In Re Hon. Bruce U. Morrow
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Opinion
Michigan Supreme Court Lansing, Michigan Chief Justice: Justices:
Syllabus Bridget M. McCormack Brian K. Zahra David F. Viviano Richard H. Bernstein Elizabeth T. Clement Megan K. Cavanagh Elizabeth M. Welch
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been Reporter of Decisions: prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. Kathryn L. Loomis
In re MORROW
Docket No. 161839. Argued October 6, 2021 (Calendar No. 4). Decided January 13, 2022.
The Judicial Tenure Commission (JTC) filed a formal three-count complaint against Third Circuit Court Judge Bruce U. Morrow, arising from comments he made to two female prosecutors during a murder trial. The Michigan Supreme Court appointed retired Judge Betty R. Widgeon as master, and she issued a scheduling order providing for a virtual hearing. The master found that in Counts I and II respondent had violated Canons 2(B), 3(A)(3), and 3(A)(14) of the Code of Judicial Conduct, and in Count III, the master found that respondent had violated Canons 3(A)(3) and 3(A)(14). The JTC issued a decision and recommendation for discipline on June 14, 2021, in which it largely agreed with the master’s findings of fact and conclusions of law but found that respondent had also violated Canon 2(B) by his conduct in Count III. The JTC found that respondent had committed misconduct in office by violating MCR 9.202(B)(1)(c) (defining “misconduct in office” to include “persistent failure to treat persons fairly and courteously”) and MCR 9.202(B)(1)(d) (defining “misconduct in office” to include “treatment of a person unfairly or discourteously because of the person’s . . . gender”). After determining that the majority of the factors set forth in In re Brown, 461 Mich 1291 (2000), weighed in favor of a more serious sanction, the JTC unanimously recommended that respondent be sanctioned with a public censure and a 12-month suspension without pay. Respondent petitioned the Supreme Court, requesting that the Court reject or modify the JTC’s recommendation.
In a per curiam opinion joined by Chief Justice MCCORMACK and Justices VIVIANO, BERNSTEIN, CLEMENT, CAVANAGH, and WELCH, the Supreme Court held:
The JTC correctly found that respondent committed misconduct in office and that public censure and suspension were appropriate. However, a 6-month rather than the JTC’s recommended 12-month suspension was proportionate.
1. The allegations in the formal complaint, which respondent generally did not dispute, were established by a preponderance of the evidence, and the JTC’s conclusions of law were correct. By using unnecessarily crass and sexual language, respondent did not “promote public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary,” Canon 2(B), nor was he “patient, dignified, and courteous” to the attorneys, Canon 3(A)(3), nor did he treat them “fairly, with courtesy and respect” without regard to their gender, Canon 3(A)(14). As to Count III, by guessing the attorneys’ heights and weights unbidden while eyeing them, not only did respondent fail to be “patient, dignified and courteous” and to “treat every person fairly, with courtesy and respect” in violation of Canons 3(A)(3) and 3(A)(14), but he also violated Canon 2(B), which also requires that “[a] judge treat every person fairly, with courtesy and respect” without regard to their gender. Respondent committed misconduct in office by violating MCR 9.202(B)(1)(c) and MCR 9.202(B)(1)(d). Respondent’s reliance on In re Hocking, 451 Mich 1 (1996) was misplaced: the Hocking Court did not hold that judges were entirely immune from discipline for comments said from the bench, and the concern expressed in Hocking that judges would be found to have committed judicial misconduct every time they committed an appealable error of law was not at issue here.
2. The judicial disciplinary system did not violate respondent’s rights under the Due Process Clause by the JTC’s serving both a prosecutorial and an adjudicative role. Respondent argued to the contrary by primarily relying on Williams v Pennsylvania, 579 US 1 (2016), in which a justice on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court participated in a postconviction proceeding involving a case in which he had previously, in his supervisory role as district attorney, approved the decision to seek the death penalty. The Williams Court held that the justice’s failure to recuse himself from the case violated the Due Process Clause. Respondent contends that because Michigan caselaw on this subject relies primarily on Withrow v Larkin, 421 US 35 (1975), which preceded Williams, it is no longer good law. However, Williams did not overrule Withrow, and Withrow supports the conclusion that, generally, an administrative body sharing investigative and adjudicatory roles is not a due-process violation. This was the case for the JTC, particularly given that the Michigan Supreme Court instituted some degree of separation between the JTC’s investigatory and prosecutorial functions versus its adjudicatory functions by requiring the appointment of a master. While Withrow observed that some special facts and circumstances could render the risk of unfairness in such a system intolerably high, no such facts or circumstances were apparent in this case. Furthermore, Withrow was the more applicable precedent because Williams involved a postconviction proceeding in a criminal case, whereas Withrow involved a professional administrative scheme such as the one at issue in this case. Even if the differences between the JTC scheme and the criminal case in Williams were of no import, there would still have been no due-process violation in this matter. While Williams held that there was an impermissible risk of actual bias when a judge earlier had significant, personal involvement as a prosecutor in a critical decision regarding the defendant’s case, respondent did not raise a similar contention regarding the personal involvement of any particular member of the JTC in his case; he only generally asserted that the JTC could not play a hybrid role in the judicial disciplinary process. Though the JTC does play an adjudicatory role, that role is minimized, given that it is the Michigan Supreme Court that provides a final adjudication and sanctions judges.
