In re: Google Location History Litigation

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: May 3, 2024
• Docket: 5:18-cv-05062
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 IN RE: GOOGLE LOCATION HISTORY Case No. 5:18-cv-05062-EJD LITIGATION 9 ORDER GRANTING FINAL SETTLEMENT APPROVAL; 10 GRANTING MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS' FEES, EXPENSES, AND 11 SERVICE AWARDS

12 Re: Dkt. Nos. 351, 356 13 Plaintiffs, Napoleon Patacsil, Michael Childs, and Noe Gamboa (“Plaintiffs” or 14 “Settlement Class Representatives”), on behalf of themselves and the Settlement Class as defined 15 below, and Defendant Google LLC (“Defendant” or “Google”) (collectively, “the Parties”) 16 entered into a Settlement Agreement proposing a settlement of this Consolidated Action and its 17 dismissal with prejudice. Settlement Agreement, ECF No. 328-1. 18 Before the Court now are Plaintiffs’ Motion for Final Approval of Class Action Settlement 19 (“Motion for Final Approval”) and Plaintiffs’ Motion for Attorneys’ Fees, Expenses, and Class 20 Representative Service Awards (“Motion for Attorneys’ Fees”). Mot. for Final Approval, ECF 21 No. 356; Mot. for Attorneys’ Fees, ECF No. 351. The Court received one written objection filed 22 on behalf of three objectors (“Objectors”). Objections, ECF No. 354; Supp. Objections, ECF No. 23 357. The Court held a Fairness Hearing on Plaintiffs’ motions on April 18, 2024, where the Court 24 heard oral arguments from Plaintiffs, Defendants, and Objectors. ECF No. 360. 25 Having considered the motions briefing, terms of the Settlement Agreement, objections, 26 arguments of counsel, and other matters on file in this action, the Court GRANTS the Motion for 27 1 Final Approval. The Court finds the Settlement Agreement to be fair, adequate, and reasonable. 2 The provisional appointments of the Settlement Class Representatives and Class Counsel are 3 confirmed. The Court also GRANTS Class Counsel’s requests for attorneys’ fees, expenses, and 4 service awards. 5 I. BACKGROUND 6 This is a data privacy class action arising out of Google’s alleged tracking and storing of 7 approximately 247.7 million U.S. mobile device users’ location data, despite the relevant Google 8 account setting—“Location History”—being disabled. See First Am. Consol. Class Action 9 Compl. (“FAC”), ECF No. 164-1. 10 After undergoing two rounds of motions to dismiss, the Court ultimately found Plaintiffs 11 adequately pled that Google’s alleged conduct gave rise to the following claims: (1) intrusion 12 upon seclusion; (2) violation of the California Constitution’s right to privacy; and (3) unjust 13 enrichment. Order Granting in Part and Den. in Part Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 162. The Parties 14 proceeded to engage in approximately twenty-six months of contentious discovery, requiring 15 participation in regular discovery conferences before Magistrate Judge Cousins. See Decl. of Tina 16 Wolfson and Michael W. Sobol in Supp. of Mot. for Final Approval (“Wolfson & Sobol Decl. 17 ISO Mot. for Final Approval”) ¶¶ 22–67, ECF No. 351-1. The Parties also engaged in three full- 18 day mediation sessions and additional discussions with experienced mediator Professor Eric D. 19 Green, as well as a settlement conference with Magistrate Judge Spero. Id. ¶ 5. Approximately 20 five years into this litigation, the Parties finally reached their Settlement Agreement. See Mot. for 21 Prelim. Approval of Class Action Settlement, ECF No. 327. 22 The Court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval and provisionally certified 23 the Settlement Class; appointed Tina Wolfson of Ahdoot & Wolfson, PC and Michael W. Sobol of 24 Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, LLP as Lead Class Counsel for the Settlement Class; 25 appointed Plaintiffs as Class Representatives; and appointed Epiq Class Action and Claims 26 Solutions, Inc., (“Epiq”) as Class Administrator. Preliminary Approval Order ¶¶ 6, 11, ECF No. 27 345. A. Terms of the Settlement Agreement 1 1. Class Definition 2 Pursuant to the provisional class certification in the Court’s Preliminary Approval Order, 3 the Settlement Agreement defines the Settlement Class as follows: 4 All natural persons residing in the United States who used one or more 5 mobile devices and whose Location Information was stored by Google while “Location History” was disabled at any time during the 6 Class Period (January 1, 2014 through the Notice Date). 7 Settlement Agreement ¶ 28. 8 2. Class Relief 9 The Settlement Agreement provides both monetary and injunctive relief. 10 First, Google is obligated to pay $62 million into a non-reversionary common settlement 11 fund. Settlement Agreement ¶¶ 26.35, 32. This amount includes attorneys’ fees and expenses, 12 Class Representatives’ service awards, and the cost of class notice and settlement administration, 13 with the remaining balance to be distributed to cy pres recipients. Id. ¶¶ 32, 39–42. The Parties 14 proposed, subject to the Court’s approval, twenty-one cy pres recipients who will use the funds to 15 further the data privacy interests of Settlement Class Members nationwide. Id. ¶ 41. The cy pres 16 recipients are all independent 501(c)(3) organizations with a track record of addressing internet 17 and data privacy concerns. Id. ¶ 41.2. All recipients have provided proposals for the Court’s 18 review demonstrating how they will commit to use the funds to promote the protection of data 19 privacy. Id. ¶ 41.2. As a condition of receiving any portion of the Settlement Amount, each cy 20 pres recipient also agreed to provide a report to the Court and the Parties every six months 21 informing the Court and the Parties of how any portion of the Settlement Fund allocated to the 22 recipient has been used and how remaining funds are intended to be used. Id. ¶ 41.4. Lead Class 23 Counsel will post said reports on the Settlement Website as well. Id. 24 Second, Google is obligated to implement several business practice changes for a period of 25 at least three years, including sending a notification to all Google users with Location History or 26 Web & App Activity settings enabled that explains how those features collect Location 27 Information, instructs those users on how to disable the settings, and directs them to new web 1 pages with content negotiated by Class Counsel. Id., Ex. C ¶¶ 4, 6. Google is also required to 2 maintain a policy for at least three years under which Location Information stored through 3 Location History and Web & App Activity is automatically deleted by default after a period no 4 greater than eighteen months when users opt into these settings for the first time, and users can set 5 their own auto-delete periods. Id., Ex. C ¶ 2. 6 3. Releases and Dismissal of Action 7 In exchange for the relief described above, the Settlement Agreement calls for the 8 dismissal of this action with prejudice and includes a general release for all Settlement Class 9 Members, providing that the Releasing Parties:

10 shall have, fully, finally and forever released, relinquished, and discharged any and all claims, demands, rights, damages, arbitrations, 11 liabilities, obligations, suits, debts, liens, and causes of action pursuant to any theory of recovery (including, but not limited to, those 12 based in contract or tort, common law or equity, federal, state, or local law, statute, ordinance, or regulation) of every nature and description 13 whatsoever, including without limitation claims that were or could have been asserted by a parent or guardian on behalf of a minor child 14 or ward, ascertained or unascertained, suspected or unsuspected, existing or claimed to exist, including unknown claims as of the 15 Notice Date by all of the Releasing Parties that are based on, or arise from, one or more of the same factual predicates or theories of 16 liability as alleged in the Consolidated Action or the Related Actions during the Class Period, including but not limited to the collection, 17 use, or disclosure of data identifying, comprising, approximating, estimating, inferring, revealing, or relating to the Releasing Parties’ 18 location(s) . . . against the Released Parties. 19 Settlement Agreement ¶ 52; see also id. ¶¶ 32, 55–57. 20 4. Attorneys’ Fees and Expenses 21 The Settlement Agreement provides that the Parties did not discuss or come to any 22 agreements regarding attorneys’ fees, expenses, or service awards:

