[Cite as In re J/B Children, 2020-Ohio-1085.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
IN RE: J/B CHILDREN : APPEAL NO. C-190651 TRIAL NO. F-16-1241
: O P I N I O N.
Appeal From: Hamilton County Juvenile Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: March 24, 2020
James A. Anzelmo, for Appellant Mother,
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Alyssa M. Miller, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee Hamilton County Department of Job and Family Services,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Kimberly A. Helfrich, Assistant Public Defender, Guardian ad Litem for T.J.,
Phyllis Schiff, Attorney for T.J. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CROUSE, Judge.
{¶1} Mother appeals from a judgment of the Hamilton County Juvenile
Court that terminated her parental rights and placed T.J. in the permanent custody
of the Hamilton County Department of Job and Family Services (“HCJFS”). For the
reasons set forth below, we affirm the juvenile court’s judgment.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
{¶2} Mother is the natural parent of T.J., born September 16, 2002. HCJFS
opened a case against mother in May 2016 after receiving reports from T.J.’s school
personnel that expressed concerns for T.J.’s well-being. T.J. reported to the school
that mother had abused her in the past, and due to the abuse, T.J. was afraid to go
home. T.J. also reported to the school that the thought of going home caused
suicidal ideations. Mother initially agreed to a safety plan which placed T.J. in a
group home. However, mother revoked the safety plan after four days. When
mother revoked the plan, T.J. repeated her fear of going home and HCJFS obtained
an emergency order from the juvenile court.
{¶3} On April 24, 2017, the juvenile court adjudicated T.J. neglected and
abused. On July 31, 2017, the court granted HCJFS temporary custody of T.J.
Mother’s case-plan services included visitation, parenting classes, individual therapy,
family therapy, and participation in T.J.’s treatment plan. Mother successfully
completed parenting classes and individual therapy. However, mother did not
complete family therapy or visitation. Mother attended two sessions of family
therapy and approximately five months of visitation. Both services were eventually
discontinued due to argumentative behaviors from mother that physically upset T.J.
When HCJFS reinstated those services in February 2018, mother participated in only
two visits. Mother also did not substantially participate in treatment team meetings.
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Over the course of two years, mother attended less than ten of an estimated 40
meetings.
{¶4} While in HCJFS custody, T.J. was placed in multiple locations,
including a residential facility in Cincinnati, a residential facility in Columbus, three
group homes in Cincinnati, and three foster homes in Cincinnati. Throughout these
placements, T.J. was hospitalized four times for suicidal ideation and occasionally
homicidal ideation. At the time of trial, T.J. had been diagnosed with posttraumatic
stress disorder, specified depressive disorder, and pragmatic language disorder.
{¶5} On February 28, 2018, HCJFS moved to modify temporary custody to
permanent custody. The juvenile court conducted hearings on the motion on August
19, 2019, and September 17, 2019. On November 1, 2019, the court granted HCJFS
permanent custody of T.J.
{¶6} Mother filed this timely appeal, raising four assignments of error for
our review.
II. Motion for a Continuance
{¶7} In her first assignment of error, mother argues that the juvenile court
abused its discretion by denying her motion for a continuance.
{¶8} The denial of a continuance is within the sound discretion of the trial
judge. State v. Ungar, 67 Ohio St.2d 65, 67, 423 N.E.2d 1078 (1981). An appellate
court will not reverse the denial of a continuance absent an abuse of discretion. Id.
{¶9} In evaluating a motion for a continuance, the court should balance all
of the competing considerations. Id. at 68 (“Weighed against any potential prejudice
to a defendant are concerns such as a court’s right to control its own docket and the
public’s interest in the prompt and efficient dispatch of justice.”). The court should
consider:
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the length of the delay requested, whether other continuances have
been requested and received, the inconvenience to litigants, witnesses,
opposing counsel and the court, the reason for the delay, whether the
party contributed to the circumstances which give rise to the request
for a continuance, and any other relevant factors depending on the
circumstances of each case.
In re E.A., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130041, 2014-Ohio-280, ¶ 5.
{¶10} A review of the record demonstrates that the juvenile court properly
considered all relevant factors and did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant a
continuance. On August 13, 2019, mother moved for a continuance of the trial
scheduled for August 19, 2019. Mother based her request on a supplemental case
plan filed on August 6, 2019, and supplemental discovery responses sent on July 29,
2019.