3. The Michigan Supreme Court gives considerable deference to the JTC’s recommendations regarding sanctions; however, that deference is premised on the JTC’s adequately articulating the bases for its findings and demonstrating that there is a reasonable relationship between such findings and the recommended discipline.
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Michigan Supreme Court Lansing, Michigan Chief Justice: Justices:
Syllabus Bridget M. McCormack Brian K. Zahra David F. Viviano Richard H. Bernstein Elizabeth T. Clement Megan K. Cavanagh Elizabeth M. Welch
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been Reporter of Decisions: prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. Kathryn L. Loomis
In re MORROW
Docket No. 161839. Argued October 6, 2021 (Calendar No. 4). Decided January 13, 2022.
The Judicial Tenure Commission (JTC) filed a formal three-count complaint against Third Circuit Court Judge Bruce U. Morrow, arising from comments he made to two female prosecutors during a murder trial. The Michigan Supreme Court appointed retired Judge Betty R. Widgeon as master, and she issued a scheduling order providing for a virtual hearing. The master found that in Counts I and II respondent had violated Canons 2(B), 3(A)(3), and 3(A)(14) of the Code of Judicial Conduct, and in Count III, the master found that respondent had violated Canons 3(A)(3) and 3(A)(14). The JTC issued a decision and recommendation for discipline on June 14, 2021, in which it largely agreed with the master’s findings of fact and conclusions of law but found that respondent had also violated Canon 2(B) by his conduct in Count III. The JTC found that respondent had committed misconduct in office by violating MCR 9.202(B)(1)(c) (defining “misconduct in office” to include “persistent failure to treat persons fairly and courteously”) and MCR 9.202(B)(1)(d) (defining “misconduct in office” to include “treatment of a person unfairly or discourteously because of the person’s . . . gender”). After determining that the majority of the factors set forth in In re Brown, 461 Mich 1291 (2000), weighed in favor of a more serious sanction, the JTC unanimously recommended that respondent be sanctioned with a public censure and a 12-month suspension without pay. Respondent petitioned the Supreme Court, requesting that the Court reject or modify the JTC’s recommendation.
In a per curiam opinion joined by Chief Justice MCCORMACK and Justices VIVIANO, BERNSTEIN, CLEMENT, CAVANAGH, and WELCH, the Supreme Court held:
The JTC correctly found that respondent committed misconduct in office and that public censure and suspension were appropriate. However, a 6-month rather than the JTC’s recommended 12-month suspension was proportionate.
1. The allegations in the formal complaint, which respondent generally did not dispute, were established by a preponderance of the evidence, and the JTC’s conclusions of law were correct. By using unnecessarily crass and sexual language, respondent did not “promote public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary,” Canon 2(B), nor was he “patient, dignified, and courteous” to the attorneys, Canon 3(A)(3), nor did he treat them “fairly, with courtesy and respect” without regard to their gender, Canon 3(A)(14). As to Count III, by guessing the attorneys’ heights and weights unbidden while eyeing them, not only did respondent fail to be “patient, dignified and courteous” and to “treat every person fairly, with courtesy and respect” in violation of Canons 3(A)(3) and 3(A)(14), but he also violated Canon 2(B), which also requires that “[a] judge treat every person fairly, with courtesy and respect” without regard to their gender. Respondent committed misconduct in office by violating MCR 9.202(B)(1)(c) and MCR 9.202(B)(1)(d). Respondent’s reliance on In re Hocking, 451 Mich 1 (1996) was misplaced: the Hocking Court did not hold that judges were entirely immune from discipline for comments said from the bench, and the concern expressed in Hocking that judges would be found to have committed judicial misconduct every time they committed an appealable error of law was not at issue here.
2. The judicial disciplinary system did not violate respondent’s rights under the Due Process Clause by the JTC’s serving both a prosecutorial and an adjudicative role. Respondent argued to the contrary by primarily relying on Williams v Pennsylvania, 579 US 1 (2016), in which a justice on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court participated in a postconviction proceeding involving a case in which he had previously, in his supervisory role as district attorney, approved the decision to seek the death penalty. The Williams Court held that the justice’s failure to recuse himself from the case violated the Due Process Clause. Respondent contends that because Michigan caselaw on this subject relies primarily on Withrow v Larkin, 421 US 35 (1975), which preceded Williams, it is no longer good law. However, Williams did not overrule Withrow, and Withrow supports the conclusion that, generally, an administrative body sharing investigative and adjudicatory roles is not a due-process violation. This was the case for the JTC, particularly given that the Michigan Supreme Court instituted some degree of separation between the JTC’s investigatory and prosecutorial functions versus its adjudicatory functions by requiring the appointment of a master. While Withrow observed that some special facts and circumstances could render the risk of unfairness in such a system intolerably high, no such facts or circumstances were apparent in this case. Furthermore, Withrow was the more applicable precedent because Williams involved a postconviction proceeding in a criminal case, whereas Withrow involved a professional administrative scheme such as the one at issue in this case. Even if the differences between the JTC scheme and the criminal case in Williams were of no import, there would still have been no due-process violation in this matter. While Williams held that there was an impermissible risk of actual bias when a judge earlier had significant, personal involvement as a prosecutor in a critical decision regarding the defendant’s case, respondent did not raise a similar contention regarding the personal involvement of any particular member of the JTC in his case; he only generally asserted that the JTC could not play a hybrid role in the judicial disciplinary process. Though the JTC does play an adjudicatory role, that role is minimized, given that it is the Michigan Supreme Court that provides a final adjudication and sanctions judges.
