Rule 23 order filed NO. 5-09-0310 February 8, 2010; Motion to publish granted IN THE April 1, 2010. APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT ________________________________________________________________________
In re JOSEPH M., Alleged to Be a Person ) Appeal from the Circuit Court Subject to the Involuntary Administration of ) of Randolph County. Psychotropic Medication ) ) No. 09-MH-89 (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner- ) Appellee, v. Joseph M., Respondent- ) Honorable William A. Schuwerk, Jr., Appellant). ) Judge, presiding. ________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH delivered the opinion of the court:
Respondent, Joseph M ., appeals an order finding him subject to the involuntary
administration of psychotropic medications pursuant to section 2-107.1 of the M ental Health
and Developmental Disabilities Code (Mental Health Code) (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1 (West
2008)) after he waived his right to a hearing. The State has filed a confession of error.
Because the Mental Health Code does not contemplate or permit such a blanket waiver of
all the procedural safeguards provided to respondents in proceedings on a petition for the
involuntary administration of psychotropic medication, we reverse.
Prior to discussing the case, we note that the case could be considered moot, which
would result in a lack of jurisdiction in the court to consider the appeal. The order at issue
was entered on May 7, 2009, and expired 180 days later. See 405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(5)
(West 2008). Because the order appealed has expired, we cannot grant effective relief to
respondent. We recognize that the reversal of the trial court's order would not, in itself,
purge respondent's medical records of the fact of his treatment or the involuntary medication
order. Nonetheless, we will address the questions raised in this appeal under the "public-
interest exception" to the mootness doctrine. Our review recognizes that the duration of the
1 order is "too short to be fully litigated prior to its cessation" (In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d
345, 358, 910 N.E.2d 74, 82 (2009)), and yet, respondent's history of mental illness virtually
guarantees that he will be the subject of petitions for the involuntary administration of
psychotropic medication in the future (see In re Mary Ann P., 202 Ill. 2d 393, 401-02, 781
N.E.2d 237, 242-43 (2002); In re Donrell S., 395 Ill. App. 3d 599, 603, 919 N.E.2d 512, 516
(2009)). His involuntary treatment could adversely affect him collaterally in the future. See
In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d 345, 362, 910 N.E.2d 74, 84 (2009) (the
collateral-consequences exception applies where the reversal of the trial court's order could
provide a basis for a motion in limine that would prohibit any mention of the hospitalization
during the course of another proceeding).
We also recognize that the State's confession of error does not relieve this court of its
duty to perform its judicial function by independently examining the errors confessed, in
order to protect the public interest. Young v. United States, 315 U.S. 257, 258-59, 86 L. Ed.
832, 834-35, 62 S. Ct. 510, 511 (1942); In re Larry B., 394 Ill. App. 3d 470, 471, 914 N.E.2d
1243, 1244-45 (2009).
BACKGROUND
On April 30, 2009, Chester Mental Health Center (Chester) psychiatrist P.S. Thakur,
M.D., filed a petition seeking permission to administer involuntary treatment to respondent.
The petition detailed respondent's long history of mental illness and treatment, his criminal
history, and his then-current mental status. It listed the medications that Dr. Thakur sought
to administer to respondent and included the proposed dosages, their frequency and the mode
of administration, and the monitoring tests that were required. On May 2, 2009, respondent
was served with the petition. Although the petition stated that a 1999 Cook County criminal
charge had not been withdrawn by the State in June 2007, when the defendant was declared
permanently unfit to stand trial, there was no substantiation that respondent's attorney had
2 been served with the petition in compliance with section 2-107.1(a-5)(1) of the Mental
Health Code (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(1) (West 2008) (a respondent's criminal defense
attorney is to be notified of a hearing on a petition for the involuntary administration of
psychotropic medication)). See In re Robert S., 213 Ill. 2d 30, 56, 820 N.E.2d 424, 439
(2004).
At the beginning of the May 7, 2009, hearing on the petition, respondent's attorney,
Jeremy Walker, addressed the court. He informed the court that he had met with respondent
and had discussed with him the petition and his right to a hearing and that respondent had
"expressed a desire to waive his right to the same." The remainder of the hearing transcript
is set out verbatim as follows:
"THE COURT: Mr. [M.], do you wish to give up your right to have a hearing
this morning?
RESPONDENT [Joseph M .]: (Respondent [M.] nodding head.)
THE COURT: He's shaking [sic] his head [']yes.['] I'll accept your waiver. It's
the order of the [c]ourt that the administration is authorized to administer
psychotropic medications and the medication dosages set forth in this order for a
period not to exceed 180 days."
