[Cite as In re J.L., 2019-Ohio-366.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
IN RE: ADOPTION OF J.L. : APPEAL NOS. C-180453 C-180454 : TRIAL NOS. 2017003562 2017003564 :
: O P I N I O N.
Appeals From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division
Judgments Appealed From Are: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: February 6, 2019
Kroener, Hale & Penick and Angela M. Penick, for Appellant Father,
Robert G. Kelly, for Appellee Stepfather. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
C UNNINGHAM , Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Appellant father challenges the judgments of the Hamilton County
Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, determining that father’s consent was not
required for the adoption of his two minor sons, J.L.1 and J.L.2, by their stepfather,
the petitioner-appellee here. Since the probate court did not lose its way in
determining that there was not justifiable cause for father’s failure to provide contact
with his children, we affirm the probate court’s judgments.
I. The Orders of Protection
{¶2} Father and mother had two children during their marriage: J.L.1, born
in 2002, and J.L.2, born in 2011. They divorced in 2013. The divorce decree
designated mother as the residential parent and the legal custodian of the children.
Father did not participate in the divorce proceedings. The divorce decree noted that
since father had not attended the court-mandated parenting class, the domestic
relations court declined to issue any specific parenting-time orders.
{¶3} Thus, father’s visits with the children were at the discretion of mother.
From 2013 until 2016, father lived in North Carolina and had only limited contact
with the children, visiting them three or four times per year. In late June 2016,
father and his former girlfriend took the children for what was to be a two-week
vacation. Instead the vacation consisted of visits to the girlfriend’s parents and then
to father’s parents. Following an alcohol-fueled altercation at father’s parents’ home,
the children were returned home.
{¶4} In early August 2016, father’s now-former girlfriend informed mother
that father had made serious threats against mother and the children. She reported
that father had told her that he wanted to kill mother and stepfather, and had
threatened to cut the brake lines of mother’s vehicle, follow her in his vehicle, and
report her to the police for endangering the children’s lives.
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{¶5} Mother, fearing for the lives of her family, sought an order of
protection from the domestic relations court. The former girlfriend appeared before
a magistrate with mother. On August 18, 2016, the magistrate issued an ex parte
order of protection. The magistrate found that father had “recently made threats to
kill [mother] and her family,” and that “the protected persons are in immediate
danger of domestic violence.” The protected persons listed in the order included
mother, stepfather, and both children. Mother had married stepfather two days
previously, on August 16, 2016.
{¶6} A hearing on the protection order was scheduled for August 30, but
mother had difficulty serving father with the order through the Clermont County
Sheriff’s Department. Mother ultimately retained a private investigator to locate
father. Father later testified that he had been served with the order of protection “at
the beginning of September 2016.”
{¶7} Now represented by counsel, father entered into a Consent Agreement
and Domestic Violence Civil Protection Order on September 27, 2016. The terms of
the consent agreement required father to stay away from and refrain from any
contact with mother and stepfather for a five-year period. The children were not
identified as parties protected by the order. Those portions of the order pertaining to
father’s parental rights and visitation were left blank. The order also provided that
father was not to cause any other person to do any act prohibited to him. Father and
his counsel signed the consent agreement at most 26 days after service of the ex
parte order.
II. Stepfather’s Petitions for Adoption Without Consent
{¶8} On August 18, 2017, one year after the entry of the ex parte order of
protection, stepfather filed the petitions from which these appeals derive, seeking the
adoption of J.L.1 and J.L.2 without the consent of father. The petitions alleged that
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father had not supported or contacted his children in the prior year and thus his
consent was not required under R.C. 3107.07(A).
{¶9} The matter was referred to a magistrate, who held a hearing on the
issue of whether father’s consent was required. Father, mother, stepfather, the
children’s paternal grandmother, and father’s former girlfriend testified at the
February 2018 consent hearing. Father was represented by counsel at the consent
hearing and at all subsequent proceedings.
{¶10} Mother and father’s former girlfriend each recounted the threats that father had made against mother’s family in the summer of 2016. Mother and
stepfather stated that father had had no contact with the children, including email or
texting, since early August 2016. Mother had permitted visits with the children by
father’s parents. Father’s parents’ last visit was an unannounced visit at mother’s
home in December 2016 or January 2017 to deliver Christmas presents to the
children. Mother felt threatened by the unannounced visit and asked the
grandparents to leave and to call before coming again.
{¶11} Father admitted that he had last spoken to his children face-to-face in July 2016, and that he had last texted the older child in August 2016. Father
admitted knowing, during the entire period at issue, where mother and the children
lived. Their home was within a five-minute drive of his workplace.