3. The Michigan Supreme Court gives considerable deference to the JTC’s recommendations regarding sanctions; however, that deference is premised on the JTC’s adequately articulating the bases for its findings and demonstrating that there is a reasonable relationship between such findings and the recommended discipline. To ensure that equivalent cases are treated in an equivalent manner and unequivalent cases are treated in a proportionate manner, the Court considers the seven Brown factors: (1) misconduct that is part of a pattern or practice is more serious than an isolated instance of misconduct; (2) misconduct on the bench is usually more serious than the same misconduct off the bench; (3) misconduct that is prejudicial to the actual administration of justice is more serious than misconduct that is prejudicial only to the appearance of propriety; (4) misconduct that does not implicate the actual administration of justice, or its appearance of impropriety, is less serious than misconduct that does; (5) misconduct that occurs spontaneously is less serious than misconduct that is premeditated or deliberated; (6) misconduct that undermines the ability of the justice system to discover the truth of what occurred in a legal controversy, or to reach the most just result in such a case, is more serious than misconduct that merely delays such discovery; and (7) misconduct that involves the unequal application of justice on the basis of such considerations as race, color, ethnic background, gender, or religion are more serious than breaches of justice that do not disparage the integrity of the system on the basis of a class of citizenship. Because respondent’s comments did not implicate the unequal application of justice to the defendant in the case being tried, the seventh factor did not support a more severe sanction, but otherwise, the JTC correctly assessed the other Brown factors and properly determined that additional factors supported a more severe sanction. Rather than the JTC’s recommendation of a 12-month suspension, a 6-month suspension was appropriate given the severity of respondent’s conduct relative to that in other judicial discipline cases such as In re Iddings, 500 Mich 1026 (2017).
Justice VIVIANO, concurring, agreed in full with the majority opinion but would have held that the master violated MCR 9.231(B) by not conducting respondent’s hearing in person at a physical location. He reasoned that the court rule, which requires the master to “set a time and a place for the hearing,” refers to a physical location, given that no dictionary defines “place” to include a virtual meeting space, that the rule was adopted at a time when telecommunications technology was not used to conduct hearings remotely, and that the Michigan Supreme Court’s adoption of court-rule amendments expressly allowing for remote proceedings in the JTC under certain conditions implies that such proceedings would not otherwise have been permissible. However, because this error did not result in a miscarriage of justice, he would have concluded that the proceedings below were valid under MCR 9.211(D). He agreed that respondent committed judicial misconduct and that an appropriate sanction was a six-month suspension without pay and a public censure for the reasons stated in the majority opinion.
Justice BERNSTEIN, concurring, wrote separately only to indicate his continuing concerns relating to equity and accessibility regarding the use of videoconferencing in these situations. He noted that the circumstances of this case were unique, having taken place during a global pandemic before any vaccinations had been developed and made widely available to the general public. He expressed hope that in the future, given the efficacy and prevalence of vaccinations against COVID-19, an individual’s preference for in-person proceedings would be honored to the extent that such proceedings could take place safely.
Justice ZAHRA, concurring in part and dissenting in part, agreed that respondent committed judicial misconduct and that his challenges to the proceedings were without merit. However, he strongly disagreed that a lesser six-month suspension was appropriate given respondent’s history of judicial misconduct, his lack of remorse, and the absence of any assurance that respondent would conform to the rules of judicial conduct. To avoid the possibility that respondent would make a mockery of the Supreme Court and its judicial disciplinary proceedings in his remaining time in office, Justice ZAHRA would have imposed a sanction that would permanently put respondent’s judicial career to an end rather than allow him an additional six months of compensation and prestige of office.
JTC findings affirmed; six-month suspension without pay imposed. Michigan Supreme Court Lansing, Michigan Chief Justice: Justices:
OPINION Bridget M. McCormack Brian K. Zahra David F. Viviano Richard H. Bernstein Elizabeth T. Clement Megan K. Cavanagh Elizabeth M. Welch
FILED January 13, 2022
STATE OF MICHIGAN
SUPREME COURT
In re BRUCE U. MORROW, Judge 3rd Circuit Court.