The judge signed a form order granting S.K. Suneja, M.D., a psychiatrist at Chester, the
authority to administer involuntary treatment to respondent. The judge made no findings of
fact for the record.
On June 3, 2009, Barbara A. Goeben, staff attorney for the Illinois Guardianship and
Advocacy Commission, entered her appearance on behalf of respondent and filed a motion
to reconsider the grant of the petition. She argued that an order for the involuntary
administration of psychotropic medication cannot be entered without the entry of written
findings of fact that are sufficient to determine the basis for the involuntary medication order.
3 She cited section 3-816 of the Mental Health Code (405 ILCS 5/3-816 (W est 2008)) and this
court's decision in In re James S., 388 Ill. App. 3d 1102, 904 N.E.2d 1072 (2009), a copy of
which was appended to the pleading, in support of the motion. The judge denied the motion
to reconsider.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Generally, a trial court's order permitting the involuntary administration of
psychotropic medication will not be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight of the
evidence. In re C.S., 383 Ill. App. 3d 449, 451, 890 N.E.2d 1007, 1010 (2008). "A
judgment will be considered against the manifest weight of the evidence 'only when an
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Rule 23 order filed NO. 5-09-0310 February 8, 2010; Motion to publish granted IN THE April 1, 2010. APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT ________________________________________________________________________
In re JOSEPH M., Alleged to Be a Person ) Appeal from the Circuit Court Subject to the Involuntary Administration of ) of Randolph County. Psychotropic Medication ) ) No. 09-MH-89 (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner- ) Appellee, v. Joseph M., Respondent- ) Honorable William A. Schuwerk, Jr., Appellant). ) Judge, presiding. ________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH delivered the opinion of the court:
Respondent, Joseph M ., appeals an order finding him subject to the involuntary
administration of psychotropic medications pursuant to section 2-107.1 of the M ental Health
and Developmental Disabilities Code (Mental Health Code) (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1 (West
2008)) after he waived his right to a hearing. The State has filed a confession of error.
Because the Mental Health Code does not contemplate or permit such a blanket waiver of
all the procedural safeguards provided to respondents in proceedings on a petition for the
involuntary administration of psychotropic medication, we reverse.
Prior to discussing the case, we note that the case could be considered moot, which
would result in a lack of jurisdiction in the court to consider the appeal. The order at issue
was entered on May 7, 2009, and expired 180 days later. See 405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(5)
(West 2008). Because the order appealed has expired, we cannot grant effective relief to
respondent. We recognize that the reversal of the trial court's order would not, in itself,
purge respondent's medical records of the fact of his treatment or the involuntary medication
order. Nonetheless, we will address the questions raised in this appeal under the "public-
interest exception" to the mootness doctrine. Our review recognizes that the duration of the
1 order is "too short to be fully litigated prior to its cessation" (In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d
345, 358, 910 N.E.2d 74, 82 (2009)), and yet, respondent's history of mental illness virtually
guarantees that he will be the subject of petitions for the involuntary administration of
psychotropic medication in the future (see In re Mary Ann P., 202 Ill. 2d 393, 401-02, 781
N.E.2d 237, 242-43 (2002); In re Donrell S., 395 Ill. App. 3d 599, 603, 919 N.E.2d 512, 516
(2009)). His involuntary treatment could adversely affect him collaterally in the future. See
In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d 345, 362, 910 N.E.2d 74, 84 (2009) (the
collateral-consequences exception applies where the reversal of the trial court's order could
provide a basis for a motion in limine that would prohibit any mention of the hospitalization
during the course of another proceeding).
We also recognize that the State's confession of error does not relieve this court of its
duty to perform its judicial function by independently examining the errors confessed, in
order to protect the public interest. Young v. United States, 315 U.S. 257, 258-59, 86 L. Ed.
832, 834-35, 62 S. Ct. 510, 511 (1942); In re Larry B., 394 Ill. App. 3d 470, 471, 914 N.E.2d
1243, 1244-45 (2009).
BACKGROUND
On April 30, 2009, Chester Mental Health Center (Chester) psychiatrist P.S. Thakur,
M.D., filed a petition seeking permission to administer involuntary treatment to respondent.
The petition detailed respondent's long history of mental illness and treatment, his criminal
history, and his then-current mental status. It listed the medications that Dr. Thakur sought
to administer to respondent and included the proposed dosages, their frequency and the mode
of administration, and the monitoring tests that were required. On May 2, 2009, respondent
was served with the petition. Although the petition stated that a 1999 Cook County criminal
charge had not been withdrawn by the State in June 2007, when the defendant was declared
permanently unfit to stand trial, there was no substantiation that respondent's attorney had
2 been served with the petition in compliance with section 2-107.1(a-5)(1) of the Mental
Health Code (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(1) (West 2008) (a respondent's criminal defense
attorney is to be notified of a hearing on a petition for the involuntary administration of
psychotropic medication)). See In re Robert S., 213 Ill. 2d 30, 56, 820 N.E.2d 424, 439
(2004).
