may go.
Jessica Bennett and Phillip Bennett have provided care for the minor
children for the majority of their lives. They have been the parental figures
for the minor children. They love the minor children and gave much thought
before deciding they could not take Legal Custody. They cited the never-
ending drama within the family as well as the chaos and bad decisions
made by others. They noted that the girls' behaviors always changed for the
worse after Mother P.A. was out of prison and visiting with the minor Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 13
children. The minor children became disrespectful and disobedient.
Numerous examples were cited.
Jessica Bennett and Phillip Bennett know that if they have Legal
Custody of the minor children, that the rest of the family will remain involved
which they see as directly detrimental to the minor children. They reluctantly
concluded that it would be in the best interests of the minor children to be
away from the family.
Jessica Bennett has a good relationship with her grandfather,
Michael "Mick" McPherran. She believes that Michael "Mick" McPherran
can probably take care of the minor children if he, in fact, does it. The
concern is that historically he allows others, including mother, P.A., and
grandmother of the minor children, Megan McPherran, to participate and
care for the minor children which remains a concern.
Unfortunately, the Court cannot consider Jessica Bennett and Phillip
Bennett as Legal Custodians for the minor children.
After the last full hearing, the Ashland County Department of Job and
Family Services had to change the minor children's placement. A home
study of Michael "Mick" McPherran and his home had been completed and
was approved. The children were placed with Michael "Mick" McPherran.
Unfortunately, the placement had to be changed again as discussed
below. The minor children were placed in a foster home where they remain.
Throughout the long history of these cases, both mother and father
have been in prison and/or otherwise incarcerated several times each. Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 14
Whenever incarcerated, they were not able to visit the minor children, care
for them, or provide for them.
Their bad choices resulting in incarceration had a direct negative and
detrimental impact on the minor children.
{¶57} The trial court then went on to find that Appellant-Father has a
lengthy criminal record, a history of drug abuse, and instability. The court found
that he was not available to care for or even see the minor children for three and
a half years. The court also found he has had very little interaction with the minor
children for the past five years, and there is no evidence of any bond between him
and the minor children. Further, the court found at the time of the hearing,
Appellant-Father had been arrested and was incarcerated, with federal charges
pending, and that ultimately, he may face another prison sentence.
{¶58} As to Mother, the court found that it had been more than five years
since the children had lived with her. The court also found that Appellant-Mother
also has a lengthy history of criminal activity, incarceration both locally and in
prison, and substance abuse. The court further found that although she denies any
present relationship with Appellant-Father, they have a lengthy history together.
Mother has gone to prison at least twice for having contact with Appellant-Father,
when she was Ordered not to do so. The two have a dysfunctional relationship.
{¶59} The court further found that while Mother did make progress on the
case plan, any progress was interrupted by periods of incarceration. She initially
participated in parenting education; however, her provider was of the opinion that
she just went through the motions and did not benefit from the program. She also Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 15
participated in substance abuse services at Ashland County Council on Alcoholism
and Drug Abuse. She has been diagnosed with anxiety, depression and Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder, but has not sufficiently addressed those issues.
Additionally, she is currently pregnant. She has three children and is pregnant with
a fourth. She does not have custody of any of the minor children.
{¶60} With regard to Mr. McPherran, the court found that McPherran had
allowed Mother unsupervised access to the minor children putting them in a
potentially dangerous environment. When confronted, Mr. McPherran was not
truthful with the caseworker. The court expressed its concerns that Mr. McPherran
would allow Mother to be around the minor children on a daily basis and would be
allowed to care for them.
{¶61} The court found that the minor children had been in the temporary
custody of the Agency since December 11, 2018, and had been out of their
parents’ home for over five years. K.C. was two-years old and R.C. was seven-
months old at the time of their removal. They have never had a stable home with
either parent. The court found that the children are in need of a legally secure
permanent placement and that neither parent could provide that. The court also
noted that both parents have been convicted of Endangering Children.
{¶62} The court also found that the Agency had made reasonable efforts
to prevent the continued removal of the minor children from their home, including
case planning, assessing the needs of the entire family and providing referrals to
address those needs, providing case management, and by seeking kinship
placements. Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 16
{¶63} After review, we find that the evidence supports the trial court's reliance on
the factors set forth in R.C. §2151.414(D) and determination that permanent custody with
ACDCFS is in the best interest of the children.
{¶64} The record contains clear and convincing evidence supporting the trial
court's determination that permanent custody, rather than legal custody to Mr.
McPherran, was in the children's best interest.
{¶65} Based on the foregoing analysis, we cannot say that the trial court abused
its discretion in determining that permanent custody was in the children's best interest.
The record reflects that the trial court considered all relevant statutory factors, and despite
the willingness of Mr. McPherran to assume legal custody of the children, clear and
convincing evidence supports the trial court's determination that permanent custody is in
the children's best interest. Because permanent custody to ACDCFS is in the children's
best interest, legal custody to Mr. McPherran necessarily is not.
{¶66} Based on the record before us, we find there was competent, credible
evidence Appellant-Father failed to remedy the problems which caused the removal of
the minor children from the home and that an award of permanent custody in the
children’s best interest was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Ashland County, Case Nos. 24 COA 016 and 24 COA 017 17
{¶67} Appellant-Father’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
{¶68} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas,
Juvenile Division, Ashland County, Ohio, is affirmed.
By: Wise, J.
Gwin, P.J. and
King, J. concur
JWW/kw 1021