NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 26 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
In re: JAMES A. ZACHMAN; ELIZABETH No. 23-55099 C. ZACHMAN, D.C. No. 8:22-cv-00890-FWS Debtors. ______________________________ MEMORANDUM* JAMES A. ZACHMAN; ELIZABETH C. ZACHMAN,
Appellants,
v.
STATE OF DELAWARE; MORRIS JAMES LLP; REAL TIME DATA SERVICES LLC,
Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Fred W. Slaughter, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted December 26, 2024**
Before: BENNETT, BADE, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.
Appellants James A. Zachman and his wife Elizabeth Zachman (collectively
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes that this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C). “Debtors”) appeal from the district court’s order affirming the bankruptcy court’s
decision denying their post-judgment request for relief based on asserted violations
of the automatic stay and the discharge injunction applicable to Debtors’ 2010
bankruptcy. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d) over the appeal from
the denial of Debtors’ post-judgment motion. See Security Farms v. Int’l Bhd. of
Teamsters, Chauffers, Warehousemen & Helpers, 124 F.3d 999, 1008 (9th Cir.
1997). “We review de novo the district court’s decision on an appeal from a
bankruptcy court.” Mwangi v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (In re Mwangi), 764 F.3d
1168, 1173 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). “We stand in the same position as
did the district court in reviewing the bankruptcy court’s order,” and “[w]e
therefore review the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear error and its
conclusions of law de novo.” Levander v. Prober (In re Levander), 180 F.3d 1114,
1118 (9th Cir. 1999) (citation omitted). “Whether the automatic stay provisions of
11 U.S.C. § 362(a) have been violated is a question of law reviewed de novo.”
Mwangi, 764 F.3d at 1173 (citation omitted). We affirm.
In 2006, James Zachman (“Zachman”) and Sangeeta Chhabra formed Real
Time Data Services, LLC (“Real Time Data”), a Delaware limited liability
company. On May 17, 2010, Debtors filed a personal chapter 7 bankruptcy
petition in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California.
Debtors noted on their schedules of assets and liabilities that Zachman owned an
2 interest in Real Time Data, and they valued that interest at $2,500. However,
Debtors also claimed that this interest was exempt from the estate under California
law. The trustee did not object to the claimed exemption, and as a result,
Zachman’s “interest in the property [was] ‘withdrawn from the estate (and hence
from the creditors) for the benefit of the debtor[s].’” Gebhart v. Gaughan (In re
Gebhart), 621 F.3d 1206, 1210 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). On September 7,
2010, the bankruptcy court issued a discharge order, and it closed the case on
September 24, 2010.
After disputes later arose between Zachman and Chhabra, Zachman filed
suit against Chhabra and other defendants in the Delaware Court of Chancery on
June 3, 2014, alleging, inter alia, that Chhabra breached her fiduciary duties
towards Zachman. Real Time Data intervened as a defendant and filed
counterclaims for conversion and tortious interference with contract. In a bench
ruling on July 28, 2016, the Delaware Chancery Court held that Zachman’s
membership in Real Time Data “had been terminated by operation of law under
6 Del. C. § 18-304 due to his personal bankruptcy in 2010.” However, the court
explained that under § 18-304, “Zachman became an ‘assignee’ with economic
rights” in Real Time Data. After a bench trial, the Delaware Chancery Court held
that Chhabra, through various conduct, had breached her fiduciary duties in
connection with Zachman’s remaining interest in Real Time Data, and the court
3 determined that the value of Zachman’s interest in the LLC was $173,000 and
awarded him that amount plus interest as damages. The court denied Real Time
Data’s counterclaims. Zachman appealed and, on April 20, 2021, the Delaware
Supreme Court affirmed.
On October 29, 2021, Debtors filed in the bankruptcy court a “Motion to
Withdraw and Defective Pleading for Violation of the Automatic Stay and
Discharge Injunction.” In this motion, Debtors named as Defendants the State of
Delaware, Real Time Data, and Morris James LLP (which had represented Real
Time Data in pressing its counterclaims). Debtors alleged that Delaware Code,
Title 6, § 18-304(b)’s termination of Zachman’s membership rights in Real Time
Data upon his filing of bankruptcy violated the automatic stay. Debtors also
argued that Real Time Data and Morris James LLP violated the discharge
injunction, 11 U.S.C. § 524(a), by filing counterclaims in the Delaware Chancery
litigation for Zachman’s alleged conversion of Real Time Data assets.
The bankruptcy court tentatively denied the motion, and after a hearing,
affirmed its ruling on March 24, 2022. The district court upheld this decision,
finding that because Zachman’s membership interest in Real Time Data was
exempted from the bankruptcy estate in 2010, it was not property of the estate and
the automatic stay no longer applied to that interest. The district court also
concluded that the discharge injunction, 11 U.S.C. § 524(a), did not bar “post-
4 bankruptcy litigation over ownership of personal property—namely, Debtor James
Zachman’s membership interest in the Real Data Services limited liability
company.”