{¶12} Although father denied that he had threatened mother and her family, he acknowledged that he had not contested either the ex parte or consent-agreement
orders of protection. He thought that it would be better for all the parties if he did
not contest the orders. He stated that he had entered into the consent agreement on
the advice of his attorney. Although the consent agreement signed by father and his
counsel did not list the children as protected parties, father testified that he thought
that any contact with the children would violate the order. He claimed that his
attorney had not advised him to the contrary. While acknowledging that he had no
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contact with the children, father claimed that he did not want to abandon his
children and would not give his consent to their adoption by stepfather.
{¶13} The magistrate took the matter under submission and issued a detailed, ten-page decision. She found that the look-back period, for purposes of
R.C. 3107.07(A), ran from August 18, 2016, through August 18, 2017, the one-year
period immediately preceding the filing of stepfather’s adoption petitions. The
magistrate concluded that because father had provided considerable support to the
children in the year since the filing of the petitions for adoption, those allegations in
stepfather’s petitions were without merit.
{¶14} Next, the magistrate found that it was “uncontroverted” that father had had no contact with the children since the beginning of the look-back period.
She noted that the initial ex parte order had identified the children as protected
parties, thus proscribing contact with them. The magistrate concluded that this was
a significant interference with father’s contact during the ex parte period. In
determining the length of the ex parte period, the magistrate had made no finding
regarding when father had been served with the ex parte order commencing the
period of proscribed contact. Rather, the magistrate simply calculated the time
between issuing of the ex parte order and entering the consent agreement.
{¶15} The magistrate also determined that during the period following the execution of the consent agreement, mother had not significantly interfered with
father’s contact with the children. Mother and the children remained at their home
for the entire look-back period, yet father did not visit the children or send cards or
letters. While father had the email address of the older child, he sent no emails
during the period. The magistrate found that father’s parents had made their
unannounced visit, not at father’s behest, but “to open lines of communication with
[mother] so that they could see their grandchildren.” The magistrate also found that
father had taken no steps to complete the domestic relations court’s parenting class
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and had not filed post-decree motions seeking modification of the custody order or
parenting-time order.
{¶16} Moreover, the magistrate saw little justification for father’s belief that his children were protected parties under the consent agreement, thus prohibiting
him from contacting them. The children were not listed as protected persons. The
magistrate concluded that father’s ignorance of the legal impact of a document that
he and his counsel had signed, did not provide justification for his failure to contact
the children.
{¶17} Finally, the magistrate determined that father’s inability to contact his children during the ex parte period did not constitute a cumulative significant
interference with his ability to contact his children over the course of the entire
statutory look-back period.
{¶18} Father timely filed objections to the magistrate’s decision. He argued that his failure to contact his children during the one-year look-back period was
justified for two reasons: first, the ex parte order of protection barred him from
contact with the children before September 27, 2016, and second, mother’s actions
during the entire period significantly interfered with his ability to see his children.
{¶19} After holding a hearing at which no new evidence was adduced, the probate court, in a four-page entry, overruled father’s objections and adopted the
magistrate’s factual findings and legal conclusions. The court agreed with the
magistrate that while there may have been some impediments to father’s contact
with the children during “the approximately” 40-day ex parte period, the
impediments did not amount to a significant interference over the entire look-back
period. Thus, the court found that father’s consent was not required and remanded
the matter to the magistrate for a determination of whether adoption by stepfather
was in the children’s best interests.
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{¶20} Father then brought these appeals. A probate court’s finding that a parent’s consent to the adoption of his biological children is not required is a final
appealable order. In re Adoption of Greer, 70 Ohio St.3d 293, 638 N.E.2d 999
(1994), paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶21} On appeal, the two issues raised in father’s objections form the basis of his two interrelated assignments of error: that the probate court erred in
determining that father’s consent for adoption was not required when (1) he had
been prohibited from contacting the children during the ex parte order-of-protection
period, and (2) mother had significantly interfered with his ability to contact the
children during the consent-agreement period.
III. A Two-Step Analysis for Determining Whether Consent Is Required
{¶22} Adoption proceedings terminate fundamental rights of natural parents. Thus, the consent requirement in R.C. 3107.07(A) must be strictly
construed to protect natural parents. In re Adoption of G.V., 126 Ohio St.3d 249,
2010-Ohio-3349, 933 N.E.2d 245, ¶ 6. R.C. 3107.07(A) provides that consent to
adoption is not required of
[a] parent of a minor * * * [who] has failed without justifiable cause *
* * to provide more than de minimis contact with the minor or to
provide for the maintenance and support of the minor as required by
law or judicial decree for a period of at least one year immediately
preceding * * * the filing of the adoption petition[.]
See In re Adoption of M.B., 131 Ohio St.3d 186, 2012-Ohio-236, 963 N.E.2d 142, ¶ 15;
see also In re Adoption of B.I., 2017-Ohio-9116, 101 N.E.3d 1171, ¶ 8 (1st Dist.).