At the beginning of the May 7, 2009, hearing on the petition, respondent's attorney,
Jeremy Walker, addressed the court. He informed the court that he had met with respondent
and had discussed with him the petition and his right to a hearing and that respondent had
"expressed a desire to waive his right to the same." The remainder of the hearing transcript
is set out verbatim as follows:
"THE COURT: Mr. [M.], do you wish to give up your right to have a hearing
this morning?
RESPONDENT [Joseph M .]: (Respondent [M.] nodding head.)
THE COURT: He's shaking [sic] his head [']yes.['] I'll accept your waiver. It's
the order of the [c]ourt that the administration is authorized to administer
psychotropic medications and the medication dosages set forth in this order for a
period not to exceed 180 days."
The judge signed a form order granting S.K. Suneja, M.D., a psychiatrist at Chester, the
authority to administer involuntary treatment to respondent. The judge made no findings of
fact for the record.
On June 3, 2009, Barbara A. Goeben, staff attorney for the Illinois Guardianship and
Advocacy Commission, entered her appearance on behalf of respondent and filed a motion
to reconsider the grant of the petition. She argued that an order for the involuntary
administration of psychotropic medication cannot be entered without the entry of written
findings of fact that are sufficient to determine the basis for the involuntary medication order.
3 She cited section 3-816 of the Mental Health Code (405 ILCS 5/3-816 (W est 2008)) and this
court's decision in In re James S., 388 Ill. App. 3d 1102, 904 N.E.2d 1072 (2009), a copy of
which was appended to the pleading, in support of the motion. The judge denied the motion
to reconsider.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Generally, a trial court's order permitting the involuntary administration of
psychotropic medication will not be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight of the
evidence. In re C.S., 383 Ill. App. 3d 449, 451, 890 N.E.2d 1007, 1010 (2008). "A
judgment will be considered against the manifest weight of the evidence 'only when an
opposite conclusion is apparent or when the findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary,
or not based on evidence.' " In re Louis S., 361 Ill. App. 3d 774, 779, 838 N.E.2d 226, 231
(2005) (quoting In re John R., 339 Ill. App. 3d 778, 781, 792 N.E.2d 350, 353 (2003)).
CONTENTIONS ON APPEAL
Respondent contends that the trial court's order authorizing the involuntary
administration of psychotropic mediation must be reversed. He argues that the trial court's
acceptance of his waiver of a hearing on the petition for the involuntary administration of
psychotropic medication violated his right to a fair trial, that the order was improper because
neither the record nor a written order containing a statement of the court's findings of fact
was made, and that his appointed counsel failed to provide him with adequate representation.
DISCUSSION
The Illinois Supreme Court has observed that the involuntary administration of
psychotropic drugs involves a " ' "massive curtailment of liberty." ' " In re Robert S., 213
Ill. 2d 30, 46, 820 N.E.2d 424, 434 (2004) (quoting In re Barbara H., 183 Ill. 2d 482, 496,
702 N.E.2d 555, 561 (1998) (quoting Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 491, 63 L. Ed. 2d 552,
564, 100 S. Ct. 1254, 1263 (1980))). "Even during involuntary hospitalization, an individual
4 retains his liberty interests to remain free from unwarranted intrusions into his body and
mind." In re Orr, 176 Ill. App. 3d 498, 512, 531 N.E.2d 64, 74 (1988) (citing Mills v.
Rogers, 457 U.S. 291, 299, 73 L. Ed. 2d 16, 22-23, 102 S. Ct. 2442, 2448 (1982)). The
Mental Health Code serves in part to protect patients from the potential misuse of
psychotropic medication by medical staff to restrain, manage, or discipline patients, rather
than to treat their mental illness. In re Mary Ann P., 202 Ill. 2d 393, 408, 781 N.E.2d 237,
246 (2002); In re C.E., 161 Ill. 2d 200, 215-16, 641 N.E.2d 345, 352 (1994); In re Gloria
B., 333 Ill. App. 3d 903, 905, 776 N.E.2d 853, 855 (2002). A petitioner seeking involuntary
medication for a patient is thus required to prove by clear and convincin g evidence that a
recipient of mental health services has a serious mental illness or developmental disability;
that his ability to function has deteriorated, that he is suffering, or that he exhibits threatening
behavior; that the mental illness has continued for a period of time or episodically; that the
benefits of the treatment outweigh the harm; that other, less restrictive services have been
explored and found inappropriate; and that if authorization is sought for testing and other
procedures, the testing and procedures are essential for the safe and effective administration
of the treatment. 405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(4)(A) through (a-5)(4)(G) (W est 2008); In re
Dorothy J.N., 373 Ill. App. 3d 332, 335, 869 N.E.2d 413, 415-16 (2007). Clear and
convincing proof is defined as "that quantum of proof that leaves no reasonable doubt in the
mind of the fact finder about the truth of the proposition in question." In re John R., 339 Ill.
