In re: Jose Noe Carmona

• Court: United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: April 21, 2015
• Docket: CC-14-1380-TaPaKi
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

FILED APR 21 2015 1 NOT FOR PUBLICATION SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL 2 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

3 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL 4 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 5 In re: ) BAP No. CC-14-1380-TaPaKi ) 6 JOSE NOE CARMONA, ) Bk. No. 09-15452-CB ) 7 Debtor. ) ______________________________) 8 ) JOSE NOE CARMONA, ) 9 ) Appellant, ) 10 ) v. ) MEMORANDUM* 11 ) AMRANE COHEN, Chapter 13 ) 12 Trustee, ) ) 13 Appellee. ) ______________________________) 14 Argued and Submitted on March 19, 2015 15 at Pasadena, California 16 Filed - April 21, 2015 17 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California 18 Honorable Catherine E. Bauer, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding 19 20 Appearances: Mariano A. Alvarez argued for appellant Jose Noe Carmona; Jay K. Chien argued for appellee Amrane 21 Cohen, Chapter 13 Trustee. 22 Before: TAYLOR, PAPPAS, and KIRSCHER, Bankruptcy Judges. 23 24 25 26 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication. 27 Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. 28 See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1(c)(2). 1 Chapter 131 debtor Jose Noe Carmona appeals from an order 2 dismissing his chapter 13 case pursuant to § 1307(c)(6). We 3 AFFIRM. 4 FACTS 5 The Debtor filed a chapter 13 petition on June 5, 2009. 6 Amrane Cohen was appointed as the chapter 13 trustee (“Trustee”). 7 In his schedule of creditors holding secured claims 8 (“Schedule D”), the Debtor listed real property located in Garden 9 Grove, California (the “Property”) with a current value of 10 $395,500. Schedule D also reflected two deeds of trust 11 encumbering the Property. Given the value of the Property and 12 the amount of scheduled debt, the senior trust deed-related debt 13 was partially undersecured. This left the junior trust deed- 14 related debt (“Junior Debt”) entirely unsecured. 15 The trust deed holders both filed proofs of claim. In 16 particular, the junior trust deed holder’s proof of claim (the 17 “Junior Claim”) evidenced that the Junior Debt totaled 18 $137,211.75, which included $17,344.96 in mortgage arrears.2 The 19 Debtor responded to the unsecured status of the Junior Debt and 20 moved to value the Property and to avoid the trust deed securing 21 the Junior Debt (the “Junior Trust Deed”). 22 During this early phase of the case, the Debtor concurrently 23 24 1 Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section 25 references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532. 26 2 We exercise our discretion to take judicial notice of 27 documents electronically filed in the bankruptcy case. See Atwood v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re Atwood), 293 B.R. 28 227, 233 n.9 (9th Cir. BAP 2003).

2 1 sought plan confirmation. An amended plan (“Plan”) proposed a 2 monthly payment of $956.76 for a term of 60 months, based on a 3 base plan amount of $57,405.87. The Plan estimated that it would 4 pay 100% to allowed, nonpriority unsecured claims and estimated 5 these claims at $4,017. It also provided for payment on the 6 senior trust deed-related debt; payments under the Plan cured 7 prepetition arrearage while regular monthly payments continued 8 outside the Plan. Finally, the Plan stated that the Debtor would 9 avoid the Junior Trust Deed pursuant to a lien strip; it did not 10 otherwise directly address the Junior Claim, but contained the 11 following language: 12 HOLDERS OF SECURED CLAIMS . . . WILL BE PAID ACCORDING TO THIS PLAN AFTER CONFIRMATION UNLESS THE SECURED 13 CREDITOR . . . FILES A PROOF OF CLAIM IN AN AMOUNT DIFFERENT THAN THAT PROVIDED IN THE PLAN. If a secured 14 creditor . . . files a proof of claim, the creditor will be paid according to that proof of claim, unless 15 the court orders otherwise. 16 Dkt. No. 19. 17 No one objected to the Plan, and the bankruptcy court held a 18 confirmation hearing on September 9, 2009. Three weeks later, on 19 October 1, 2009, the Trustee filed a report and motion for 20 confirmation of plan and allowance of fees (“Confirmation 21 Motion”). In pertinent part, the Trustee stated that the Plan 22 would “pay 100% to unsecured creditors.” Dkt. No. 21. The 23 Debtor did not oppose or otherwise respond to the Trustee’s 24 Confirmation Motion. 25 Thereafter, the bankruptcy court entered an order confirming 26 the Plan. The confirmation order, as supplied by the Trustee, 27 did not check the box indicating that the Plan was a “base plan,” 28 which would have limited payment on unsecured claims to the base

