In re Adoption of O.K.M.

2021 Ohio 2330

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: July 9, 2021
• Docket: 2021-CA-8
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as In re Adoption of O.K.M., 2021-Ohio-2330.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT GREENE COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF THE ADOPTION : OF: O.K.M. : : Appellate Case No. 2021-CA-8 : : Trial Court Case No. 11186AD : : (Appeal from Probate Court) : : :

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OPINION

Rendered on the 9th day of July, 2021.

BRIAN A. KRUSE, Atty. Reg. No. 0087411, 10532 Success Lane, Dayton, Ohio 45458 Attorney for Petitioner-Appellant

BRIAN E. LUSARDI, Atty. Reg. No. 0080294, 85 West Main Street, Xenia, Ohio 45385 Attorney for Respondent-Appellee

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TUCKER, P.J. -2-

{¶ 1} Petitioner-appellant, M.M., appeals from an order of the Greene County

Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, which found that she needed consent from

her minor stepson’s mother before she could proceed with an adoption. For the reasons

that follow, we affirm.

I. Facts and Procedural History

{¶ 2} Mother and Father are the biological parents of O.K.M., who was born in

August 2016. Mother and Father were never married, and their relationship ended in

2017.1

{¶ 3} It is undisputed that Mother had a substance abuse problem. Therefore, in

2018, Father was awarded legal custody of O.K.M. by the Greene County Common Pleas

Court, Juvenile Division. The court granted Mother supervised visitation which was to

take place at the Greene County Visitation Center. Although the visitation order is not a

part of the record before us, the evidence presented indicates it did not provide for contact

by telephone, nor any other type of contact, between Mother and O.K.M.

{¶ 4} As a result of her substance abuse, Mother incurred legal problems which

caused her to be jailed at some point in 2018. She was also subsequently jailed in March

2019. Mother transferred from jail to a treatment center. Following her successful

completion of treatment, Mother was released on October 31, 2019.2

1 The record indicates that Father was married to another woman whom he had wed in 2015 at the time of his relationship with Mother. Father had one child as a result of that union. That marriage ended by divorce in August 2018. Father and M.M. were married in September 2018.

2 The record supports a finding that Mother has not used drugs since her release, that she has obtained gainful employment, and that she successfully completed her probation. -3-

{¶ 5} On November 1, 2019, Mother contacted the Greene County Visitation

Center in an attempt to set up visitation with O.K.M. Despite the fact that the Center’s

records indicated that it had closed its files in February 2019 because it had not been able

to contact Mother, a Center staff member told Mother that the Center would contact Father

regarding her request. The record shows the Center called Father on November 4, 2019

and left a message regarding Mother’s request. The next day, Father called the Center

and stated he needed to contact his attorney before providing a response.

{¶ 6} In August 2019, Mother’s stepmother, C.W., asked Father by Facebook if

she (C.W.) and her husband could visit with the child, to no avail. On December 13,

2019, C.W. texted Father asking for visitation on Mother’s behalf. In the text, C.W. stated

that Mother “would like to visit” with the child during the holiday season. Exh. C. The

text went on to state that Mother was living with C.W., had obtained a job, and was “doing

very well.” Id. C.W. had also previously On December 19, 2019, Mother went to

Father’s home in order to deliver Christmas presents for the child. She did not attempt

contact with the child during the delivery. C.W. texted Father again on December 23,

2019, asking Father to reply to her prior text.

{¶ 7} Father replied to the Visitation Center on December 27, 2019. The Center’s

records state that Father “denied visits stating upon advice of counsel.” Tr. p. 29, Exh.

B. Thereafter, on January 6, 2020, C.W. texted Father and indicated that she was

disappointed to learn he had declined visitation with Mother. The text again indicated

Mother was doing well and that she deserved a “second chance.” Exh. D. Father did

not reply to any of C.W.’s texts.

{¶ 8} On July 26, 2020, as the child’s birthday approached, Mother contacted -4-

Father via the social media platform Instagram. In the message, Mother stated, “Hey,

I’m not asking to see him. Even though that would mean the world to me. All I am

asking is for you to tell me what he likes, his sizes (clothing and shoes) so I can get him

a few things for his birthday.” Exh. 1. Thereafter, Father blocked Mother from his

Instagram account without responding to her communication. Mother went to Father’s

home shortly before the child’s birthday in order to drop off birthday presents; however,

no one was home. She then went to Father’s home in September 2020 and was able to

drop off the presents. She did not attempt to see the child at that time.3

{¶ 9} On September 22, 2020, M.M. filed a petition for adoption of O.K.M. in which

she alleged that Mother’s consent was not required because Mother had failed to support

or communicate with the child for one year preceding the filing of the petition.