23 The Parties did not discuss service award payments or attorneys’ fees and expenses at any of those sessions or conferences or while 24 negotiating the material terms of the Settlement Agreement, and they have made no agreements in connection with the Settlement Class 25 Representatives’ requests for service award payments or Lead Class Counsel’s attorneys’ fees and expenses. Defendant expressly reserves 26 the right to contest the amount of any requests for an Attorneys’ Fees and Expenses Award or Service Awards. 27 1 Settlement Agreement ¶ 63. 2 B. Class Notice and Claims Administration 3 The Settlement Agreement is being administered by Epiq. Decl. of Cameron R. Azari 4 (“Azari Decl.”), ECF No. 356-3. Following the Court’s Preliminary Approval Order, Epiq 5 implemented the Court-approved Notice Plan. See id. ¶ 8. The Notice Plan included media 6 notice, an internet digital notice campaign, sponsored search listings, an informational release to 7 print and broadcast media, a settlement website, a toll-free telephone number, and a postal mailing 8 address. Id. ¶¶ 10–30. The Notice Plan generated more than 826 million impressions nationwide 9 to an estimated 80% of the Settlement Class, displayed sponsored “search” listings more than 146 10 thousand times, and delivered an informational release to approximately 5,000 general media news 11 outlets. Id. ¶¶ 23, 39. Epiq also sent 57 CAFA notice packages to the appropriate state and 12 federal officials. Id. ¶ 9. 13 C. Objections 14 The Court received one written objection filed by counsel on behalf of the three Objectors. 15 Objections, ECF No. 354; Supp. Objections, ECF No. 357. Objectors object to the Settlement 16 Agreement’s terms providing for cy pres distribution and to Plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees. 17 See id. 18 II. FINAL APPROVAL OF SETTLEMENT 19 A. Legal Standard 20 At final approval, the Court must first conduct a “rigorous” analysis to confirm that the 21 requirements for class certification under Rule 23(a) and 23(b)(3) are met. Amchem Prods., Inc. v. 22 Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 619–22 (1997); In re Hyundai and Kia Fuel Economy Litig., 926 F.3d 23 539, 556 (9th Cir. 2019) (citations omitted). A court may then approve a proposed class action 24 settlement only “after a hearing and only on finding that it is fair, reasonable, and adequate.” Fed. 25 R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). In reviewing the proposed settlement, a court must balance several factors to 26 gauge fairness and adequacy, including the following: 27 (1) the strength of the plaintiffs’ case; (2) the risk, expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; (3) the risk of 1 maintaining class action status throughout the trial; (4) the amount 2 offered in settlement; (5) the extent of discovery completed and the stage of the proceedings; (6) the experience and views of counsel; 3 (7) the presence of a governmental participant; and (8) the reaction of the class members to the proposed settlement. 4 Churchill Village, L.L.C. v. Gen. Elec., 361 F.3d 566, 575 (9th Cir. 2004). 5 Furthermore, class settlements reached prior to formal class certification require a 6 “heightened fairness inquiry.” Roes, 1-2 v. SFBSC Mgmt., LLC, 944 F.3d 1035, 1049 (9th Cir. 7 2019). When reviewing such a pre-certification settlement, the district court must not only explore 8 the Churchill factors but also “look[] for and scrutinize[] any subtle signs that class counsel have 9 allowed pursuit of their own self-interests . . . to infect the negotiations.” Id. at 1043 (internal 10 quotation marks omitted). 11 B. Discussion 12 1. Class Certification 13 This analysis begins with an examination of whether class treatment remains appropriate 14 under Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b)(3). 15 First, the Court finds that Rule 23(a)’s requirements of numerosity, commonality, 16 typicality, and adequate protection by the Class Representatives remain satisfied. Plaintiffs 17 anticipated a Settlement Class comprised of approximately 247.7 individuals who all share a 18 common injury—breach of data privacy. Mot. for Final Approval 7. The existence of this injury 19 as to each Settlement Class Member could be determined by resolving the same questions: how 20 and why Google stored Location Information, and what Google did or did not disclose to users. 21 Plaintiffs’ claims are also typical, if not identical, to that of other Settlement Class members in that 22 the claims against Google all arise from the same nucleus of facts, i.e., thwarted efforts to prevent 23 the storage of Location Information. For that same reason, and in the absence of any facts to the 24 contrary, there is also no indication that Plaintiffs’ interests would conflict with that of the 25 Settlement Class such that representation would be inadequate. 26 Second, as to Rule 23(b)(3), the Court finds that common questions predominate and that 27 1 the class action mechanism is a superior process for this litigation. Common questions of law and 2 fact predominate over any questions affecting individuals here because every Settlement Class 3 Member has been subjected to the same alleged conduct which caused the same type of harm: 4 invasions of their data privacy expectations and Google’s wrongful use of their data. The class 5 action mechanism is also superior here given that the amount in dispute for individual class 6 members is too small, the technical issues involved are too complex, and the required expert 7 testimony and document review is too costly. See Just Film, Inc. v. Buono, 847 F.3d 1108, 1123 8 (9th Cir. 2017). The alternatives to class certification—approximately 247.7 million separate, 9 individual and time-consuming proceedings, or a complete abandonment of claims by a majority 10 of class members—are not preferable.1 11 Therefore, the Court finds all factors have been met and the Class shall remain certified for 12 the purposes of the Settlement Agreement. The Court also reaffirms the appointment of Class 13 Counsel and Class Representatives pursuant to Rule 23(g) for all the reasons identified in its 14 Preliminary Approval Order. Preliminary Approval Order ¶ 7. 15 2. Adequacy of Notice 16 A court must “direct notice [of a proposed class settlement] in a reasonable manner to all 17 class members who would be bound by the proposal.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1). “[T]he class must 18 be notified of a proposed settlement in a manner that does not systematically leave any group 19 without notice.” Officers for Justice v. Civil Serv. Comm'n, 688 F.2d 615, 624 (9th Cir. 1982). 20 Adequate notice requires the best notice practicable, whereby the notice must be reasonably 21 calculated to apprise the Settlement Class members of the proposed settlement and of their right to 22 object or to exclude themselves; must constitute due, adequate, and sufficient notice to all persons 23 entitled to receive notice; and must meet all applicable requirements of due process and any other 24 applicable requirements under federal law. Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 797, 812 25 (1985). Due process requires “notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to 26