3 1 amount set forth in the Plan. 2 The Trustee next filed a notice of intent to pay claims 3 (“Notice of Payment”), which listed the Junior Claim and the 4 $17,344.98 in mortgage arrears on the Junior Debt (the “Junior 5 Mortgage Arrears”). The notice indicated the Trustee’s intent to 6 pay the Junior Mortgage Arrears unless the Debtor (or another 7 party in interest) filed an objection by December 9, 2009. No 8 one objected. 9 Meanwhile, following several continuances, the bankruptcy 10 court denied the lien strip motion without prejudice on 11 December 10, 2009. Later that month, the Debtor filed an 12 objection to the Junior Claim. The bankruptcy court overruled 13 the Debtor’s objection; no appeal was taken. 14 A year later, on February 25, 2011, the Debtor filed a 15 “Stipulation on Standing & Allowance of Second Trust Deed as 16 Non-Priority General Unsecured Claim and Conditions Therefor 17 [sic].” The stipulation, between the Debtor and the Junior Claim 18 holder and dated March 2010, allowed the Junior Claim as a 19 nonpriority general unsecured claim and provided for payment as 20 such under the Plan. It also conditioned avoidance of the lien 21 on the Debtor’s completion of the Plan and receipt of a chapter 22 13 discharge. Neither the Debtor nor the Junior Claim holder, 23 however, submitted an order to the bankruptcy court for approval. 24 Several years passed; the Debtor made his monthly Plan 25 payments, and the Trustee filed periodic accounting reports.3 26 27 3 The Trustee’s periodic accounting reports did not reflect 28 any payments on the Junior Mortgage Arrears.

4 1 Then, on March 28, 2014 – nearly the 58th month of the Plan – the 2 Trustee moved to dismiss the case, seeking dismissal on or after 3 April 30, 2014, unless Debtor tendered a payoff balance of 4 $18,900 or otherwise completed the case pursuant to § 1322(d). 5 The Trustee based the motion on “unreasonable delay by the 6 Debtor[] with respect to the term of the confirmed Plan by 7 failing to complete the Plan according to its terms (11 U.S.C. 8 § 1307(c)(6)).” Dkt. No. 55. The motion included notice that a 9 response and request for a hearing were due by April 11, 2014. 10 The Debtor did nothing. As a result, on May, 21, 2014, the 11 Trustee filed a declaration of non-opposition and attested that 12 the arrears to date were $956.76. This amount appears to be in 13 error. Eight hours later, the Debtor filed an opposition.4 He 14 focused on the alleged res judicata effect of the Plan and 15 asserted that it precluded any claim for payment of the Junior 16 Claim. 17 On May 29, 2014, the 59th month of the Plan, the Debtor 18 filed another motion to avoid the Junior Trust Deed. Curiously, 19 the Debtor also refiled the stipulation previously filed in 20 February of 2011. But, again, the Debtor simply filed the 21 4 22 Although there is no argument on this point, the Debtor’s opposition was untimely. Under Local Bankruptcy Rule 23 9013-1(o)(3) of the Central District of California, if there is 24 no response and request for a hearing, the moving party must: “[p]romptly file a declaration attesting that no timely response 25 and request for hearing was served upon the moving party,” lodge a proposed order, and deliver a copy of the declaration to the 26 judge’s chambers. Here, the Trustee filed the declaration, 27 albeit without attachment of the motion to dismiss. But, it is unclear whether the Trustee lodged the proposed order or 28 delivered the judge’s copy.

5 1 stipulation; he did not submit an order with the stipulation or 2 otherwise bring the stipulation to the bankruptcy court’s 3 attention. 4 The bankruptcy court heard the motion to dismiss and the 5 late hour lien strip motion on July 10, 2014 - the 61st month of 6 the chapter 13 case. It first heard and granted the Debtor’s 7 lien strip motion.5 8 The bankruptcy court then turned to the Trustee’s motion to 9 dismiss. The Trustee reasserted his calculation of the payoff 10 balance required to complete the Plan and argued that the lien 11 strip changed only the claim status of the Junior Claim from 12 secured to unsecured. The Debtor argued that the Plan did not 13 provide for the Junior Claim, either as a secured or an unsecured 14 claim, and that because the Junior Claim holder did not timely 15 object to the lack of treatment in the Plan, its claim was 16 effectively eliminated. The bankruptcy court rejected the 17 Debtor’s position and granted the motion to dismiss. 18 The bankruptcy court entered the order dismissing the 19 chapter 13 case on July 25, 2014. The Debtor timely appealed. 20 JURISDICTION 21 The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 22 §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 23 5 24 In an established pattern, the Debtor once again failed to submit an order on the lien strip motion. Although the issue 25 is not on appeal, the bankruptcy court’s grant of the lien strip was an effective and binding determination on the parties 26 notwithstanding that it did not enter an order on the bankruptcy 27 case docket. See Noli v. C.I.R., 860 F.2d 1521, 1525 (9th Cir. 1988); cf. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7058 (implementing Civil Rule 58 in 28 adversary proceedings).