{¶ 10} The probate court held a hearing on the petition on December 16, 2020.

At the outset of the hearing, M.M. voluntarily dismissed her claim that Mother had failed

to support the child and elected to proceed solely on the issue of communication. After

hearing testimony from three witnesses, the court found that M.M. had failed to disprove

Mother’s claim of justifiable cause for her lack of communication during the one-year

period. The probate court stated:

If the preponderance of the evidence standard applied to this case, it would

be very difficult to decide. The Court sees the evidence equally persuasive

on both sides of the justifiable cause issue. In the Court’s view, that

3 When questioned about why she did not attempt to see the child either time she took him presents, Mother responded that she was not entitled to see O.K.M. without Father’s permission, and “I didn’t know if [Father] was going to call the police on me or what my legal rights were. I didn’t want to get in any trouble. I wanted to tread lightly.” Tr. p. 31-32. -5-

demonstrates the evidence does not rise to the level of clear and

convincing. Petitioner bears that burden of proof, not mother. As the trier

of fact, it is the opinion of the Court that Petitioner has not sustained that

burden.

{¶ 11} The probate court thus concluded that Mother’s consent was required

before any adoption action could proceed.

{¶ 12} M.M. appeals.

II. Justifiable Cause

{¶ 13} M.M. raises two assignments of error. The first states:

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN FINDING THAT

MOTHER HAD JUSTIFIABLE CAUSE FOR HER LACK OF CONTACT

WITH THE CHILD AND, AS A RESULT, THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN

FINDING THAT CONSENT OF MOTHER IS REQUIRED FOR ADOPTION.

{¶ 14} M.M. asserts that the probate court erred in finding Mother had justifiable

cause for her failure to communicate with the child during the one-year period.

{¶ 15} We have recently addressed the legal standards to be utilized in reviewing

adoption cases involving the issue of justifiable cause in In re Adoption of R.A.H., 2d Dist.

Champaign No. 2020-CA-32, 2021-Ohio-1667, wherein we stated:

The right of a biological parent to the care and custody of his or her

children is fundamental and not easily extinguished. Santosky v. Kramer,

455 U.S. 745, 753-754, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982). Because

adoption acts to terminate this fundamental right, a biological parent must -6-

be afforded every procedural and substantive protection allowed by law

before depriving the parent of the right to consent to the adoption of his

child. In re Hayes, 79 Ohio St.3d 46, 679 N.E.2d 680 (1997); R.C. 3107.15.

To that end, R.C. 3107.06 permits a court to grant a petition to adopt only if

written consent has been executed by the mother and father of the child.

However, exceptions to the consent requirement are set forth in R.C.

3107.07(A), which provides that consent to an adoption is not required when

a court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has failed,

without justifiable cause, to have more than de minimus contact with the

child or to provide maintenance and support for the child in the one-year

period immediately preceding the filing of an adoption petition. These

exceptions to the requirement of parental consent to adoption must be

strictly construed in favor of the biological parent so as to protect his or her

fundamental right to parent a child. In re Adoption of M.G.B.-E., 154 Ohio

St.3d 17, 2018-Ohio-1787, 110 N.E.3d 1236, ¶ 40, citing In re Schoeppner,

46 Ohio St.2d 21, 24, 345 N.E.2d 608 (1976).

Thus, the party petitioning for adoption has the burden to prove, by

clear and convincing evidence, that one of the consent exceptions is

applicable. In re Adoption of Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 481 N.E.2d 613

(1985), paragraph four of the syllabus. Clear and convincing evidence is

that which produces “in the mind of the trier of fact[ ] a firm belief or

conviction as to the facts sought to be established.’ ” Id. at 368, citing Cross

v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1984), paragraph three of -7-

the syllabus. Once the petitioner has established by clear and convincing

evidence that the biological parent has failed to have more than de minimus

contact with or provide support for the child within one year of the petition

filing date, the burden of going forward with evidence shifts to the biological

parent to show some facially justifiable cause for the failure. In re Adoption

of Bovett, 33 Ohio St.3d 102, 515 N.E.2d 919 (1987), paragraph two of the

syllabus. The burden of proof, however, remains at all times with the

petitioner, who must establish the lack of justifiable cause by clear and

convincing evidence. Id.