27 1 This finding takes into consideration Objectors’ arguments regarding superiority, which the Court addresses in greater detail below. 1 apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present 2 their objections.” Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950). 3 The Court finds that the Notice Plan provided the best notice practicable. Pursuant to the 4 procedures approved by the Court in its Preliminary Approval Order, Epiq carried out the Notice 5 Plan and reached 80% of potential Settlement Class Members, displayed sponsored “search” 6 listings more than 146 thousand times, and delivered an informational release to approximately 7 5,000 general media news outlets. The Notice Plan employed methods including (1) social media, 8 (2) sponsored search listings, (3) a settlement website, (4) a toll-free telephone number, and (5) a 9 postal mailing address. Azari Decl. ¶¶ 23, 39. The settlement website address was prominently 10 displayed in all notice documents. Id. ¶ 28. The settlement website contained relevant documents 11 and information including the Class Notice, Complaint, Settlement Agreement, proposals 12 submitted by potential cy pres recipients, the Preliminary Approval Order, and the Motion for 13 Attorneys’ Fees, Expenses, and Service Awards. Id. The Settlement Website also included 14 answers to frequently asked questions, instructions for how Settlement Class Members could opt- 15 out or object, instructions for how to obtain other case-related information, and contact 16 information for the Settlement Administrator. Id. Given the great lengths that Epiq took to notify 17 the Settlement Class and the resulting expansive reach of the Class Notice, the Court finds that the 18 Court-approved Notice Plan has been fully and properly implemented by the Parties and Class 19 Administrator and the Settlement Class has been provided adequate notice of the pendency of this 20 action and the opportunity to opt out or present their objections. 21 3. Settlement Is Fair and Reasonable 22 The Court finds that the Settlement Agreement is fair, reasonable, and adequate under the 23 Churchill factors. The Court will analyze each factor in turn. 24 a. Strength of the Case 25 To assess strength of the case, “the district court’s determination is nothing more than an 26 amalgam of delicate balancing, gross approximations and rough justice.” Officers for Justice, 688 27 F.2d at 625 (internal quotations omitted). There is no “particular formula by which that outcome 1 must be tested,” Rodriguez v. West Publ’g Corp., 563 F.3d 948, 965 (9th Cir. 2009), and the 2 district court is not required to render specific findings on the strength of all claims. Lane, 696 3 F.3d at 823 (9th Cir. 2012). 4 The Court finds that the Settlement Agreement adequately reflects the strength of 5 Plaintiffs' case, as well as Google’s position. The strengths of this case include the large number 6 of potential class members and a body of uncontested facts concerning Google’s conduct. Mot. 7 for Final Approval 15. However, this litigation presents significant hurdles that could weaken 8 Plaintiffs’ case, including the burden on Plaintiffs to provide evidence of “continuous and 9 comprehensive” tracking and storage of Location Information to prevail on its claims for intrusion 10 upon seclusion and invasion of the California constitutional right to privacy, as well as potential 11 challenges to class certification. Considering Plaintiffs’ evidentiary burden and the intricacies of 12 class actions of this magnitude, the Court finds that the judicial policy favoring compromise and 13 settlement of class action suits is applicable here. See In re Syncor ERISA Litig., 516 F.3d 1095, 14 1101 (9th Cir. 2008). 15 b. Risk, Expense, Complexity, and Likely Duration of Further Litigation 16 Plaintiffs maintain that the costs, risks, and delay presented by further litigation, trial, and 17 appeal favor settlement on behalf of the Settlement Class Members, as settlement provides 18 meaningful and certain benefits on a much shorter time frame than otherwise possible. Mot. for 19 Final Approval 15–16. 20 The Court finds that the risks, expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation 21 also support the Court's final approval of the Settlement Agreement. Plaintiffs faced significant 22 risk of investing further substantial costs and time in this litigation to potentially achieve no 23 recovery on behalf of the Settlement Class. In addition to the inherent unpredictability of class 24 action consumer data privacy cases against large technology companies, Google may prevail at 25 summary judgment by establishing it did not continuously and comprehensively track class 26 members throughout the Class Period, and Google may prevail at class certification by 27 1 establishing that individualized issues regarding consent or the reasonable expectation of privacy 2 would predominate. Further, even if Plaintiffs successfully proved their case at trial, the claims in 3 this litigation provide no guarantee of a substantial damages award. If anything were recovered, it 4 could take years to secure, as Google would likely appeal any adverse judgment. Given Google’s 5 maintenance of no liability, the complexity of the underlying claims, the lack of guarantee for 6 substantial damages, and the additional time and expense further litigation undoubtable would 7 create, the Court finds that a negotiated resolution under these circumstances was proper. See, 8 e.g., Lane, 696 F.3d at 820 (affirming the district court’s approval of a settlement where class 9 counsel “reasonably concluded that the immediate benefits represented by the Settlement 10 outweighed the possibility—perhaps remote—of obtaining a better result at trial”); Class Plaintiffs 11 v. City of Seattle, 955 F.2d 1268, 1276 (9th Cir. 1992) (stating that the Ninth Circuit has a “strong 12 judicial policy that favors settlements, particularly where complex class action litigation is 13 concerned”). 14 c. Risk of Maintaining Class Action Status Throughout Trial 15 Although a class can be certified for settlement purposes, the notion that a district court 16 could decertify a class at any time is an inescapable and weighty risk that weighs in favor of a 17 settlement. See Rodriguez, 563 F.3d at 966 (citing Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 18 160 (1982)). Here, Google maintains no liability, thereby leading the Court to believe that they 19 would have opposed class certification when the time arose and would have raised challenges to 20 class certification based on overbreadth or management difficulties, some of which could be 21 considered meritorious. Thus, the very real risk of never obtaining or losing class status in the 22 absence of settlement weighs in favor of approval. 23 d. Amount Offered 24 i. Monetary and Injunctive Relief 25 The Court finds that the monetary and injunctive relief is fair, adequate, and reasonable. 26 Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Google will pay $62 million into a non- 27 reversionary common settlement fund, which includes attorneys’ fees and costs, the cost of class 1 notice and settlement administration, and the Class Representatives’ service award, with the 2 remaining funds to be distributed to the twenty-one proposed cy pres recipients, subject to Court 3 approval. Settlement Agreement ¶¶ 26.35, 32, 39–42. The Settlement Agreement also provides 4 that Google must implement several business practice changes for a period of at least three years, 5 including, sending a notification to all Google users with Location History or Web & App Activity 6 settings enabled that explains how those features collection Location Information, instructs those 7 users on how to disable the settings, and directs them to new web pages with content negotiated at 8 length by Class Counsel. Id., Ex. C ¶¶ 4, 6. Google is also required to maintain a policy for three 9 years of automatically deleting Location Information stored through Location History and Web & 10 App Activity after a period no greater than eighteen months when users opt into these settings for 11 the first time, and allowing users to set their own auto-delete periods. Id., Ex. C ¶ 2. The Court 12 finds that the amount of the agreed-upon settlement fund and the injunctive relief provides 13 meaningful benefits to the Settlement Class and compares favorably to that of other similar class 14 actions. See, e.g., In re Google LLC St. View Elec. Commc'ns Litig., 611 F. Supp. 3d 872, 891 15 (N.D. Cal. 2020), aff'd sub nom. In re Google Inc. St. View Elec. Commc'ns Litig., 21 F.4th 1102 16 (9th Cir. 2021) (60-million-person class size and $13 million settlement fund with injunctive 17 relief). 