6 1 § 158. 2 ISSUE 3 Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in 4 dismissing the chapter 13 case pursuant to § 1307(c)(6). 5 STANDARD OF REVIEW 6 We review the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the chapter 13 7 case for an abuse of discretion. Schlegel v. Billingslea 8 (In re Schlegel), 526 B.R. 333, 338 (9th Cir. BAP 2015). A 9 bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it applies the wrong 10 legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or if its 11 factual findings are illogical, implausible, or without support 12 in inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record. 13 See TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 14 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 15 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc)). 16 DISCUSSION 17 On appeal, the Debtor asserts that the bankruptcy court 18 erred in dismissing his chapter 13 case and argues that: (1) the 19 confirmed Plan provided $4,017 to unsecured creditors and this 20 was res judicata; (2) the case dismissal violated due process; 21 (3) the Trustee was estopped from requesting an additional 22 $18,900 after recommending confirmation of the Plan; (4) the 23 $18,900 amount was arbitrary; (5) his Plan payments for 58 months 24 vested him with rights that are not subject to modification; and 25 (6) the issue of unreasonable delay is moot. 26 The Trustee points out that the Debtor raises all of these 27 arguments for the first time on appeal. Our review of the record 28 confirms that in opposing the motion to dismiss, the Debtor’s

7 1 arguments as to res judicata and estoppel focused on the Junior 2 Claim. His remaining arguments, however, are raised for the 3 first time on appeal and, thus, we do not address them. Mano–Y & 4 M, Ltd. v. Field (In re The Mortg. Store, Inc.), 773 F.3d 990, 5 998 (9th Cir. 2014). 6 Under § 1307(c), the bankruptcy court may dismiss a 7 chapter 13 case for “cause,” including a material default under a 8 confirmed plan. Whether dismissal is appropriate is committed to 9 the sole discretion of the bankruptcy court. In re Schlegel, 10 526 B.R. at 339. 11 Here, the bankruptcy court summarily granted the Debtor’s 12 lien strip motion and then granted the Trustee’s motion to 13 dismiss the chapter 13 case. Apparently, it dismissed the case 14 pursuant to the Trustee’s request under § 1307(c)(6). The 15 bankruptcy court, however, did not make findings in this regard, 16 either at the hearing or in the dismissal order. Thus, it is not 17 clear whether the bankruptcy court found a material default under 18 the Plan based on the Debtor’s failure to pay the Junior Claim as 19 a secured claim or an unsecured claim or both. 20 Nonetheless, we conclude that the Plan required payment on 21 the Junior Claim, whether as a secured claim or an unsecured 22 claim. Under either scenario, the Debtor’s failure to pay the 23 Junior Claim as required by the Plan constituted a material 24 default thereunder. Given the timing of the case, the bankruptcy 25 court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the case. 26 A. To the extent the Junior Claim was a secured claim, the 27 Plan required payment of the Junior Mortgage Arrears. 28 The Plan required payment on secured claims, either