We agree with the district court that, once Zachman’s interest in Real Time
Data was exempted from the estate, it was no longer property of the estate and was
no longer subject to the automatic stay.1 And because the property was no longer
part of the estate, the automatic stay did not bar application of § 18-304(b). In
Debtors’ appeal from the Chancery Court judgment, the Delaware Supreme Court
held that, under Milford Power Co. v. PDC Milford Power, LLC, 866 A.2d 738,
762 (Del. Ch. 2004), “federal bankruptcy law partially preempts Section 18-304, to
the extent that Section 18-304 deprives a member of a limited liability company of
the member’s economic rights in the company.” Accordingly, the Delaware
Supreme Court held, the net effect is “that a member who files for bankruptcy still
ceases to be a member, but becomes an assignee with the economic rights specified
in § 18-702(b).” Milford Power, 866 A.2d at 762 (emphasis added); see also
6 Del. Code § 18-702(b) (listing the economic rights of an assignee of an interest
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 26 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
In re: JAMES A. ZACHMAN; ELIZABETH No. 23-55099 C. ZACHMAN, D.C. No. 8:22-cv-00890-FWS Debtors. ______________________________ MEMORANDUM* JAMES A. ZACHMAN; ELIZABETH C. ZACHMAN,
Appellants,
v.
STATE OF DELAWARE; MORRIS JAMES LLP; REAL TIME DATA SERVICES LLC,
Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Fred W. Slaughter, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted December 26, 2024**
Before: BENNETT, BADE, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.
Appellants James A. Zachman and his wife Elizabeth Zachman (collectively
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes that this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C). “Debtors”) appeal from the district court’s order affirming the bankruptcy court’s
decision denying their post-judgment request for relief based on asserted violations
of the automatic stay and the discharge injunction applicable to Debtors’ 2010
bankruptcy. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d) over the appeal from
the denial of Debtors’ post-judgment motion. See Security Farms v. Int’l Bhd. of
Teamsters, Chauffers, Warehousemen & Helpers, 124 F.3d 999, 1008 (9th Cir.
1997). “We review de novo the district court’s decision on an appeal from a
bankruptcy court.” Mwangi v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (In re Mwangi), 764 F.3d
1168, 1173 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). “We stand in the same position as
did the district court in reviewing the bankruptcy court’s order,” and “[w]e
therefore review the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear error and its
conclusions of law de novo.” Levander v. Prober (In re Levander), 180 F.3d 1114,
1118 (9th Cir. 1999) (citation omitted). “Whether the automatic stay provisions of
11 U.S.C. § 362(a) have been violated is a question of law reviewed de novo.”
Mwangi, 764 F.3d at 1173 (citation omitted). We affirm.
In 2006, James Zachman (“Zachman”) and Sangeeta Chhabra formed Real
Time Data Services, LLC (“Real Time Data”), a Delaware limited liability
company. On May 17, 2010, Debtors filed a personal chapter 7 bankruptcy
petition in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California.
Debtors noted on their schedules of assets and liabilities that Zachman owned an
2 interest in Real Time Data, and they valued that interest at $2,500. However,
Debtors also claimed that this interest was exempt from the estate under California
law. The trustee did not object to the claimed exemption, and as a result,
Zachman’s “interest in the property [was] ‘withdrawn from the estate (and hence
from the creditors) for the benefit of the debtor[s].’” Gebhart v. Gaughan (In re
Gebhart), 621 F.3d 1206, 1210 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). On September 7,
2010, the bankruptcy court issued a discharge order, and it closed the case on
September 24, 2010.
After disputes later arose between Zachman and Chhabra, Zachman filed
suit against Chhabra and other defendants in the Delaware Court of Chancery on
June 3, 2014, alleging, inter alia, that Chhabra breached her fiduciary duties
towards Zachman. Real Time Data intervened as a defendant and filed
counterclaims for conversion and tortious interference with contract. In a bench
ruling on July 28, 2016, the Delaware Chancery Court held that Zachman’s
membership in Real Time Data “had been terminated by operation of law under
6 Del. C. § 18-304 due to his personal bankruptcy in 2010.” However, the court
explained that under § 18-304, “Zachman became an ‘assignee’ with economic
rights” in Real Time Data. After a bench trial, the Delaware Chancery Court held
that Chhabra, through various conduct, had breached her fiduciary duties in
connection with Zachman’s remaining interest in Real Time Data, and the court
3 determined that the value of Zachman’s interest in the LLC was $173,000 and
awarded him that amount plus interest as damages. The court denied Real Time
Data’s counterclaims. Zachman appealed and, on April 20, 2021, the Delaware
Supreme Court affirmed.