18 ii. Cy Pres Distribution 19 The Ninth Circuit permits a cy pres distribution in circumstances where the settlement fund 20 is “non-distributable,” meaning “proof of individual claims would be burdensome or distribution 21 of damages costly.” Lane, 696 F.3d at 819. An individual claims process is “burdensome” where 22 “each class member’s recovery under a direct distribution would be de minimis.” Id. at 825. The 23 relevant “recovery” for this assessment is determined with respect to the class as a whole, and 24 courts in this Circuit use each class member’s pro rata share of the settlement fund as a key metric 25 in evaluating the fairness of distributing settlement funds by cy pres. See, e.g., In re Google 26 Referrer Header Priv. Litig., 869 F.3d 737, 742 (9th Cir. 2017), vacated and remanded on other 27 grounds, Frank v. Gaos, 139 S. Ct. 1041 (2019) (affirming finding of non-distributability where 1 net settlement fund could provide only four cents in recovery to each settlement class member); In 2 re Easysaver Rewards Litig., 906 F.3d 747 (9th Cir. 2018) (finding a second distribution to be de 3 minimis when there were over one million potential class members, but only three million dollars 4 in available funds (i.e., approximately $3 per class member)); Six (6) Mexican Workers v. Ariz. 5 Citrus Growers, 904 F.2d 1301, 1305 (9th Cir. 1990) (“When a class action involves a large 6 number of class members but only a small individual recovery, the cost of separately proving and 7 distributing each class member’s damages may so outweigh the potential recovery that the class 8 action becomes unfeasible . . . . ‘[C]y pres’ distribution avoids these difficulties.”). 9 The Court finds cy pres distribution appropriate in this case. 2 The total Settlement Fund 10 before deducting any award of attorneys’ fees, expenses, administrative costs, and service awards 11 is $62 million. Given the approximate 247.7 Settlement Class Members, the resulting pro rata 12 recovery per Class Member could be no more than twenty-five cents, assuming the Court awards 13 no attorneys’ fees, service awards, or administration costs. This de minimis recovery would be 14 further diminished when considering the additional administrative costs associated with 15 distributing funds to a class of this magnitude. For example, the Class Administrator estimates 16 that even distributing funds to 1% of the Settlement Class would consume an additional $1.9 17 million from the Settlement Fund. Azari Decl. ¶¶ 34–37. This 25 cent distribution, considered in 18 combination with the exorbitant costs this distribution would entail, is “non-distributable” under 19 the Ninth Circuit’s precedents cited above. See also, e.g., In re Netflix, No. 11-00379, 2013 WL 20 1120801, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 2013) (approving cy pres award where “[g]iven the sheer size 21 of the Class . . . each Class member would receive a de minimis payment in the event of a direct 22 class cash payout”—there, a $9 million fund and 62 million class members (approximately fifteen 23 cents per class member before fees and other expenses)); In re Google Buzz Privacy Litig., No. 10- 24 00672, 2011 WL 7460099, at *4 (N.D. Cal. June 2, 2011) (approving cy pres-only settlement). 25 The Court finds that the proposed method of distribution therefore “satisf[ies] the appropriate 26

27 2 This finding takes into consideration Objectors’ arguments regarding distributability, which the Court addresses in greater detail below. 1 standards for fairness.” See Google Street View, 21 F.4th at 1114. 2 iii. Cy Pres Recipients 3 The Ninth Circuit employs the substantial nexus test for determining whether cy pres 4 recipients are fair, adequate, and reasonable. Lane, 696 F.3d at 820–21. This test requires the 5 Court to analyze whether the cy pres distribution bears a substantial nexus to the interests of the 6 class members, accounting for the nature of the lawsuit, the objectives of the underlying statutes, 7 and the interests of the silent class members. Id. 8 Upon careful review of the cy pres proposals, the Court is satisfied that the cy pres 9 distribution bears a substantial nexus to the interests of the Settlement Class Members in the 10 specific areas of data privacy that were raised in this case. 3 See Decl. of Tina Wolfson and 11 Michaels Sobol in Supp. of Mot. for Final Approval of Class Action Settlement (“Joint Decl. ISO 12 Final Approval”), Ex. A–U, ECF No. 356-2. The Settlement Class suffered a common injury— 13 breach of data privacy. The cy pres recipients have documented their commitment to use their 14 portion of the Settlement Fund solely to fund their efforts to advocate for the protection of data 15 privacy, as well as enhancing public knowledge of internet data privacy issues. See id. The Court 16 was particularly impressed by programs such as MIT’s privacy research initiative, Yale’s 17 fellowships, Fordham’s privacy education program, Internet Archive’s data privacy workshops, 18 Free Press’s data and society research, and National Cyber Security alliance’s programming and 19 partnering with women in cyber security. Id., Ex. J, M, O, P, U. In accordance with the Court’s 20 careful review of the cy pres proposals, the Court made modifications to counsel’s proposed 21 allocations during the Fairness Hearing, as is reflected in Exhibit A attached to this Order. The 22 Court also appreciates counsel’s efforts to identify and propose organizations who have never 23 received a cy pres award before and whose valuable data privacy work would especially benefit 24 from the distributed funds, including organizations such as the Markup and Internet Archive. Id., 25 Ex. M, N. The Court finds that the cy pres recipients will appropriately use the Settlement Fund to 26

27 3 This finding takes into consideration Objectors’ arguments regarding the appropriateness of the cy pres recipients, which the Court addresses in greater detail below. 1 further their advocacy for data privacy nationwide such that the Settlement Class will ultimately 2 enjoy greater data privacy protections as a result. 3 Therefore, because the Court is satisfied with the relief acquired, the cy pres distribution 4 method, and the cy pres recipients, the Court finds that this factor favors approval. 5 e. Extent of Discovery 6 Prior to reaching the Settlement Agreement, the Parties engaged in approximately twenty- 7 six months of contentious discovery, requiring participation in regular discovery conferences with 8 Magistrate Judge Cousins. See Wolfson & Sobol Decl. ISO Mot. for Final Approval ¶¶ 22–67, 9 ECF No. 351-1. The Court finds that the amount of investigation and discovery conducted shows 10 that the Parties had adequately developed a perspective on the strengths and weaknesses of their 11 respective cases to “make an informed decision about settlement.” In re Mego Fin. Corp. Sec. 12 Litig., 213 F.3d 454, 459 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Linney v. Cellular Alaska P’ship, 151 F.3d 13 1234, 1239 (9th Cir. 1998)). 