No. 161839
BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH
PER CURIAM. This case comes to the Court on the recommendation of the Judicial Tenure
Commission (JTC) that respondent, Judge Bruce U. Morrow, be suspended for 12 months
without pay. Respondent has filed a petition challenging the form of the proceedings and
requesting that this Court reject or modify the JTC’s recommendation. We are
unpersuaded by respondent’s challenges to the proceedings, and we agree with the JTC’s
conclusion that respondent has committed judicial misconduct. However, we hold that a
lesser suspension is appropriate and impose a six-month suspension without pay as well as
a public censure. I. FACTS
The JTC filed a formal complaint against respondent in August 2020. That
complaint contained three counts of misconduct, all relating to respondent’s comments to
two women prosecutors during a murder trial the year before. Counts I and II alleged that
respondent had used unnecessarily crass and sexual language while discussing the trial and
providing feedback to the prosecutors. Count III alleged that he had a discussion with the
prosecutors wherein he guessed their heights and weights, unbidden, while eyeing them. 1
1 Specifically, Count I alleged that during a break in the proceedings, one of the prosecutors asked respondent for feedback on her direct examination of the medical examiner. Respondent left the bench to sit close to her and analogized the direct examination to foreplay and sexual intercourse, with the “climax” being when the medical examiner would state the cause and manner of death. Count II alleged that while the jury was deliberating and respondent, the prosecuting attorneys, and the defendant’s attorney were in chambers, respondent expressed disagreement with the prosecutor’s choice to present evidence that the defendant’s DNA was on the decedent’s vaginal swab. Respondent exclaimed words to the effect of, “All it shows is that they fucked!” Respondent and the attorneys also discussed the defendant’s testimony at trial; the defendant had said that he and the decedent had had “not normal sex” because the decedent was pregnant and they did not want to hurt the baby. Respondent and the attorneys proceeded to discuss what that might mean. The prosecutor posited that it meant something other than intercourse, while respondent contended that it meant “doggy style” intercourse. Respondent said that the prosecutor’s erroneous interpretation of the defendant’s testimony was due to her own bias and inexperience. When discussing the defendant’s testimony that he had been concerned about having intercourse with the decedent because he did not want her to have a miscarriage, respondent remarked with words to the effect of, “Does he think his dick is so big that he would hurt that baby?” Respondent also criticized the prosecutor’s voir dire by analogizing it to inquiring whether someone is willing to have intercourse on a first date. Count III alleged that when the jury was excused respondent asked one of the prosecutors how tall she was and guessed how much she weighed. The other prosecutor volunteered her height, and respondent attempted to guess her weight. When the prosecutor responded that he was wrong, respondent replied, “Well, I haven’t assessed your muscle mass yet.”
2 On September 17, 2020, the Court appointed retired Judge Betty R. Widgeon as
master. She issued a scheduling order providing for a virtual hearing. 2 The master found
that in Counts I and II respondent had violated Canons 2(B), 3(A)(3), and 3(A)(14) of the
Code of Judicial Conduct; in Count III, the master found that respondent had violated
Canons 3(A)(3) and 3(A)(14). Canon 2(B) provides, in relevant part:
A judge should respect and observe the law. At all times, the conduct and manner of a judge should promote public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary. Without regard to a person’s . . . gender, . . . a judge should treat every person fairly, with courtesy and respect.
Canon 3(A)(3) requires that a judge “be patient, dignified, and courteous
to . . . lawyers . . . .” And Canon 3(A)(14) states, in relevant part: “Without regard to a
person’s . . . gender, . . . a judge should treat every person fairly, with courtesy and
respect.”
The JTC issued its decision and recommendation for discipline on June 14, 2021.
It largely agreed with the master’s findings of fact and conclusions of law, but found that
respondent had also violated Canon 2(B) by his conduct in Count III. The JTC found that
respondent had committed misconduct in office by violating MCR 9.202(B)(1)(c)
(defining “misconduct in office” to include “persistent failure to treat persons fairly and
courteously”) and MCR 9.202(B)(1)(d) (defining “misconduct in office” to include
2 Respondent then filed a complaint for superintending control and a motion to expedite proceedings, contending that the judicial disciplinary process violated his due-process rights because the JTC serves both a prosecutorial and an adjudicative function. This Court denied relief. Morrow v Judicial Tenure Comm, 506 Mich 948 (2020). Respondent then filed a motion requesting that the proceedings be held in person rather than virtually. The master denied that motion, and respondent consequently filed a second complaint for superintending control. This Court again denied relief. Morrow v Judicial Tenure Comm, 506 Mich 954 (2020).
3 “treatment of a person unfairly or discourteously because of the person’s . . . gender”).
After determining that the majority of the factors set forth in In re Brown, 461 Mich 1291,
1292-1293; 625 NW2d 744 (2000), weighed in favor of a more serious sanction, the JTC
unanimously recommended that respondent be sanctioned with a public censure and a 12-
month suspension without pay.
II. ANALYSIS
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Though the JTC makes recommendations in judicial tenure cases, this Court alone
ultimately has the authority to sanction judicial officers. Const 1963, art 6, § 30.
Consequently, we review the JTC’s findings and recommendation de novo. In re Servaas,
484 Mich 634, 642; 774 NW2d 46 (2009). The allegations must be supported by a
preponderance of the evidence. Id.
B. FACTUAL FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
We agree with the master and the JTC that the allegations in the formal complaint
have been established by a preponderance of the evidence. Indeed, respondent generally
does not dispute the substance of the allegations. We also agree with the JTC’s conclusions
of law. By his unnecessarily crass and sexual language, respondent did not “promote
public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary,” Canon 2(B), nor was
he “patient, dignified, and courteous” to the attorneys, Canon 3(A)(3), nor did he treat them
“fairly, with courtesy and respect” without regard to their gender, Canon 3(A)(14). As to
Count III, we agree with the JTC that by guessing the attorneys’ heights and weights
unbidden while eyeing them, not only did respondent fail to be “patient, dignified and
4 courteous” and to “treat every person fairly, with courtesy and respect” in violation of
Canons 3(A)(3) and 3(A)(14), but he also violated Canon 2(B), which also requires that
“[a] judge treat every person fairly, with courtesy and respect” “[w]ithout regard to a
person’s . . . gender . . . .” Respondent committed misconduct in office by violating MCR
9.202(B)(1)(c) and MCR 9.202(B)(1)(d).