{¶11} With respect to the filing of the case plan, the juvenile court found it to
be irrelevant to the permanent-custody hearing. Specifically, the court stated that “a
case plan is in the nature of an administrative document” and “[i]t’s not part of the
fact finding that goes along with the dependency complaint for the ultimate
disposition.” For these reasons, the court declined to grant a continuance based on
the filing of the case plan.
{¶12} With respect to the supplemental discovery responses, mother
contended that she did not have time to “look at it, respond to it, [or] have a defense
to it.” However, the supplemental discovery consisted only of an updated witness
list, and HCJFS emailed it to mother 21 days before trial. Further, the record is
devoid of any indication of the length of delay requested by mother. There was no
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proposed trial date or any suggestion of how long it would have taken mother to
review the discovery.
{¶13} Although mother requested only one continuance, a review of the
record reveals that she made in excess of 50 filings with the juvenile court
throughout the course of litigation. These filings included several motions to
dismiss, numerous objections to HCJFS administrative documents, a myriad of
objections to the magistrate’s decisions, three appeals to this court, and at least one
grievance with the Ohio Supreme Court. An email between mother and the guardian
ad litem (“GAL”) admitted into evidence at trial reveals that mother made these
filings with the intent to take the case “all the way to the end [for] entertainment
purposes” and to draw out the process until T.J. reached the age of 18.
{¶14} In considering the inconvenience to those involved, the court heard
from the HCJFS attorney, the GAL, and the attorney for T.J. The HCJFS attorney
objected to a continuance on the grounds of inconvenience to witnesses. Specifically,
the HCJFS attorney stated, “I have witnesses that are scheduled to be here every
hour today. They are all professional witnesses. The first one is set to be here in
about 20 minutes.” The GAL also objected to a continuance on the grounds of
mother’s previous dilatory tactics. Finally, the attorney for T.J., who was appointed
two months prior, stated that she did not need a continuance.
{¶15} Based on the foregoing, the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion
by denying mother’s motion for a continuance. Mother’s first assignment of error is
overruled.
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III. Right to Assistance of Counsel
{¶16} In her second assignment of error, mother argues that the juvenile
court deprived her of the right to assistance of counsel during all stages of the
proceeding.
{¶17} Parents have a right to counsel in parental-termination cases. In re
R.K., 152 Ohio St.3d 316, 2018-Ohio-23, 95 N.E.3d 394, syllabus; see R.C. 2151.352;
Juv.R. 4(A). However, the right to counsel in permanent-custody proceedings is not
absolute. A parent can waive his or her right to counsel. In re M Children, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-180564, 2019-Ohio-484. ¶ 15. In determining whether a parent has
expressly waived the right to counsel, we consider whether the waiver was
voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently made. Id.
{¶18} Throughout this case, the magistrate appointed counsel for mother
three times. All three attorneys moved to withdraw within a few months of their
appointment. The magistrate permitted mother’s first and second counsel to
withdraw due to irreparable harm to the attorney-client relationship and mother’s
request for new counsel. The magistrate permitted mother’s third counsel to
withdraw due to irreconcilable differences. After mother’s third counsel withdrew,
the magistrate appointed a fourth attorney to act “as legal consultant to [mother]
only.” Mother’s legal consultant eventually moved to withdraw, citing irreconcilable
differences and an ethical conflict due to his limited position. The juvenile court
approved the motion and referred mother to the Public Defender’s Office. However,
mother continued to file motions pro se and appeared without counsel at all of the
remaining hearings.
{¶19} At a hearing on February 13, 2019, the juvenile court engaged mother
in a colloquy to determine whether she wanted to waive her right to counsel. The
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court inquired into whether mother had sought counsel and urged mother to do so
when she responded, “No.” The parties then chose a date for trial on HCJFS’s
permanent-custody motion.
{¶20} Thereafter, the following dialogue occurred:
Court: Now, [mother], as I indicated to you, please, please go back to
the Public Defender’s Office and see if they’ll appoint counsel for you.
If you do choose to go forward representing yourself, I can help you
procedurally, * * * but I can’t help you defend your case. Do you
understand that?
Mother: I’m fine with that.
Mother then asked several questions, to which the court responded,
[T]hese are the kinds of things why I – I really want you to have an
attorney. Because I don’t think you understand, first of all, how long a
trial like this can go. I mean, it can go several days. And, secondly, I
want you to be crystal clear what’s at stake here and how to defend the
claims against you. I know that you are very articulate and I know that
you’re very invested in your child, but you’re in a framework now that
you have not been trained to operate in. And there’s rules of evidence,
there’s rules of procedure that I can’t bend for you. As I indicated, I
will help you understand procedurally where we’re at, but I can’t help
you defend your case.