14 f. Experience and Views of Counsel 15 “Parties represented by competent counsel are better positioned than courts to produce a 16 settlement that fairly reflects each party’s expected outcome in litigation.” Rodriguez, 563 F.3d at 17 967. Consequently, “‘[t]he recommendations of plaintiffs’ counsel should be given a presumption 18 of reasonableness.’” In re Omnivision Techns., Inc., 559 F. Supp. 2d 1036, 1043 (N.D. Cal. 19 2009) (quoting Boyd v. Bechtel Corp., 485 F. Supp. 610, 622 (N.D. Cal. 1979)). Given the 20 extensive experience of Class Counsel with complex class action lawsuits of a similar size to the 21 instant case, the Court finds that this factor also favors approval of the settlement. See Wolfson & 22 Sobol Decl. ISO Mot. for Final Approval, Ex. B, C. 23 g. Presence of a Governmental Participant 24 The Class Action Fairness Act, or “CAFA,” requires that notice of a settlement be given to 25 state and federal officials and provides those officials a window of time to comment. 28 U.S.C. § 26 1715(b). “Although CAFA does not create an affirmative duty for either state or federal officials 27 to take any action in response to a class action settlement, CAFA presumes that, once put on 1 notice, state or federal officials will raise any concerns that they may have during the normal 2 course of the class action settlement procedures.” Garner, 2010 WL 1687832, at *14. 3 No governmental agency is involved in this litigation. The Attorney General of the United 4 States and Attorneys General of each State have been notified of the proposed Settlement pursuant 5 to the Class Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1715, and had an opportunity to raise any concerns 6 or objections. Azari Decl. ¶ 8. No objections have been made by the government to date. Thus, 7 this factor favors the settlement. 8 h. Reaction of Class Members to the Proposed Settlement 9 “[T]he absence of a large number of objections to a proposed class action settlement raises 10 a strong presumption that the terms of a proposed class settlement action are favorable to the class 11 members.” In re Omnivision Techs., Inc., 559 F.Supp.2d 1036, 1043 (N.D. Cal. 2008) (citation 12 omitted); see also Churchill Vill., 361 F.3d at 577 (holding that approval of a settlement that 13 received 45 objections (0.05%) and 500 opt-outs (0.56%) out of 90,000 Settlement Class members 14 was proper). The reaction of the class was overwhelmingly positive. Out of the estimated 247.7 15 million class members, the Court received only three objections and nine requests for exclusion. 16 Azari Decl. ¶¶ 29, 30; Notice of Filing of Updated Report, ECF No. 59. Therefore, the Court 17 finds that this factor favors settlement. 18 In sum, all the applicable factors weigh in favor of finding that the Settlement Agreement 19 is fair and reasonable. 20 4. Collusion 21 The Ninth Circuit has articulated the following “subtle signs” of collusion of which a court 22 should be “particularly vigilant” when scrutinizing settlements achieved prior to class 23 certification: (1) “when counsel receive a disproportionate distribution of the settlement, or when 24 the class receives no monetary distribution but class counsel are amply rewarded”; (2) “clear 25 sailing” arrangements; and (3) “when the parties arrange for fees not awarded to revert to 26 defendants rather than be added to the class fund.” In re Bluetooth Headset Prod. Liab. Litig., 654 27 F.3d 935, 947 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal quotations and citations omitted). 1 The Court finds that there is no evidence of conflicts of interest nor are there “subtle signs” 2 of collusion here. The Settlement Agreement was reached only after hard-fought arm’s-length 3 negotiations between experienced counsel, including three full-day mediation sessions and 4 additional discussions with experienced mediator Professor Eric D. Green, as well as a settlement 5 conference with Magistrate Judge Spero and other continued negotiations. Wolfson & Sobol 6 Decl. ISO Mot. for Final Approval ¶ 5. Professor Eric D. Green and Judge Spero’s involvement 7 demonstrates, in part, non-collusive conduct. See G. F. v. Contra Costa Cnty., No. 13-cv-03667, 8 2015 WL 4606078, at *13 (N.D. Cal. July 30, 2015) (“[T]he assistance of an experienced mediator 9 in the settlement process confirms that the settlement is non-collusive.”) (internal quotation marks 10 and citation omitted). The Parties also did not reach an agreement regarding the amount of 11 attorney's fees to which they were entitled. See In re Hyundai & Kia Fuel Econ. Litig., 926 F.3d 12 539, 570 (9th Cir. 2019). Rather, the attorneys’ fees will be provided from the Settlement Fund, 13 indicating that the parties have not negotiated a “clear sailing” arrangement,4 which “carries the 14 potential of enabling a defendant to pay class counsel excessive fees and costs in exchange for 15 counsel accepting an unfair settlement on behalf of the class.” Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 947 (internal 16 quotation marks omitted). 17 5. Objections 18 Counsel for the three Objectors filed one written objection to the Motion for Final 19 Approval. Objections, ECF No. 354; Supp. Objections, ECF No. 357 (supplement to original 20 objection). Objectors make two categories of arguments: (1) settlements distributing all monetary 21 relief to cy pres recipients are unlawful; and (2) the cy pres recipients in this matter are improper. 22 The Court OVERRULES these objections for the following reasons. 23

24 4 The Court is puzzled by Objectors’ claim that the Settlement Agreement contains a “sizable clear-sailing attorneys’ fee.” Objections 20. Objectors have failed to even attempt to point the 25 Court to any provision of the Settlement Agreement suggesting a clear sailing agreement. To the contrary, the Settlement Agreement explicitly contains a clause indicating that the Parties have 26 made no agreements regarding Class Counsel’s attorneys’ fees and expenses, and Google expressly reserved the right to contest the amount of any requests for attorneys’ fees, expense 27 awards, or service awards. Settlement Agreement ¶ 63. a. Cy Pres Settlements 1 The Ninth Circuit has expressly rejected nearly all of Objectors’ arguments regarding cy 2 pres settlements in In re Google Inc. St. View Elec. Commc'ns Litig. (“Google Street View”), 3 where Objectors’ same counsel appeared on behalf of the objectors to the Google Street View 4 settlement. See Google Street View, 21 F.4th at 1113 (“As a threshold issue, we reject the 5 suggestion that a district court may not approve a class-action settlement that provides monetary 6 relief only in the form of cy pres payments to third parties. We have repeatedly approved such 7 settlements, and therefore adopting a blanket rule against these arrangements . . . would be 8 incompatible with our precedents in which we have recognized that cy pres awards are an 9 acceptable solution when settlement funds are not distributable.”) (citations omitted). It is 10 Objectors’ belief that this Court has the discretion to decide whether it would like its Order to 11 follow “some Ninth Circuit rule that contradicts common sense.” Tr. of Proceedings Held 12 4/18/2024 (“Tr.”) 27:17–19. Quite the opposite, it is the Court’s duty to adhere to binding Ninth 13 Circuit precedent, and the Court does not intend to flout that duty today. 14 First, Objectors argue that cy pres distribution is not appropriate here because payment to 15 the Settlement Class Members is feasible5 through claims-based distribution, which they estimate 16 would be approximately 1.5%. Objections 10. The Ninth Circuit explicitly rejected Objectors’ 17 argument that the standard for feasibility asks only whether some members could receive a 18 payment through claims-based distribution: 19 [Objectors’ counsel] argues that the district court applied the wrong 20 standard for determining feasibility by asking “whether it is feasible to hand-deliver checks to every single class member” instead of 21 focusing on “the ability of some class members to make a claim.” We disagree. [Objectors’ counsel] cites no authority indicating that a 22 district court must consider only whether settlement funds are distributable to “some” of a class, nor does he explain what proportion 23 of a class would satisfy his proposed “some class members” test. 24