***

The term “justifiable cause” is not defined in R.C. 3107.07.

However, it has been defined as meaning “[c]apable of being legally or

morally justified; excusable; defensible.” (Citations omitted.) In re Adoption

of B.I., 2017-Ohio-9116, 101 N.E.3d 1171, ¶ 10 (1st Dist.), aff'd, 157 Ohio

St.3d 29, 2019-Ohio-2450, 131 N.E.3d 28, ¶ 10. The Ohio Supreme Court

has “refused to adopt a ‘precise and inflexible meaning’ for ‘justifiable

cause,’ but instead has concluded that ‘the better-reasoned approach would

be to leave to the probate court as finder of fact the question of whether or

not justifiable cause exists.’ ” In the Matter of Adoption of D.D.G., 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 27741, 2018-Ohio-35, ¶ 5, quoting In re Adoption of

W.K.S., 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2014-CA-16, ¶ 22, citing Holcomb at 367.

The Supreme Court has further held that an important consideration

regarding justifiable cause is the parent's willingness and ability to support -8-

or contact a child. * * *

We review the probate court's decision under a manifest weight

standard which requires us to weigh the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether

in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the probate court clearly lost its way

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the judgment must

be reversed and a new trial ordered. In re Adoption of J.L., 1st Dist.

Hamilton No. C-180453, 2019-Ohio-366, ¶ 25. Importantly, we must be

mindful that the probate court, as the trier of fact, is in the best position to

observe the demeanor of the parties, to assess their credibility, and to

determine the accuracy of their testimony. Id.

Id. at ¶ 10-15.

{¶ 16} There is no dispute that Mother had no contact with the child in the year

preceding the filing of the adoption petition. Thus, the sole issue before us is whether

the probate court reasonably found that M.M. had failed to prove by clear and convincing

evidence that Mother did not have justifiable cause for her failure to have such contact.

{¶ 17} Mother’s undisputed testimony and the Visitation Center records

demonstrate that she contacted the Visitation Center to establish visitation the day after

she was released from her treatment program on October 31, 2019. The Center called

Father on November 4, 2019 and left a message for him concerning Mother’s wish to

have visitation. Father returned the call the next day and told the Center he needed to

consult with his attorney. Father did not contact the Center again until December 27,

2019, at which time he stated that his attorney had advised him to deny visitation. -9-

{¶ 18} When questioned about his reason for unilaterally denying court-ordered

visitation, Father testified, “I told them after [consulting] with my counsel, along with them

telling me the case had been closed in February of 2019, that we had all agreed that it

needed to go back and the court order needed to be revised or just renewed by the judge

and by the Court.” Tr. p. 42. However, the records from the Center do not corroborate

Father’s claim that he informed the Center of his view that a new court order was needed.

Further, Mother denied, and the record contains no evidence to demonstrate, that Mother

was informed of any need to obtain a new court order.

{¶ 19} The record also shows that Mother’s stepmother, C.W., acting on Mother’s

behest, attempted contact with Father via texts in order to establish visitation between

Mother and the child.4 However, Father failed to respond to any of C.W.’s three texts

and, indeed, he admitted he blocked C.W. from his phone after her January 6, 2020 text,

which he found “offensive” because it “insult[ed] [him] as a man.”5 Tr. p. 50. Father also

testified that he did not respond to C.W.’s messages because he thought it would cause

“[c]onflict of some sort. Definitely two sides not seeing the same outcome, um, and I

think that it would’ve ultimately landed myself and my son in a very uncomfortable, very

unsecured situation if I had agreed to any type of visits outside of that Level 1 Visitation

Center * * *.” Tr. p. 44-45. He further testified that he did not respond because “there

was no court involvement. There was no updates to any orders. There was no - - I

4 Father argues that the evidence only supported a finding that C.W. was attempting to secure visitation for herself, rather than acting on Mother’s behalf. We disagree and find this to be a mischaracterization of the evidence presented.