App. 3d at 781, 792 N.E.2d at 353 (citing Bazydlo v. Volant, 164 Ill. 2d 207, 213, 647
N.E.2d 273, 276 (1995)). To meet this clear-and-convincing-proof standard, the State must
present expert testimony. 405 ILCS 5/3-807, 2-107.1(a-5)(3) (W est 2008). "An order
unsupported by expert testimony shall be reversed. [Citation.] Expert opinions alone are
insufficient. The opinions must be supported with specific facts establishing the bases for
those opinions." In re David S., 386 Ill. App. 3d 878, 882, 899 N.E.2d 349, 353 (2008).
5 This court's decision in In re Larry B. is instructive. There, the trial court approved
the administration of psychotropic medication despite the facts that the petition had never
been introduced into evidence and the testimony of respondent's psychiatrist was factually
insufficient to allow the court to find that the benefits of the proposed medication
outweighed the risks. We reversed the court's order, finding as follows: "The procedural
safeguards enacted by the legislature regarding authorization for the involuntary
administration of psychotropic medication are not mere technicalities; rather, they are
intended to safeguard the important liberty interests of the patient." In re Larry B., 394 Ill.
App. 3d at 475, 914 N.E.2d at 1247.
There was no evidence before the court in the instant case to support the grant of the
petition. Although the petition was well-written and thoroughly documented, it was never
introduced into evidence. The record is devoid of findings of fact to support the judge's
order, and the order itself was a form order that indicated no findings of fact. We have
already noted that respondent's new counsel presented the judge with authority from this
court that was directly on point: the trial court must accompany its order with a statement on
the record of its findings of fact or written findings that support the order for the involuntary
administration of psychotropic medication in compliance with section 3-816(a) of the Mental
Health Code (405 ILCS 5/3-816(a) (West 2008)). In re James S., 388 Ill. App. 3d 1102,
1107, 904 N.E.2d 1072, 1077 (2009). Given respondent's profound liberty interest in being
free of invasive chemical interference with his mental processes, the absence of findings
warrants a reversal of the judge's order.
Respondent also contends that his appointed counsel provided ineffective assistance.
Because of our resolution of the preceding issues and our determination that the order
granting the petition must be reversed, we need not consider respondent's allegations of error
regarding his counsel's representation.
6 CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the order authorizing the involuntary administration of
psychotropic medications to respondent is reversed.
Reversed.
DONOVAN and STEWART, JJ., concur.
7 NO. 5-09-0310
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT ___________________________________________________________________________________
In re JOSEPH M., Alleged to Be a Person ) Appeal from the Circuit Court Subject to the Involuntary Administration of ) of Randolph County. Psychotropic Medication ) ) No. 09-MH-89 (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner- ) Appellee, v. Joseph M., Respondent- ) Honorable William A. Schuwerk, Jr., Appellant). ) Judge, presiding. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Rule 23 Order Filed: February 8, 2010 Motion to Publish Granted: April 1, 2010 Opinion Filed: April 1, 2010 ___________________________________________________________________________________
Justices: Honorable Richard P. Goldenhersh, P.J.
Honorable James K. Donovan, J., and Honorable Bruce D. Stewart, J., Concur ___________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Barbara A. Goeben, Staff Attorney, Veronique Baker, Director, Legal Advocacy for Service, Guardianship and Advocacy Commission, Metro East Regional Office, Appellant 4500 College Avenue, Suite 100, Alton, IL 62002 ___________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Hon. Randall Rodewald, State's Attorney, Randolph County Courthouse, Chester, for IL 62233; Patrick Delfino, Director, Stephen E. Norris, Deputy Director, Sharon Appellee Shanahan, Staff Attorney, Office of the State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, Fifth District Office, 730 E. Illinois Highway 15, Suite 2, P.O. Box 2249, Mt. Vernon, IL 62864 ___________________________________________________________________________________