Respondent contends that he did not commit misconduct because in In re Hocking,
451 Mich 1; 546 NW2d 234 (1996), this Court held that inappropriate comments said from
the bench during sentencing did not constitute misconduct. In Hocking, the respondent
explained the downward departure sentence he wished to impose on the defendant by
offering offensive and misogynistic reasons as to why he believed the defendant’s conduct
did not merit a within-guidelines sentence. Id. at 10-11. The respondent also had a very
heated exchange with the prosecutor at that same sentencing hearing. Id. at 7-9. And in
another exchange, in a different case, the respondent challenged an attorney to explain why
a motion was not frivolous, and then sanctioned her without letting her provide an
explanation. Id. at 21-22.
Respondent’s reliance on Hocking is misplaced. First, in Hocking this Court never
stated that judges were entirely immune from discipline for comments said from the bench.
Id. at 12 (“Whether relief on appeal is warranted or not, it does not follow that a judicial
officer is immune from discipline for the manner in which the decision is articulated.”); id.
at 13 (“A judge’s comments are not immune from censure simply because they are based
on facts adduced at trial or events occurring at trial.”). Second, given the facts in Hocking,
specifically the comments at sentencing, the Court was understandably wary that judges
should be found to have committed judicial misconduct every time they commit an
5 appealable error of law. See id. at 11 (“[G]enerally, a judge is not subject to discipline for
‘appealable errors of law or abuses of discretion[.]’ ”), quoting In re King, 409 Mass 590,
601; 568 NE2d 588 (1991). That concern is not present in the instant case because
respondent’s comments are not an appealable error of law. Therefore, we are unmoved by
respondent’s argument and affirm the JTC’s finding that respondent committed
misconduct.
C. DUE PROCESS
We now turn to respondent’s argument that our judicial disciplinary system violates
his rights under the Due Process Clause because the JTC plays both a prosecutorial and an
adjudicative role. The Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution provides that
“[n]o State shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law . . . .” US Const, Am XIV, § 1. Respondent rests his argument primarily on Williams
v Pennsylvania, 579 US 1; 136 S Ct 1899; 195 L Ed 2d 132 (2016). In that case, a justice
on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court participated in a postconviction proceeding involving
a case in which he had previously, in his supervisory role as district attorney, approved the
decision to seek the death penalty. Id. at ___; 136 S Ct at 1903-1905. The United States
Supreme Court held that “under the Due Process Clause there is an impermissible risk of
actual bias when a judge earlier had significant, personal involvement as a prosecutor in a
critical decision regarding the defendant’s case.” Id. at ___; 136 S Ct at 1905. Applying
that standard, the Court held that the justice’s failure to recuse himself from the case
violated the Due Process Clause. Id. at ___; 136 S Ct at 1907. Furthermore, though the
justice’s vote was not decisive, the Court held “that an unconstitutional failure to recuse
6 constitutes structural error even if the judge in question did not cast a deciding vote”
because the justice might have influenced his colleagues. Id. at ___; 136 S Ct at 1909.
Our Court has addressed due-process challenges to our judicial disciplinary scheme
multiple times in the past, and each time, we have upheld the system, including the JTC’s
role, as constitutional. See In re Mikesell, 396 Mich 517; 243 NW2d 86 (1976); In re Del
Rio, 400 Mich 665; 256 NW2d 727 (1977); In re Chrzanowski, 465 Mich 468; 636 NW2d
758 (2001). Respondent contends that our prior caselaw is outdated though because it
relied primarily on Withrow v Larkin, 421 US 35; 95 S Ct 1456; 43 L Ed 2d 712 (1975), a
similar United States Supreme Court case regarding due process that preceded Williams.
Respondent contends that under the newer precedent of Williams, our Court must hold that
our judicial disciplinary system violates the Due Process Clause.
We disagree. It is true that our past cases looked to Withrow in determining the
constitutionality of our judicial disciplinary system. See Mikesell, 396 Mich at 530,
quoting State Bar Grievance Administrator v Baun, 395 Mich 28, 35; 232 NW2d 621
(1975); Del Rio, 400 Mich at 691; Chrzanowski, 465 Mich at 486. That is less than
surprising, given that our cases predated Williams. However, Withrow is still good law.
Williams did not overrule it. And Withrow still strongly supports the constitutionality of
our judicial discipline scheme. As the Withrow Court asserted:
The contention that the combination of investigative and adjudicative functions necessarily creates an unconstitutional risk of bias in administrative adjudication has a much more difficult burden of persuasion to carry. It must overcome a presumption of honesty and integrity in those serving as adjudicators; and it must convince that, under a realistic appraisal of psychological tendencies and human weakness, conferring investigative and adjudicative powers on the same individuals poses such a risk of actual bias
7 or prejudgment that the practice must be forbidden if the guarantee of due process is to be adequately implemented. [Withrow, 421 US at 47.]