Mother unequivocally replied, “I’m going to represent myself.”
{¶21} At the close of the February 13 hearing, the court again urged mother
to seek counsel, stating:
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This isn’t about what kind of medication [T.J.’s] taking or what facility
she’s living in. This is about whether or not you lose your child. As I
said, it’s the most serious case this Court handles. So I don’t know
what else I can say to you to impress upon you how important it is that
you at least go to the Public Defender’s Office and see if they will
reappoint counsel for you. If you – if you choose to go forward by
yourself, it’s going to be difficult. That’s the best I can tell you.
In its entry, the court expressly permitted the Public Defender’s Office to appoint a
fourth counsel for mother, but stopped short of directing them to do so “because
mother has been adamant that she wants to represent herself.”
{¶22} It is clear from the record that the juvenile court explained to mother
that she would be responsible for defending her case and warned her of the dangers
of self-representation. The court even acknowledged mother’s lack of legal training
and persistently urged mother to obtain counsel. However, mother not only showed
an unwillingness to obtain new counsel, but she also told the court, “I’m going to
represent myself.” Mother subsequently appeared at the permanent-custody hearing
pro se and actively participated in the hearing. Under these circumstances, we find
that mother expressly waived her right to counsel and that the waiver was
voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently made.
{¶23} Mother’s second assignment of error is overruled.
IV. Best Interest of the Child
{¶24} In two related assignments of error, mother asserts that the record
does not support the juvenile court’s conclusion that a grant of permanent custody to
HCJFS was in T.J.’s best interest. In her third assignment of error, mother argues
that the juvenile court failed to consider all of the best-interest factors where its
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decision referenced only R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b) and offered no explicit comment on
the remaining R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) factors. In her fourth assignment of error, mother
contends that HCJFS failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that it
should be awarded permanent custody of T.J.
{¶25} A juvenile court's determination to award permanent custody must be
supported by clear and convincing evidence. In re W.W., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
110363, 2011-Ohio-4912, ¶ 46. In reviewing a juvenile court’s permanent-custody
determination, we must examine the record and determine if the juvenile court had
sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the clear-and-convincing standard. Id.
{¶26} R.C. 2151.414 governs the findings the juvenile court must make before
granting permanent custody of a child to a children services agency. Under R.C.
2151.414(B), the juvenile court may grant a motion for permanent custody if the
court determines that permanent custody is in the best interest of the child and that
one of the five conditions set forth in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) applies.
{¶27} In determining the best interest of the child, R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)
requires the juvenile court to consider all relevant factors, including, but not limited
to, five mandatory factors. These factors include (a) “[t]he interaction and
interrelationship of the child with the child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster
caregivers and out-of-home providers”; (b) “[t]he wishes of the child”; (c) “[t]he
custodial history of the child”; (d) “[t]he child’s need for a legally secure permanent
placement and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of
permanent custody to the agency”; and (e) “[w]hether any of the factors in divisions
(E)(7) to (11) of this section apply in relation to the parents and child.” R.C.
2151.414(D)(1).
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{¶28} “But there is no requirement that the trial court discuss the application
of each statutory factor it has considered.” In re A.M., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
190027, 2019-Ohio-2028, appeal accepted, 157 Ohio St.3d 1406, 2019-Ohio-3731,
131 N.E.3d 77. “We strongly encourage the juvenile court’s discussion of each factor,
but we cannot find error in the juvenile court’s failure to discuss each factor if the
record otherwise indicates that all of the necessary factors were considered.” In re
K.T.1 II, 2018-Ohio-4312, 121 N.E.3d 847, ¶ 46 (1st Dist.).
{¶29} In In re A.M., the dissent took issue with “the magistrate and juvenile
court’s collective failure to actually explain their decisions.” In re A.M. at ¶ 41. The
dissent was specifically concerned with the fact that the magistrate’s order recited
the statutory language of R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) but offered no analysis, discussion, or
factual findings. Id. at ¶ 45. The dissent argued that the juvenile court should be
required to make the appropriate factual findings to enable us to conduct meaningful
appellate review. Id. at ¶ 41.
{¶30} Here, however, the juvenile court did make factual findings relevant to
an analysis under each best-interest factor, despite the fact that it did not expressly
cite each statutory factor. While it would have been helpful to this court and the
parties for the juvenile court to cite each statutory factor in its analysis, the failure to
do so did not preclude meaningful appellate review where the court otherwise
engaged in a thorough analysis.