5 The message to which Father refers stated in part that C.W. was “disappointed to learn that [Father was] not going to participate in the [Visitation Center] visitation of [O.K.M.] and [Mother]. That is not the kind of man that I thought you were.” Exh. C. -10-

guess just comprehensible reason[ ] as to why I [would] need to or why I would agree to

a visit not under the secured parameters of the previously stated court order that never

got used a single time.” Tr. p. 46.

{¶ 20} Father also testified that he maintained open lines of communication with

Mother and her family from the time he was awarded custody of O.K.M. However, he

went on to testify that he “did not hear a word for two plus years from anyone, * * * not

* * * one call, not * * * one text, not one message prior to [C.W.’s Facebook message] in

August of 2019. And like I said, had that been a constant line of communication with the

door I opened to them at that time, things probably would’ve been a different story, but I

hadn’t spoke [sic] to them in well over two years.” Tr. p. 50. But the record shows

Father blocked C.W.’s access to his Facebook account.

{¶ 21} Finally, Mother attempted to contact Father via Instagram, but Father did

not respond to the message and, indeed, blocked her access to the account. When

questioned why he did not respond, Father testified that he did not “feel it appropriate to

be discussing our child through a social media platform when there’s calls, text messages,

and face-to-face conversations that can be had.” Tr. p. 44. However, the record also

shows Mother attempted to contact Father via Instagram because she was blocked from

his Facebook account and his phone.

{¶ 22} Father asserted, despite Mother’s claims to the contrary, that he did not

block her access to his telephone and she could have contacted him by phone.

However, given his actions in blocking C.W. from Facebook and blocking Mother from

Instagram, combined with his statement about the open lines of communication, which

seemed to imply those lines were subsequently closed because no one had contacted -11-

him for two years, the probate court could have inferred that Father had no intention of

communicating with Mother or providing access to the child.

{¶ 23} Although Mother could have done more to pursue communication, such as

filing a motion in the juvenile court, the record supported a finding that Father intentionally

interfered with Mother’s visitation rights by unilaterally denying Visitation Center visits.

The testimony presented by Father did nothing, in our opinion, to dispel this conclusion.

Moreover, the record supported the conclusion that Father denied Mother any other

means of contact with him or the child.

{¶ 24} Upon review of the record, we cannot conclude that the probate court's

finding that Mother’s consent was required before the adoption action could proceed was

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

{¶ 25} The first assignment of error is overruled.

III. Visitation vs. Communication

{¶ 26} M.M.’s second assignment of error states:

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN EQUATING

VISITATION WITH COMMUNICATION AND FINDING THAT MOTHER

HAD JUSTIFIABLE CAUSE WHEN THE VISITATION CENTER DENIED

HER VISITS DUE TO HER CASE BEING CLOSED.

{¶ 27} M.M. contends that the probate court erroneously equated visitation with

communication. In support, she cites In re Adoption of T.U., 2020-Ohio-841, 152 N.E.3d

943 (6th Dist.), In re Adoption of Doyle, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2003-A-0071, 2004-

Ohio-4197, and In re Adoption of A.L.E., 4th Dist. Meigs No. 16CA10, 2017-Ohio-256, -12-

¶ 25, for the proposition that a parent can communicate with a child notwithstanding the

inability to physically visit with the child. In other words, she argues that, even if a parent

were not permitted or were otherwise unable to have in person visitation with a child, the

parent could still have telephone contact or maintain contact via written letters.

{¶ 28} We find this argument somewhat disingenuous, as the facts in this case

differ from the cases cited by M.M. Specifically, Father’s own testimony indicated that

the court had limited Mother’s contact with the child to visitations occurring at the Visitation

Center and did not make a provision for her to have telephone contact. As stated above,

Mother attempted to establish visitation through the Center. She also attempted to

establish visitation outside the Center through C.W. However, Father unilaterally

foreclosed visitation at the Center and intentionally failed to give any response to C.W.

regarding setting up other visitation.

{¶ 29} Based upon this record, we conclude the issue of communication and

visitation were inextricably intertwined. Thus, we find no error in the probate court’s

discussion of these issues. Accordingly, the second assignment of error is overruled.

IV. Conclusion

{¶ 30} Both of M.M.’s assignments of error being overruled, the judgment of the

probate court is affirmed.

WELBAUM, J. and EPLEY, J., concur. -13-

Copies sent to:

Brian A. Kruse Brian E. Lusardi Hon. Thomas M. O’Diam