The Court further explained that both federal and state caselaw “ ‘generally reject[] the
idea that the combination [of] judging [and] investigating functions is a denial of due
process . . . .’ ” Id. at 52, quoting 2 Davis, Administrative Law Treatise (1958), § 13.02,
p 175 (alterations in Withrow). Specifically, past United States Supreme Court cases,
though recognizing the potential problem of combining investigative and adjudicatory
roles, “offer no support for the bald proposition . . . that agency members who participate
in an investigation are disqualified from adjudicating.” Id.
In short, Withrow supports the conclusion that generally an administrative body
sharing investigative and adjudicatory roles is not a due-process violation. We still believe
that to be the case for the JTC. Our Court has instituted some degree of separation between
the JTC’s investigatory and prosecutorial functions versus its adjudicatory functions by
requiring the appointment of a master. Del Rio, 400 Mich at 691. See also MCR 9.231.
While Withrow remarked that there could be such “special facts and circumstances
present . . . that the risk of unfairness is intolerably high” in a particular matter, Withrow,
421 US at 58, we do not see such special facts or circumstances in this case. See Mikesell,
396 Mich at 530, quoting Baun, 395 Mich at 35.
We believe Withrow, rather than Williams, is the more applicable precedent because
the system at issue in Withrow is more analogous to the JTC. Whereas Williams involved
a postconviction proceeding in a criminal case, Williams, 579 US at ___; 136 S Ct at 1903,
Withrow involved a professional administrative scheme, namely the Wisconsin Medical
8 Examining Board. Withrow, 421 US at 37. As a body that regulates the conduct of licensed
professionals, the JTC is clearly more akin to the latter.
Even if the differences between the JTC scheme and the criminal case in Williams
were of no import, we would still find no due-process violation here. While Williams held
that there was “an impermissible risk of actual bias when a judge earlier had significant,
personal involvement as a prosecutor in a critical decision regarding the defendant’s case,”
Williams, 579 US at ___; 136 S Ct at 1905, respondent does not raise a similar contention
regarding the personal involvement of any particular member of the JTC in his case. He
only generally asserts that the entire JTC cannot play a hybrid role in the judicial
disciplinary process. Though the JTC does play an adjudicatory role, that role is,
importantly, minimized. We reiterate that it is not the JTC that provides a final adjudication
and sanctions judges; that responsibility belongs only to our Court. Const 1963, art 6, § 30;
Del Rio, 400 Mich at 689; MCR 2.951 and 2.952. Therefore, we do not believe that
respondent’s general allegations about the JTC’s dual roles are enough to “overcome a
presumption of honesty and integrity in those serving as adjudicators,” Withrow, 421 US
at 47, particularly when it is our Court that truly serves as the final adjudicator.
For these reasons, we reaffirm the holdings of our past opinions and hold, once
again, that our judicial disciplinary system, specifically the JTC’s role, does not violate the
Due Process Clause. 3
3 Respondent also contends that by holding a virtual hearing, the master violated MCR 9.231(B), which states, in relevant part, “The master shall set a time and a place for the hearing . . . .” At the time of the hearing, Administrative Order No. 2020-19 was in place. Our Court had issued that order to provide guidance as to how best to proceed in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. That order encouraged courts to “continue to expand the use of
9 D. PROPORTIONALITY OF RECOMMENDED SANCTION
The JTC recommends that this Court suspend respondent for 12 months without
pay. Though this Court does give “considerable deference” to the JTC’s recommendations
regarding sanctions, that deference “is a function of the JTC adequately articulating the
bases for its findings and demonstrating that there is a reasonable relationship between
such findings and the recommended discipline.” Brown, 461 Mich at 1292. Our Court
aims to “respond[] to equivalent cases in an equivalent manner and to unequivalent cases
in a proportionate manner.” Id.
To that end, in Brown we set forth seven factors that guide sanction decisions in
Michigan:
[E]verything else being equal:
(1) misconduct that is part of a pattern or practice is more serious than an isolated instance of misconduct;
(2) misconduct on the bench is usually more serious than the same misconduct off the bench;
(3) misconduct that is prejudicial to the actual administration of justice is more serious than misconduct that is prejudicial only to the appearance of propriety;
(4) misconduct that does not implicate the actual administration of justice, or its appearance of impropriety, is less serious than misconduct that does;
remote participation technology (video or telephone) as much as possible to reduce any backlog and to dispose of new cases efficiently and safely.” AO 2020-19, 505 Mich xcviii, xcix (2020). Even assuming, without deciding, that the court rule was violated, we are not convinced that such a violation would entitle respondent to a new hearing held in person, particularly when respondent largely admitted to the allegations against him and was able to thoroughly examine and cross-examine witnesses during the hearing. MCR 9.211(D) (“An investigation or proceeding under this subchapter may not be held invalid by reason of a nonprejudicial irregularity or for an error not resulting in a miscarriage of justice.”).
10 (5) misconduct that occurs spontaneously is less serious than misconduct that is premeditated or deliberated;
(6) misconduct that undermines the ability of the justice system to discover the truth of what occurred in a legal controversy, or to reach the most just result in such a case, is more serious than misconduct that merely delays such discovery;
(7) misconduct that involves the unequal application of justice on the basis of such considerations as race, color, ethnic background, gender, or religion are more serious than breaches of justice that do not disparage the integrity of the system on the basis of a class of citizenship. [Id. at 1292- 1293.]