8 1 according to the treatment under the Plan or, to the extent the 2 claim amount differed, the secured creditor’s proof of claim. 3 The Junior Trust Deed holder timely filed the Junior Claim as a 4 secured claim. The Plan did not provide for payment of the 5 Junior Claim, although it stated the Debtor’s intent to strip the 6 Junior Trust Deed. As a result, the Junior Claim contained an 7 amount different than that provided for in the Plan, and the Plan 8 required payment of the Junior Claim absent a bankruptcy court 9 order directing otherwise. 10 Importantly, the Trustee included the Junior Mortgage 11 Arrears in the December 2009 Notice of Payment. The notice 12 stated that “the Trustee intend[ed] to pay [the] claims filed by 13 the creditors listed below unless an objection [was] made by the 14 Debtor(s) . . . within fifteen (15) days from the date of this 15 notice.” Dkt. No. 26. Both the Debtor and Debtor’s counsel 16 received service of the Notice of Payment; the Debtor did not 17 timely object. He subsequently objected to the Junior Claim, but 18 the bankruptcy court overruled the objection. According to the 19 Trustee, the $18,900 payoff balance was based on the Junior 20 Mortgage Arrears, plus trustee fees necessary to complete the 21 Plan. 22 In this respect, unless and until the bankruptcy court 23 granted the lien strip motion or ordered otherwise, the Trustee 24 was required to pay, at a minimum, the Junior Mortgage Arrears. 25 Contrary to the Debtor’s belief, a bankruptcy court order was 26 required to effectuate the lien strip under the Code. That the 27 Debtor’s Plan reflected his intent to strip the Junior Trust Deed 28 did not make it so. Under these circumstances, the Junior Trust

9 1 Deed retained its secured claim status and was poised to “pass 2 through” the chapter 13 case until the bankruptcy court granted 3 the lien strip in the 61st month. 4 Similarly, that the stipulation treated the Junior Claim as 5 unsecured did not change the status of the claim. In the absence 6 of a bankruptcy court order, the stipulation was nothing more 7 than an agreement between the Debtor and Junior Claim holder; it 8 did not bind the Trustee. And, as we discuss below, even if the 9 stipulation was effective, both it and the Plan required payment 10 of the Junior Claim as an unsecured claim. 11 Therefore, if the belated lien strip did not automatically 12 transmute the Junior Claim into an unsecured claim, the Debtor 13 was required to pay the arrears on the Junior Mortgage Arrears 14 pursuant to the Plan and the Trustee’s Notice of Payment. 15 B. To the extent that the Junior Claim was an unsecured claim, 16 the Plan required 100% payment. 17 Prior to oral argument on this appeal, the Trustee filed a 18 Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) letter, advising the 19 Panel of a recent decision, In re Schlegel, issued by a different 20 three-judge Panel. On March 4, 2015, we issued an order advising 21 the parties to address at oral argument whether In re Schlegel 22 affected the outcome of this appeal. 23 In Schlegel, the bankruptcy court dismissed the debtors’ 24 chapter 13 case for failure to complete plan payments within five 25 years. The debtors previously sought and obtained a real 26 property valuation order from the bankruptcy court, which 27 rendered the junior lienholder’s claim wholly unsecured. 28 526 B.R. at 335-36. Subsequently, the bankruptcy court confirmed

10 1 a chapter 13 plan, which provided for a 48% dividend to unsecured 2 creditors. Id. at 336. The confirmation order provided that, 3 consistent with the confirmed plan and valuation order, the 4 junior lienholder’s claim would be treated and paid as an 5 unsecured claim. Id. 6 On the eve of the 60th month of the Plan, the debtors moved 7 for a hardship discharge; the chapter 13 trustee objected. Id. 8 The trustee concurrently moved to dismiss the case for failure to 9 complete the Plan within five years of commencement of the case. 10 Id. at 337. The bankruptcy court denied the motion for hardship 11 discharge and granted the motion to dismiss. Id. The debtors 12 appealed only from the case dismissal. Id. at 338. 13 The Panel affirmed the bankruptcy court. In relevant part, 14 it concluded that the failure to pay unsecured creditors the 15 promised percentage dividend constituted a material default under 16 a term in the confirmed plan and, thus, an appropriate basis for 17 dismissal under § 1306(c)(6). Id. at 341. 18 Here, the Plan, interpreted through the Trustee’s 19 Confirmation Motion and the confirmation order, was a 100% plan 20 with respect to allowed, unsecured claims.6 To the extent the 21 Junior Claim was an unsecured claim, the Plan required that it be 22 23 6 In relevant part, the Plan provided that: 24 The base plan amount is $57,405.87, which is estimated to pay 100% of the allowed claims of nonpriority 25 unsecured creditors. If that percentage is less than 100%, the Debtor will pay the Plan Payment stated in 26 this Plan for the full term of the Plan or until the 27 base plan amount is paid in full, and the Chapter 13 Trustee may increase the percentage to be paid to 28 creditors accordingly.