25 5 The Court notes that “feasible” is not, as Objectors repeatedly suggested during the Fairness Hearing, a synonym for “impossible” in this context. See, e.g., Six (6) Mexican Workers, 904 F.2d 26 at 1305 (“When a class action involves a large number of class members but only a small individual recovery, the cost of separately proving and distributing each class member’s damages 27 may so outweigh the potential recovery that the class action becomes unfeasible . . . . ‘[C]y pres’ distribution avoids these difficulties.”). 1 Google Street View, 21 F.4th at 1114 (emphasis in original). 2 The Court reiterates its finding discussed above that, given the estimated 247.7-million- 3 person class size and the $62 million Settlement Fund, and given the challenges and exorbitant 4 expense in identifying and distributing funds to class members, distribution of the settlement funds 5 directly to Settlement Class Members is infeasible. Whether distribution would be feasible to only 6 some of the class through a claims-based or lottery system is simply not the proper inquiry. See, 7 e.g., Lane, 696 F.3d at 820–21 (“[The Ninth Circuit does] not require as part of that doctrine that 8 settling parties select a cy pres recipient that the court or class members would find ideal. On the 9 contrary, such an intrusion into the private parties' negotiations would be improper and disruptive 10 to the settlement process.”). While Objectors are correct that the Ninth Circuit in Google Street 11 View affirmed the district court’s finding that the settlement fund was non-distributable by 12 focusing on the infeasibility of verifying claims, Objectors cannot escape the Ninth Circuit’s 13 rejection of their underlying theory that courts must find distribution to the class feasible when 14 distribution would be feasible to only some of the class. And regardless, even if the Court were to 15 apply Objectors’ improper standard, distribution to some of the class may very well still be 16 infeasible when accounting for the necessary increase in administrative costs—the Class 17 Administrator estimates that a 1% claims rate would consume $1.9 million of the common fund; a 18 3% claims rate $4 million; and a 7% claims rate $8.2 million. Azari Decl. ¶¶ 34–37. The Court 19 also notes Google has put forward evidence that, similar to Google Street View, its “data- 20 collection practices and systems make it infeasible to identify the individuals who fit this class 21 definition.” Decl. of Daniel Talavera ¶ 3, ECF No. 329. 22 Second, Objectors argue that if the Settlement Class is too large to directly distribute 23 funds, then the class action mechanism is not superior to individual lawsuits. Objections 21–22. 24 Objectors’ argument ultimately relies on the falsehood that cy pres distribution is not a benefit to 25 the class—another argument explicitly rejected by the Ninth Circuit: “In upholding the validity of 26 cy pres arrangements, we have repeatedly recognized that class members do benefit—albeit 27 indirectly—from a defendant's payment of funds to an appropriate third party.” Google Street 1 View, 21 F.4th at 1115. Notably, the Ninth Circuit’s approach is shared by multiple other circuits. 2 Id. at 1113–14 (“In declining to impose a categorical ban on a settlement that does not include 3 direct payments to class members, we note that other circuits have generally taken a similar 4 approach to ours, approving cy pres settlements when they satisfy the appropriate standards for 5 fairness.”) (citation and internal quotations omitted, cleaned up) (citing In re Google Inc. Cookie 6 Placement Consumer Priv. Litig., 934 F.3d 316, 326 (3d Cir. 2019) (rejecting the argument that 7 “cy pres-only settlements are unfair per se under Rule 23(e)(2)” and recognizing that “[i]n some 8 cases a cy pres-only settlement may be proper”); In re Lupron Mktg. & Sales Pracs. Litig., 677 9 F.3d 21, 31–34 (1st Cir. 2012); Powell v. Ga.-Pac. Corp., 119 F.3d 703, 706–07 (8th Cir. 1997)); 10 see also, e.g., Hyland v. Navient Corp., 48 F.4th 110, 121–22 (2d Cir. 2022), cert. denied sub nom. 11 Yeatman v. Hyland, 143 S. Ct. 1747, 215 L. Ed. 2d 648 (2023), and cert. denied sub nom. Carson 12 v. Hyland, 143 S. Ct. 1747 (2023). 13 Third, Objectors argue that the Settlement Agreement violates the First Amendment’s 14 prohibition on compelled speech by distributing class settlement funds to organizations who take 15 lobbying positions adverse to the three Objectors’ own interests and beliefs.6 Objections 2. 16 Again, the Ninth Circuit explicitly rejected this argument, finding that there is no compelled 17 speech in such settlements because class members can opt out. Google Street View, 21 F.4th at 18 1118 (“[W]e hold that the settlement agreement does not compel class members to subsidize third- 19 party speech because any class member who does not wish to ‘subsidize speech by a third party 20 that he or she does not wish to support,’ Harris v. Quinn, 573 U.S. 616, 656, 134 S. Ct. 2618, 189 21 L.Ed.2d 620 (2014), can simply opt out of the class.”). 22

23 6 While Objectors represented to the Court during the Fairness Hearing that they “never used the 24 words First Amendment,” their filings present otherwise. See, e.g., Objections 2 (“Even more fundamentally, cy pres without the affirmative consent of class members constitutes compelled 25 speech in contravention of the First Amendment.”); 12 (“Without class members’ affirmative election, cy pres constitutes compelled speech in violation of the First Amendment . . . . It is not 26 enough that class members may exclude themselves from the class; silence is not consent and a waiver of First Amendment rights ‘cannot be presumed.’”); 14 (“Again, class distributions are 27 feasible here. But either way, approving the settlement’s cy pres provision would violate the First Amendment.”). 1 Finally, Objectors argue that representation was inadequate because counsel failed to 2 advise class members of the superiority of opting out en mass. Objections 21. The Ninth Circuit 3 also explicitly rejected this argument:

4 [Objectors’ counsel’s] fiduciary duty arguments are simply a repackaging of his other arguments against the settlement . . . . 5 Because we affirm the district court's finding that the settlement does provide adequate value to the class, and because there 6 is no indication that counsel accepted excessive attorneys' fees or favored third parties over class members, we hold that class counsel 7 and class representatives did not breach their fiduciary duties by entering the settlement.”) (emphasis in original). Again here, 8 Objectors rely on the falsehood that cy pres distribution is not a benefit to the class, which for all the reasons discussed above, is 9 simply not the law. 10 Google Street View, 21 F.4th at 1122 (emphasis in original). Objectors have provided no 11 distinguishing facts regarding representation in this case to justify a finding that differs from the 12 Ninth Circuit’s order. 13 b. Cy Pres Recipients 14 Objectors also raise a series of arguments that the cy pres recipients here are improper for 15 this particular class action. Similarly, many of Objectors’ arguments regarding cy pres recipients 16 mirror those that have been rejected by the Ninth Circuit in Google Street View. 17 As an initial matter, the Court reiterates that the law in the Ninth Circuit for determining 18 whether cy pres recipients are fair, adequate, and reasonable is the substantial nexus test, whereby 19 the Court analyzes whether the cy pres distribution bears a substantial nexus to the interests of the 20 class members and must account for the nature of the lawsuit, the objectives of the underlying 21 statutes, and the interests of the silent class members. Lane, 696 F.3d at 820–21. Objectors 22 attempt in error to apply a standard for analyzing cy pres recipients from the American Law 23 Institute's Principles of the Law of Aggregate Litigation and out-of-circuit authority which, yet 24 again, the Ninth Circuit has explicitly rejected.