On October 29, 2021, Debtors filed in the bankruptcy court a “Motion to
Withdraw and Defective Pleading for Violation of the Automatic Stay and
Discharge Injunction.” In this motion, Debtors named as Defendants the State of
Delaware, Real Time Data, and Morris James LLP (which had represented Real
Time Data in pressing its counterclaims). Debtors alleged that Delaware Code,
Title 6, § 18-304(b)’s termination of Zachman’s membership rights in Real Time
Data upon his filing of bankruptcy violated the automatic stay. Debtors also
argued that Real Time Data and Morris James LLP violated the discharge
injunction, 11 U.S.C. § 524(a), by filing counterclaims in the Delaware Chancery
litigation for Zachman’s alleged conversion of Real Time Data assets.
The bankruptcy court tentatively denied the motion, and after a hearing,
affirmed its ruling on March 24, 2022. The district court upheld this decision,
finding that because Zachman’s membership interest in Real Time Data was
exempted from the bankruptcy estate in 2010, it was not property of the estate and
the automatic stay no longer applied to that interest. The district court also
concluded that the discharge injunction, 11 U.S.C. § 524(a), did not bar “post-
4 bankruptcy litigation over ownership of personal property—namely, Debtor James
Zachman’s membership interest in the Real Data Services limited liability
company.”
We agree with the district court that, once Zachman’s interest in Real Time
Data was exempted from the estate, it was no longer property of the estate and was
no longer subject to the automatic stay.1 And because the property was no longer
part of the estate, the automatic stay did not bar application of § 18-304(b). In
Debtors’ appeal from the Chancery Court judgment, the Delaware Supreme Court
held that, under Milford Power Co. v. PDC Milford Power, LLC, 866 A.2d 738,
762 (Del. Ch. 2004), “federal bankruptcy law partially preempts Section 18-304, to
the extent that Section 18-304 deprives a member of a limited liability company of
the member’s economic rights in the company.” Accordingly, the Delaware
Supreme Court held, the net effect is “that a member who files for bankruptcy still
ceases to be a member, but becomes an assignee with the economic rights specified
in § 18-702(b).” Milford Power, 866 A.2d at 762 (emphasis added); see also
6 Del. Code § 18-702(b) (listing the economic rights of an assignee of an interest
1 We reject Appellees’ contention that we lack jurisdiction over this issue under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, under which “federal district courts have ‘no authority to review the final determinations of a state court in judicial proceedings.’” Gruntz v. County of Los Angeles (In re Gruntz), 202 F.3d 1074, 1078 (9th Cir. 2000). We have held that “Rooker-Feldman does not nullify federal courts’ authority to enforce the automatic stay,” because “the final decision concerning the applicability of the automatic stay must rest with the federal courts.” Id. at 1084.
5 in an LLC).2 The parties’ participation in litigation that Zachman initiated in
Delaware Chancery Court over the nature and scope of Zachman’s interests in an
LLC under Delaware law—interests that had been exempted from the bankruptcy
estate—did not violate the automatic stay. Nor did that litigation violate the
discharge injunction, because it did not involve an effort to “collect” or “recover” a
discharged “debt as a personal liability of the debtor.” 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2).
We also agree with the district court that the pursuit of Real Time Data’s
counterclaims in the Delaware Chancery litigation did not violate the discharge
injunction.3 The counterclaims, which alleged that Zachman had unlawfully
converted funds and interfered with contracts that belonged to Real Time Data,
were properly asserted in connection with the resolution of Zachman’s interests in
Real Time Data. See Carolco Television Inc. v. NBC (In re De Laurentiis Ent.
2 To the extent that Debtors sought in the courts below to challenge the Delaware Supreme Court’s preemption ruling and to assert injuries caused by that allegedly wrongful judgment, Rooker-Feldman bars us from considering that claim. See Cogan v. Trabucco, 114 F.4th 1054, 1063–64 (9th Cir. 2024) (noting that Rooker- Feldman applies to “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments” (citation omitted)). 3 We conclude that Rooker-Feldman does not bar our consideration of this claim, because, in asserting it, Debtors are “not alleging a legal error by the state court,” but rather, they are “alleging a wrongful act by the adverse party.” Kougasian v. TMSL, Inc., 359 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 2004); see also Pavelich v. McCormick, Barstow, Sheppard, Wayte & Carruth LLP (In re Pavelich), 229 B.R. 777, 783 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1999).
6 Grp., Inc.), 963 F.2d 1269, 1276–77 (9th Cir. 1992) (agreeing with cases holding
that “a valid setoff claim cannot be defeated by a discharge in bankruptcy”
(quoting Camelback Hosp., Inc. v. Buckenmaier (In re Buckenmaier), 127 B.R.
233, 236–37 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1991))).
For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s order.
AFFIRMED.