11 1 paid in full. 2 When the Trustee filed his Confirmation Motion, indicating 3 that the Plan would provide a 100% payment to unsecured 4 creditors, the Debtor did not object or respond. Insofar as 5 there was any question regarding the promised Plan percentage to 6 unsecured creditors, the Trustee’s motion resolved any such 7 ambiguity. And, the bankruptcy court’s confirmation order did 8 not treat the Plan as a “base plan,” as the box in the form order 9 relating to a base plan was not checked. 10 As a result, the Debtor’s failure to pay 100% on the Junior 11 Claim, to the extent it was an unsecured claim, constituted a 12 material default under the Plan and an appropriate basis for case 13 dismissal under § 1307(c)(6). See In re Schlegel, 526 B.R. at 14 341. 15 It appears that after orally granting the Debtor’s lien 16 strip motion, the bankruptcy court operated under the 17 assumption that the Junior Claim became an unsecured claim. 18 Typically, if a “lien is avoided and the formerly secured 19 creditor failed to file a secured claim prior to the claims bar 20 date, the creditor may file a proof of claim within 30 days after 21 the order avoiding the lien becomes final.” Id. at 342 (citing 22 Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3002(c)(3)). 23 Here, the Junior Claim was filed as a secured claim. Under 24 these circumstances, the Junior Claim claimant was entitled to 25 file an amended proof of claim. The bankruptcy court, perhaps in 26 light of the fact that the case already exceeded 60 months, did 27 not require this formality. We discern no error in this regard. 28 Put bluntly, because the Debtor never paid any amount on this

12 1 claim and, instead, allowed payment to go entirely to other 2 unsecured creditors, it was too late to salvage the Plan. The 3 Junior Claim of over $137,000 dwarfed the other unsecured claims 4 and required an unachievable redistribution of Plan payments 5 already made. Given the timing, Plan modification was 6 impossible. See 11 U.S.C. § 1329(c). 7 The Debtor continues to argue that the stipulation with the 8 Junior Claim holder effectuated a lien strip such that the Junior 9 Claim was an unsecured claim. Accepting that assertion as true, 10 the Debtor expressly agreed to treat the Junior Claim as an 11 unsecured claim under the Plan, and a modification of the Junior 12 Claim was not required. The Debtor, however, never obtained an 13 order on the stipulation so that the Trustee paid the Junior 14 Claim as an unsecured claim, never moved to amend the Plan, and 15 never otherwise took any step to pay any amount owed on the 16 Junior Claim. Even under the stipulation, the Debtor was not 17 entitled to ignore the Junior Claim. 18 The Debtor argues that the Plan was res judicata as to the 19 amount of the unsecured claims. We disagree. The Plan provided 20 that the Debtor estimated the amount of unsecured claims as 21 $4,017. Given the procedural posture of this case, the 22 possibility always existed that the unsecured claims amount could 23 and would increase to include the amount of the Junior Claim. 24 The Debtor’s estimate of the unsecured creditor claims did not 25 foreclose this possibility. 26 Instead, the Debtor’s position in both opposing the motion 27 to dismiss and then on appeal contradicts earlier positions taken 28 before the bankruptcy court. The Debtor’s first lien strip

13 1 motion – filed prior to the amended Plan and Plan confirmation - 2 reflected his understanding that the Junior Claim would be 3 treated as an unsecured claim under the Plan. And, the 4 stipulation with the Junior Claim holder expressly provided that 5 the Junior Claim would “be allowed as a nonpriority general 6 unsecured claim and shall be paid as such in accordance with the 7 Debtor’s Plan.” Dkt. Nos. 41, 62. 8 In sum, the bankruptcy court did not err in determining that 9 the Debtor’s failure to pay the Junior Claim - as either a 10 secured or an unsecured claim - constituted a material breach of 11 the Plan. The timing of the events and the Plan length 12 foreclosed the possibility of Plan modification. Therefore, the 13 bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing the 14 chapter 13 case pursuant to § 1307(a)(6).7 15 CONCLUSION 16 Based on the foregoing, we AFFIRM. 17 18 19 20 7 21 Although the issue was not raised by the Debtor, the bankruptcy court did not conduct the requisite “best interest of 22 creditors” analysis before dismissing the case. See In re Schlegel, 526 B.R. at 343 n.10. 23 Nonetheless, on this record the error is harmless as case 24 dismissal clearly was in the best interest of creditors and the estate. Although the other unsecured creditors received a 100% 25 dividend, the Junior Claim holder has received nothing on its claim during the pendency of the case. As a result, it is now 26 free to pursue its rights and remedies, if any, against the 27 Property, and the Debtor, having cured the default on the senior trust deed mortgage arrears, is free to deal with this obligation 28 as he deems appropriate.