Because R.C. 3107.07(A) is written in the disjunctive, either a failure to contact or a
failure to provide support for the one-year time period will obviate the need for a
parent’s consent to adoption. See In re Adoption of McDermitt, 63 Ohio St.2d 301,
304, 408 N.E.2d 680 (1980).
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{¶23} In applying R.C. 3107.07(A), the probate court must first determine whether a parent has failed to provide more than de minimis contact with his
children. This is a factual question consigned to the probate court’s sound
discretion. In re Adoption of M.B. at ¶ 21 and 23. Here, it is unrebutted that father
failed to have any contact, much less de minimus contact, with his children during
the statutory look-back period.
{¶24} But even if a parent has completely failed to communicate with his children during the statutory period, his consent to adoption will still be required if
there is justifiable cause for that failure. See In re Adoption of M.G.B.-E., 154 Ohio
St.3d 17, 2018-Ohio-1787, 110 N.E.3d 1236, ¶ 39. Thus upon a finding that a parent
has failed to contact his children, the probate court must determine whether
justifiable cause for the failure has been proven by clear and convincing evidence. In
re Adoption of M.B. at paragraph two of the syllabus. The question of whether
justifiable cause for the failure to contact the children has been proven in a particular
case “is a determination for the probate court and will not be disturbed on appeal
unless such determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. at ¶
30; see In re Adoption of B.I. at ¶ 8 .
{¶25} In reviewing a weight-of-the-evidence challenge, this court weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of the witnesses, and
determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trial court clearly lost
its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the judgment must be
reversed and a new trial ordered. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-
Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 12; see In re Adoption of C.J.C., 9th Dist. Wayne No.
15AP0040, 2016-Ohio-4909, ¶ 13. But in weighing the evidence, we must always be
mindful that the magistrate and the probate court were in the best position to
observe the demeanor of the parties and assess the credibility and accuracy of the
testimony. Eastley at ¶ 21; see In re Adoption of B.G.F., 3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-18-
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06, 2018-Ohio-5063, ¶ 26. Although father couched his assignments of error in
terms of the probate court’s abuse of its discretion in determining that he lacked
justifiable cause for failing to contact his children, this court reviews that
determination only for whether the probate court lost its way in reaching it.
{¶26} The probate court determines justifiable cause “by weighing the evidence of the natural parent’s circumstances for the statutory period[.]” In re
Adoption of Bovett, 33 Ohio St.3d 102, 515 N.E.2d 919 (1987), paragraph three of the
syllabus; see In re Adoption of B.I. at ¶ 8. In reaching this determination, the
probate court may examine the one-year period “as a whole (and not just a portion
thereof)[.]” (Emphasis in the original.) In re Adoption of Bovett at paragraph three
of the syllabus; see In re Adoption of Kilbane, 130 Ohio App.3d 203, 207, 719 N.E.2d
1012 (8th Dist.1998).
{¶27} According to the Ohio Supreme Court, “[s]ignificant interference by a custodial parent with communication between the non-custodial parent and the
child, or significant discouragement of such communication, is required to establish
justifiable cause for * * * failure to communicate[.]” In re Adoption of Holcomb, 18
Ohio St.3d 361, 481 N.E.2d 613 (1985), paragraph three of the syllabus; see In re
Adoption of M.G.B.-E. at ¶ 40.
{¶28} While a probate court must strictly construe R.C. 3107.07(A) in favor of the parent at jeopardy of losing his rights as a natural parent, the Ohio Supreme
Court has noted that “strictly construing R.C. 3107.07(A)” requires the probate court
to take into account the natural parent’s “efforts” to make contact during the look-
back period “as well as [the custodial parent’s] efforts to impede * * * contact with
the children.” In re Adoption of M.G.B.-E. at ¶ 40. This consideration of the natural
parent’s efforts to reestablish contact reflects the General Assembly’s intent in
amending R.C. 3107.07(A) in 2009. The former statute required a finding only that
the parent had failed to “communicate” with the minor child for the one-year period.
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“By changing the standard from ‘communicate,’ which could imply a single contact,
to ‘more than de minimis contact,’ which seems to imply more than a single contact,
the Legislature indicated its intent to require more effort from the parent to have
contact and communication with the child.” In re J.D.T., 2012-Ohio-4537, 978
N.E.2d 602, ¶ 9 (7th Dist.).
IV. No Significant Interference During The Look-Back Period
{¶29} The probate court’s finding that father failed to have any contact, much less de minimis contact, with his children during the look-back period is amply
supported in the record. But father argues that his failure to contact his children was
justified.
{¶30} We first review the probate court’s determination that father’s failure to communicate with his children during the period between the September 27, 2016
adoption of the consent-agreement order of protection and the end of the look-back
period on August 18, 2017, was not justified. This period comprised 89 percent of
the entire statutory period.