25 Citing the American Law Institute's Principles of the Law of Aggregate Litigation and out-of-circuit authority, [Objectors’ 26 counsel] argues that “[t]he correct legal standard” for approving a proposed cy pres recipient is whether “any party has any significant 27 prior affiliation with the intended recipient that would raise substantial questions about whether the award was made on the 1 merits.” But we have never adopted [Objectors’ counsel’s] expansive proposed test, and [Objectors’ counsel] cites no binding authority that 2 would have precluded the district court from approving the cy pres recipients here. 3 Google Street View, 21 F.4th at 1120. Thus, the Court will continue its analysis applying the 4 proper substantial nexus test. 5 First, Objectors argue that the cy pres recipients are improper because of preexisting 6 relationships between themselves and the Parties’ counsel. Objections 15, 18–19. For example, 7 Objectors maintain that attorneys on both sides have attended Harvard, Yale, Fordham, MIT, 8 UCLA, and Georgetown; have represented the Regents of the University of California, the 9 governing body of UCLA; and have connections with the ACLU and Electronic Frontier 10 Foundation in the form of having provided pro-bono services and served as co-counsel in the past. 11 Id. at 15. Objectors also argue that, because Google already provides funding to some cy pres 12 recipients, Google would financially benefit from the cy pres distribution because it would allow 13 Google to direct fewer financial resources to those recipients. Id. 14 The Court finds that Objectors have failed to show how counsel’s relationships with the 15 proposed cy pres recipients or Google’s prior funding render the recipients improper. The 16 relationships Objectors highlight between counsel and various recipients do not raise substantial 17 questions about whether any particular recipient was proposed based on the recipient’s merits. As 18 the Court described above, and will discuss again below, the Court has independently reviewed all 19 cy pres recipient proposals and found a substantial nexus between their proposed work and the 20 Settlement Class here. Both Parties have also explicitly provided in the Settlement Agreement 21 that they will not exercise control or influence over any recipient’s expenditure of cy pres funds 22 other than monitoring the recipients’ reports to ensure compliance with the Settlement, id. ¶ 41.5, 23 and the Court notes that the Ninth Circuit has affirmed cy pres provisions involving much closer 24 relationships than those alleged here. See, e.g., Lane, 696 F.3d at 817 (affirming cy pres recipient 25 whose board of directors consisted of counsel for both the plaintiff and defendant). Google’s prior 26 funding of some recipient groups also does not disqualify those organizations as cy pres recipients. 27 1 See, e.g., Google Street View, 21 F.4th at 1119 (“We have never held that merely having 2 previously received cy pres funds from a defendant, let alone other defendants in unrelated cases, 3 disqualifies a proposed recipient for all future cases.”). And further, Google explicitly agreed in 4 the Settlement Agreement that any cy pres distributions would be in addition to its ordinary 5 charitable giving. Settlement Agreement ¶ 38. 6 Second, Objectors argue that the cy pres recipients do not align with the interests of the 7 Settlement Class because, in addition to their data privacy work, they also engage in political 8 advocacy for causes to which Objectors disagree, as well as “other policy work that attracts less 9 heated controversy but still is not universally agreed upon.” Objections 16. 10 As described in greater detail in the prior section, the Court finds that the cy pres recipients 11 satisfy the Ninth Circuit’s substantial nexus test and is satisfied by the cy pres recipients’ 12 proposals documenting their commitment to use their portion of the Settlement Fund solely to 13 fund their efforts to advocate for the protection of data privacy, as well as enhance public 14 knowledge of the issues impacting data privacy. The Court reminds Objectors here, as it did 15 during the Fairness Hearing, that the Court acts as a fiduciary for the Settlement Class, and part of 16 that fiduciary obligation is to ensure that the Settlement Funds are being used for the purposes 17 described by the Settlement Agreement. While some of the cy pres recipient organizations also 18 advocate for various issues outside of their data privacy work,7 the Court is confident in its 19 abilities to review the required bi-annual reports and effectively police the grants that the Court 20 itself authorizes to ensure that funds are not being used outside of the perimeters assigned in their 21 Court-approved proposals. The Court also notes that its confidence extends past the abilities of 22 the Undersigned and reflects the abilities of the judiciary at large, which is assigned the 23 responsibility to call upon its equitable protocols, policies, and precedent to ensure that the 24 Settlement Class continues to be protected and served by the benefits acquired in the present 25 26

27 7 Notably, the Court also finds it hard to imagine any cy pres recipient which could possibly meet Objectors’ standard of only engaging in “universally agreed upon” policy work. Objections 16. 1 Settlement Agreement.8 2 For these and all other reasons stated on the record, the Court finds that Objectors have not 3 shown how the cy pres recipients fail to meet the substantial nexus test, and the Court maintains 4 that the cy pres recipients are fair, adequate, and reasonable. 5 III. ATTORNEYS’ FEES, EXPENSES, AND SERVICE AWARDS 6 Attorneys’ fees and expenses may be awarded in a certified class action under Federal Rule 7 of Civil Procedure 23(h). Such fees must be found “fair, reasonable, and adequate” in order to be 8 approved. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e); Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 963 (9th Cir. 2003). To 9 “avoid abdicating its responsibility to review the agreement for the protection of the class, a 10 district court must carefully assess the reasonableness of a fee amount spelled out in a class action 11 settlement agreement.” Id. at 963. “[T]he members of the class retain an interest in assuring that 12 the fees to be paid class counsel are not unreasonably high,” since unreasonably high fees are a 13 likely indicator that the class has obtained less monetary or injunctive relief than they might 14 otherwise. Id. at 964. 15 The Court analyzes an attorney’s fee request based on either the “lodestar” method or a 16 percentage of the total settlement fund made available to the class, including costs, fees, and 17 injunctive relief. Vizcaino v. Microsoft Corp., 290 F.3d 1043, 1047 (9th Cir. 2002). The Ninth 18 Circuit encourages courts to use the lodestar method as a cross-check in order to avoid a 19 “mechanical or formulaic approach that results in an unreasonable reward.” In re Bluetooth, 654 20 F.3d at 944–45 (citing Vizcaino, 290 F.3d at 1050–51). 21 Here, Class Counsel requests $18.6 million in attorneys’ fees. Google does not oppose the 22 fee request. Objectors object to the attorneys’ fees request. For the reasons explained below, the 23 Court finds this request fair, reasonable, and adequate. 24 A. Percentage of the Fund 25 When using the percentage of the fund method, courts consider a number of factors, 26