The JTC reasoned that all the factors except for the third and sixth weighed in favor
of a more severe sanction. 4 We generally agree with that analysis. However, we also
believe that the seventh factor—whether the misconduct involves the unequal application
4 As to the first factor, the JTC reasoned that there was a pattern or practice of misconduct because, in 2004, the State Court Administrative Office had sent respondent a letter warning him not to have personal conversations with coworkers and to refrain from hugging them. That conduct resulted in an admonishment from the JTC in 2005. There was also evidence that respondent made inappropriate remarks to female prosecutors in 2018 and 2019.
Respondent contends that the JTC should not have considered uncharged conduct. But the JTC is obliged to consider prior discipline when making its recommendation. MCR 9.244(B)(1) (“The commission’s report must include a list of all respondent’s prior disciplinary actions under MCR 9.223(A)(2)-(5) or MCR 9.224 and must include an acknowledgement that the commission has included its consideration of any prior discipline in the commission’s recommended action.”). And we have upheld the consideration of evidence that a respondent judge had received admonitions and censures. See, e.g., In re Moore, 464 Mich 98, 117 & n 16; 626 NW2d 374 (2001).
Respondent cites In re Simpson, 500 Mich 533; 902 NW2d 383 (2017), to argue otherwise, but Simpson involved uncharged misconduct that never formed the basis for any disciplinary action. Thus, to the extent the JTC in this case considered other formal discipline, the JTC acted appropriately. We need not determine whether the JTC erred by considering other uncharged misconduct that did not form the basis for official discipline because even if such conduct is excluded, we would conclude that a six-month suspension is appropriate.
11 of justice—does not weigh in favor of a more severe sanction. We do not disagree with
the JTC that respondent treated the prosecutors differently because of their gender.
However, just as the JTC reasoned that respondent’s conduct was not prejudicial to the
actual administration of justice under the third factor, because respondent’s comments did
not implicate the unequal application of justice to the defendant in the case being tried, we
do not believe the seventh factor supports a more severe sanction. Nevertheless, outside
of that disagreement, we agree with the JTC’s assessment of the other Brown factors, as
well as its reasoning that additional factors (namely, respondent’s conduct in response to
the disciplinary proceedings, the effect of his conduct on the public’s respect for the
judiciary, and his years of experience) support a more severe sanction.
Despite our general agreement with the JTC’s assessment of the Brown factors, we
believe that rather than the JTC’s recommendation of a 12-month suspension, a 6-month
suspension is appropriate given the severity of respondent’s conduct relative to that in other
judicial discipline cases. 5 For comparison, in In re Iddings, 500 Mich 1026; 897 NW2d
169 (2017), the respondent sexually harassed his secretary for approximately three years.
5 Though the partial dissent characterizes this Court’s imposition of a 6-month rather than 12-month suspension as “reduc[ing]” the sanction imposed, post at 4, we are not reducing any sanction. The JTC only recommends a sanction, which our Court may accept or reject; but the JTC did not previously impose a suspension of any length. Moreover, while we would impose a 12-month suspension if we believed that to be proportionate to respondent’s misconduct, we take issue with the partial dissent’s advocating a 12-month suspension as, effectively, a removal from office. See post at 1 (saying that a one-year suspension would “effectively remove[] respondent from the bench for the balance of his judicial career”); post at 4 (“The Court’s sanction should permanently put to an end respondent’s judicial career.”). If removal from office were an appropriate sanction that the Court wished to impose, we should clearly impose that sanction rather than trying to accomplish the same aim by way of a purported temporary suspension.
12 Id. at 1027. He was censured and suspended for six months, and the JTC also imposed
disciplinary provisions consisting of mandatory counseling. Id. at 1030. While
respondent’s behavior is certainly unacceptable, we do not believe his inappropriate
comments over the course of one trial merit twice the suspension imposed for years of
sexual harassment. 6 Indeed, respondent’s conduct would generally merit a considerably
lesser sanction if considered alone; however, this is not the first disciplinary proceeding in
which respondent has been the subject. See In re Morrow, 496 Mich 291, 308; 854 NW2d
89 (2014) (imposing a 60-day suspension on respondent for various misconduct in relation
to several cases). Additionally, the respondent in Iddings had self-reported to the JTC
(albeit after an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission investigation), was
remorseful, and cooperated with the investigation. Iddings, 500 Mich at 1029. Those
factors are not present in the instant case. Respondent did not self-report to the JTC, he
has not acknowledged the highly inappropriate nature of his conduct, and he has not
expressed remorse. Taking into account the severity of the behavior at issue as well as
these other factors, we believe that public censure and a six-month suspension is an
appropriate sanction. 7
6 Whereas the partial dissent fails to contend with Iddings, we believe it is important to compare the gravity of the specific misconduct in the instant case with that in past cases. Iddings involved misconduct similar to that at issue here, and accordingly it should be a guidepost in our sanction determination. 7 We are unpersuaded by respondent’s argument that his misconduct is not so bad as that in In re Gorcyca, 500 Mich 588; 902 NW2d 828 (2017), in which we ordered only public censure. Id. at 631. The respondent in that case had an excellent past record, and though she made comments to children involved in a divorce proceeding that were inappropriate, that she lost her temper was somewhat understandable given the lengthy and contentious nature of that proceeding and the lack of cooperation among the participants. Id. at 595-
13 III. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we agree with the JTC that respondent committed misconduct in
office and that public censure and suspension are appropriate. However, we believe a 6-
month rather than a 12-month suspension is proportionate. Therefore, we modify the JTC’s
recommendation and order that the Honorable Bruce U. Morrow, Judge of the 3rd Circuit
Court, be suspended without pay for six months, effective 21 days from the issuance of this
opinion.