{¶31} With respect to the child’s interaction and interrelationship with
others (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)), the court found that the root problem appeared to be
T.J.’s relationship with mother. The court noted, “When T.J. most needs the stable
support of a nurturing parent, mother responds by being uncooperative with the
treating professionals * * *[,] hostile to the HCJFS personnel, and effectively
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becomes a roadblock to the child’s stabilization.” As an example, the court cited an
instance where mother indicated to T.J. that she would sign a permanent surrender
of parental rights at a critical point in T.J.’s treatment process. However, mother
later admitted to the GAL that she never intended to surrender her parental rights
and that she “will tell [T.J.] what ever she wants and needs to hear.” The court also
mentioned that “[v]isitation became more detrimental to the child than helpful and
finally visits were suspended for a period of time.” Based on the foregoing, the court
concluded that “mother is unable or unwilling to acknowledge the severity of the
child’s mental health issues, and in light of that lack of understanding, frustrates
treatment – and causes increased tension in her relationship with her daughter.”
{¶32} A review of the record further details T.J.’s interaction and
interrelationship with her siblings and out-of-home providers. At trial, T.J.’s group-
home therapist testified that family-related issues caused stress for T.J. For
example, the GAL testified to an incident where T.J.’s sister chastised T.J. for her
poor relationship with mother. Several hours later, T.J. expressed suicidal ideations
to the staff at her group home and she was hospitalized. With respect to out-of-home
providers, T.J.’s group-home therapist testified that the group home provided T.J. a
reasonably stable living environment. In the four months leading up to trial, T.J. had
reduced the number of suicide attempts, reduced the number of hospitalizations,
experienced success with peers and staff in the group home, and experienced success
in school.
{¶33} In considering the wishes of the child, the court expressly cited R.C.
2151.414(D)(1)(b). With regard to this factor, the court found that the GAL and the
attorney for T.J. “unanimously and repeatedly expressed the child’s adamant desire
to be permanently committed to HCJFS and possibly adopted.”
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{¶34} The court also considered the custodial history of the child (R.C.
2151.414(D)(1)(c)). The court determined that, when HCJFS moved for permanent
custody, T.J. had been in HCJFS placement for over 19 months.
{¶35} With respect to the child’s need for legally secure placement (R.C.
2151.414(D)(1)(d)), the court found that “no one from the family has stepped forward
to offer T.J. any alternative to the toxic environment mother would provide.” The
court noted that, despite telephone contact with T.J., T.J.’s alleged father had not
participated in the case, had never sought custody, and had never proposed an
alternative to HCJFS custody. In addition, the court mentioned that one relative
briefly appeared and expressed interest in seeking custody of T.J. However, “that
relative never followed through and her home situation * * * did not appear to be a
viable alternative at the time she testified.” Furthermore, the court discussed
Planned Permanent Living Arrangement as a “preferable disposition – except that
mother would retain the ability to continue to frustrate and delay any efforts to meet
T.J.’s needs.”
{¶36} A review of the record further details T.J.’s need for legally secure
placement. At the time of trial, HCJFS had provided T.J. a secure and stable
placement. T.J.’s group-home placement offered her individual therapy, group
therapy, med-som services, a mentor, and case-management services. In HCJFS
custody, T.J. can continue these services until the age of 21.
{¶37} The court also considered the applicability of R.C. 2151.414(E)(8).
Provision (E)(8) of R.C. 2151.414 examines whether the parent has withheld medical
treatment from the child. Here, the court found that mother’s refusal to cooperate
with providers and her continuous objections to case plans delayed or frustrated
T.J.’s needed services. As an example, the court noted that mother objected to each
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new case plan, “involving things as basic as changes in medication recommended by
the treating physicians,” and necessitated a hearing “to approve virtually every effort
to address T.J.’s continuing and worsening mental health needs.”
{¶38} Under these circumstances, we find that the juvenile court properly
considered all of the relevant factors, despite expressly citing only one of the five
enumerated factors in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) in its decision. Furthermore, we hold that
clear and convincing evidence supports the court’s determination that a grant of
permanent custody was in T.J.’s best interest.
{¶39} Mother’s third and fourth assignments of error are overruled.
V. Conclusion
{¶40} For the foregoing reasons, mother’s assignments of error are overruled
and the judgment of the juvenile court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Z AYAS , P.J., and M YERS , J., concur.
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.