{¶31} The probate court’s determination that mother did not significantly interfere with father’s contact with his children during this period is also amply
supported in the record. Father had voluntarily entered into the consent agreement,
which did not name the children as protected parties. Compare In re Adoption of
B.A.A., 9th Dist. Wayne No. 16AP0073, 2017-Ohio-8137, ¶ 5 (a no-contact civil
stalking protection order naming mother and child as protected parties was
justifiable cause for failing to contact). He had been represented by counsel at the
consent-agreement proceeding and at the consent-for-adoption hearing. Compare
id. at ¶ 4 (father appeared pro se at hearing on the protection order). Father’s
claimed ignorance of the legal impact of the consent agreement did not relieve him
from his obligation to contact his children. See In re Adoption of Kuhlmann, 99
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Ohio App.3d 44, 50, 649 N.E.2d 1279 (1st Dist.1994); see also In re Adoption of
S.M.H., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2013 CA 59, 2014-Ohio-45, ¶ 15.
{¶32} Mother and children continued to live at their home. Father had means of contacting the older child. Mother did not attempt to hide the children
from father. Compare Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d at 363, 481 N.E.2d 613 (noting that
custodial parent had refused to give telephone number or address to parent seeking
to contact). Yet father did not attempt to contact the children.
{¶33} Neither did he use other persons or entities to contact mother to arrange visits with the children. See In re Adoption of M.F., 9th Dist. Summit No.
27166, 2014-Ohio-3801, ¶ 24 (father employing court-approved means to contact his
children). Father never sought visitation through the domestic relations court or
through attempts to modify the consent agreement to provide for parenting time.
Compare In re Adoption of B.A.A. at ¶ 17 (a parent’s attempt to modify a civil
stalking protection order so that he could reinitiate visitation with his child was
evidence supporting justifiable cause).
{¶34} The consent agreement, issued on September 27, 2016, only protected mother and stepfather. Father’s ability to visit with the children was not proscribed
by the order. His ability to seek a parenting time order from the domestic relations
court was not precluded by the order. Father’s only explanation was his mistaken
belief that the consent agreement forbad contact with the children. Father made no
efforts to contact the children after August 2016. After September 27, 2016, nothing
prevented him from doing so.
{¶35} The probate court’s determination that mother’s actions had little impact on father’s ability to contact the children during the consent-agreement
period is well supported. The probate court did not lose its way in making the
determination that father’s failure to contact the children subsequent to the issuance
of the consent agreement was not justified.
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{¶36} Next, the probate court determined that father’s inability to contact the children during the ex parte period was not a significant interference by mother
with contact between father and the children, when viewed over the course of the
entire look-back period.
{¶37} We note that while the probate court stated that the ex parte period lasted “approximately” 40 days, the record reveals that it was, at most, 26 days in
duration. Father had testified before the magistrate that he had been served with the
ex parte order of protection and thus had learned that it barred contact with his
children as protected parties only “at the beginning of September 2016.” Thus, any
justification under the order for failure to contact the children could have lasted, at
most, the 26 days between September 1 and September 27, 2016. That period
comprised 7 percent of the look-back period.
{¶38} The magistrate included in her findings of fact the finding that mother had sought the ex parte order of protection out of her concern over father’s threats of
violence, her knowledge that he could be a violent person, and her concern for the
safety of her family. The domestic relations court magistrate agreed, made similar
findings, and issued the order of protection. Thus, the record supports the
determination that the ex parte order of protection was a result of father’s own
threats and conduct and not of mother’s intentional efforts to interfere with father’s
contact with the children. A failure to contact subsequent to the issuance of an order
of protection is not justified where father’s own actions were the cause of the order.
See In re Adoption of I.M.M., 5th Dist. Ashland No. 16 COA 018, 2016-Ohio-5891, ¶
36; see also In re Adoption of S.M.H., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2013 CA 59, 2014-Ohio-
45.
{¶39} The probate court weighed father’s minimal efforts to reestablish contact with his children during the statutory look-back period as well as mother’s
limited actions to interfere or discourage that contact. See In re Adoption of M.G.B.-
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E., 154 Ohio St.3d 17, 2018-Ohio-1787, 110 N.E.3d 1236, at ¶ 40. In light of father’s
failure to contact his children immediately before, during, or after the ex parte
period, the probate court properly examined the look-back period as a whole. See In
re Adoption of Bovett, 33 Ohio St.3d 102, 515 N.E.2d 919, at paragraph three of the
syllabus. Therefore, the probate court did not lose its way in making the
determination that father’s failure to contact the children, over the course of the
whole look-back period, was not excused by justifiable cause. The first and second
assignments of error are overruled.
V. Conclusion
{¶40} Having overruled father’s two assignments of error, we affirm the judgments of the probate court.
Judgments affirmed.
MYERS and DETERS, JJ., concur.
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.