Bridget M. McCormack David F. Viviano Richard H. Bernstein Elizabeth T. Clement Megan K. Cavanagh Elizabeth M. Welch
596, 598 (recounting that there were 100 pleadings and 40 hearings held in the case and that the children had refused to participate in parenting time with their father). Those factors are not present in the instant case. Rather, we believe respondent’s comments and past record merit a greater sanction.
14 STATE OF MICHIGAN
VIVIANO, J. (concurring). I concur in full with the majority opinion, including its findings of misconduct and
the sanction it imposes on respondent. I write separately to explain why I believe it was
error for the master to conduct respondent’s proceeding remotely rather than in person,
even though this error does not render the proceedings below invalid.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
After the Judicial Tenure Commission (JTC) filed its formal complaint, we
appointed retired Judge Betty R. Widgeon as master. On September 28, 2020, the master
issued a scheduling order that stated, in relevant part:
1. The hearing will be held virtually, via the ZOOM and live-streamed on YouTube.
2. The following dates are scheduled for the hearing: November 13, 23, 24, 2020, and December 7, and 15, 2020. Counsel will confer to agree to a daily starting time between 9:00 and 9:30 am and a daily ending time between 4:30 and 5:00 pm with a daily lunch break.
Respondent filed a motion to hold the hearing in person, arguing that MCR 9.231(B)
required the master to set a physical location for his hearing. He also argued that the master
should protect his confrontation rights because the record in the JTC matter could be
admitted in a future attorney-discipline proceeding against him. The master denied respondent’s motion in an order issued October 21, 2020. The master did not construe
MCR 9.231(B) as requiring an in-person hearing. The master was also unpersuaded that
the possibility of future attorney-discipline proceedings, in which the record from the JTC
proceedings might be admitted, required her to hold an in-person hearing. Respondent
filed a complaint for superintending control, requesting that the Court direct the master to
set a time and place for an in-person hearing. This Court denied relief. Morrow v Judicial
Tenure Comm, 506 Mich 954 (2020). After this Court denied respondent’s request for
superintending control, proceedings continued below, and hearings were held virtually in
November and December 2020, as scheduled.
In his objections to the master’s report, respondent maintained his argument that the
virtual hearings the master held did not comply with MCR 9.231(B). The JTC concluded
in its decision and recommendation that the master had the discretion to choose whether to
hold the hearing by remote video and that the master properly exercised her discretion to
proceed via remote hearing in this case. Respondent challenged that conclusion in his
petition to reject or modify the JTC’s recommendation. Respondent contends that the
remote proceedings before the JTC are invalid because the court rules, specifically MCR
9.231(B), required the master to designate a physical place for his hearing. He also argues
that he was harmed by the lack of an in-person hearing.
A. PROPER INTERPRETATION OF MCR 9.231(B)
When we interpret a provision of the court rules, the same principles that govern the
interpretation of statutes apply. People v Comer, 500 Mich 278, 287; 901 NW2d 553
(2017). Thus, we begin with the court rule’s plain language, examining the court rule as a
2 whole and reading individual words and phrases in the context of the entire scheme of the
relevant court rules. Id. When the court rule’s language is unambiguous, we must enforce
it as written. Id. If a word is undefined, it is proper to consult a dictionary to aid in the
proper interpretation of the court rule. People v Duncan, 494 Mich 713, 723; 835 NW2d
399 (2013). Finally, MCR 9.200 provides the following instructions for how the court
rules governing the JTC are to be interpreted:
An independent and honorable judiciary being indispensable to justice in our society, subchapter 9.200 shall be construed to preserve the integrity of the judicial system, to enhance public confidence in that system, and to protect the public, the courts, and the rights of the judges who are governed by these rules in the most expeditious manner that is practicable and fair.
At issue is MCR 9.231(B), which establishes a number of duties assigned to the
master, one of which is that “[t]he master shall set a time and a place for the hearing and
shall notify the respondent and the examiner at least 28 days in advance.” The word
“place,” respondent contends, refers to a physical location.
Our court rules do not define the word “place,” and this Court has never interpreted
the word as it is used in MCR 9.231(B). Although MCR 9.231 was adopted in 2019 as
part of a broader update and modernization of the court rules governing judicial
disciplinary proceedings, the relevant phrase—“shall set a time and a place for the
hearing”—has remained essentially unchanged since GCR 1963, 932 initially established
court rules governing the JTC in 1969. 1 Based on the context in which it appears, “place”
1 GCR 1963, 932.10(a) stated, in relevant part, “Upon the filing of an answer or upon expiration of the time for its filing, the commission shall set a time and place of hearing before itself or before a master and shall give notice of such hearing to the respondent . . . .” 381 Mich xc (1969) (emphasis added). When the Michigan Court Rules were revised in 1985, MCR 9.210(B) required that the master, rather than the JTC, “set a time and place
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In Re Hon. Bruce U. Morrow, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/in-re-hon-bruce-u-morrow-mich-2022.