27 8 The Court emphasizes this point in response to Objectors’ query during the Fairness Hearing, “what happens if you leave the bench and your successor doesn’t want to do it?” Tr. 35:21–23. 1 including the results achieved, the risk, counsel’s performance, the burdens of litigation, and 2 whether the case was handled on a contingency basis. In re Online DVD-Rental Antitrust Litig., 3 779 F.3d 934, 954–55 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Vizcaino, 290 F.3d at 1047–50). “[T]he most 4 critical factor [in determining appropriate attorney’s fee awards] is the degree of success 5 obtained.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 436 (1983). Under the percentage of the fund 6 method, courts in the Ninth Circuit “typically calculate 25% of the fund as the ‘benchmark’ for a 7 reasonable fee award, providing adequate explanation in the record of any ‘special circumstances’ 8 justifying a departure.” In re Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 942 (citing Six (6) Mexican Workers, 904 9 F.2d at 1311. The benchmark should be adjusted when the percentage recovery would be “either 10 too small or too large in light of the hours devoted to the case or other relevant factors.” Six (6) 11 Mexican Workers, 904 F.2d at 1311. 12 Here, Class Counsel asks for a fee award of $18.6 million, which is equal to 30% of the 13 Settlement Fund. Mot. for Attorneys’ Fees 1. Having considered the relevant factors, the Court 14 exercises its discretion to find that a 30% request is appropriate in these circumstances. The $62 15 million non-reversionary Settlement Fund and accompanying injunctive relief is an excellent 16 result that avoids the uncertainty and the risk presented by continued litigation. This result was 17 also hard-fought. The Settlement Agreement was reached only after approximately five years of 18 litigation, including two rounds of motions to dismiss, approximately twenty-six months of 19 contentious discovery including in regular discovery conferences with Magistrate Judge Cousins, 20 three full-day mediation sessions and additional discussions with experienced mediator Professor 21 Eric D. Green, and a settlement conference with Magistrate Judge Spero. Class Counsel also 22 undertook substantial risk by agreeing to litigate this case on a purely contingent basis given the 23 magnitude of the class, complicated and technical facts, well-funded defendants, and numerous 24 contested issues. An award of 30% in these circumstances is also consistent with Ninth Circuit 25 precedent. See, e.g., In re Volkswagen “Clean Diesel” Marketing, No. 15-md-02672-CRB, 2022 26 WL 17730381, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 9, 2022) (awarding 30% of $80 million settlement fund); 27 Carlin v. DairyAmerica, Inc., 380 F. Supp. 3d 998, 1022 (E.D. Cal. 2019), appeal dismissed sub 1 nom. Carlin v. Spooner, 808 F.App’x 571 (9th Cir. 2020) (awarding one-third of $40 million 2 recovery, and citing cases in support); In re Lidoderm Antitrust Litig., No. 14-md-02521-WHO, 3 2018 WL 4620695, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 20, 2018) (awarding one-third of $105 million 4 settlement); In re Lithium Ion Batteries Antitrust Litig., No. 13-MD-02420-YGR, 2018 WL 5 3064391, at 1* (N.D. Cal. May 16, 2018) (awarding 30% of $139.3 million settlement fund); In re 6 Galena Biopharma, Inc. Sec. Litig., No. 3:14-cv-00367, 2016 WL 3457165 (D. Or. June 24, 2016) 7 (awarding 32% fee based on a $27.9 million recovery); In re TFT-LCD Antitrust Litig., No. M 07- 8 1827 SI, 2013 WL 149692, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 14, 2013) (awarding 30% of $68 million 9 recovery). 10 B. Lodestar 11 Under the lodestar approach, a court multiplies the number of hours reasonably expended 12 by the reasonable hourly rate. Kelly v. Wengler, 822 F.3d 1085, 1099 (9th Cir. 2016). A 13 reasonable hourly rate is typically the prevailing market rate in the relevant community. Id. Since 14 a 25% benchmark award might be reasonable in some cases but arbitrary in cases involving an 15 extremely large settlement fund, the purpose of the comparison with the lodestar is to ensure 16 counsel is not overcompensated. In re Coordinated Pretrial Proceedings in Petroleum Prods. 17 Antitrust Litig., 103 F.3d 602, 607 (9th Cir. 1997). 18 Here, Class Counsel calculate a lodestar figure of $12,960,632 for 1,794.8 hours from 19 seven law firms, to which they apply a 1.4 multiplier for a total of $18.6 million. Attorneys’ Fees 20 Mot. 18. Among the participating law firms, the hourly rates charged by attorneys range from 21 range from $550 to $1,300 for partners; $420 to $710 for associates; and $535 for paralegals and 22 other support staff. Decl. of Tina Wolfson and Michael W. Sobol in Supp. of Mot. for Attorneys’ 23 Fees, Ex. A, ECF No. 351-1. 24 The Court finds that Class Counsel has provided sufficient support for its proposed 25 lodestar calculation. See id., Ex. A. The number of hours and other costs attributed to this case 26 are reasonable considering the efforts required to engage in the settlement process here. The 27 reasonableness is further supported by an examination of the hours not included in this lodestar 1 calculation. For example, Plaintiffs’ lodestar calculation excludes all billers that billed less than 2 twenty hours in this case and includes only work done prior to December 31, 2023, which would 3 not include the substantial work done since then, including briefing and litigating the present 4 Motion for Final Approval, and the substantial work to follow in ensuring compliance with the 5 Settlement Agreement. Id., Ex. A; id. ¶ 94. In addition, the hourly rates fall within the range of 6 those approved in other similar cases, and the lodestar multiplier of 1.4 is comparable to that 7 previously permitted by other courts in similar cases. See, e.g., Steiner v. Am. Broad. Co., Inc., 8 248 Fed. Appx. 780, 783 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[T]his multiplier [of 6.85] falls well within the range of 9 multipliers that courts have allowed”); Vizcaino, 290 F.3d at 1051 (multiplier of 3.65); Spann v. 10 J.C. Penney Corp., 211 F. Supp. 3d 1244, 1265 (C.D. Cal. 2016) (multiplier of 3.07). 11 Accordingly, the Court finds that the lodestar cross-check confirms the reasonableness of 12 the percentage-based calculation. 13 C. Expenses Award 14 Class Counsel also seek compensation for total expenses of $151,756.23. Mot. for 15 Attorneys’ Fees 1. Class Counsel is entitled to reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket 16 expenses. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h); see Harris v. Marhoefer, 24 F.3d 16, 19 (9th Cir. 1994) (holding 17 that attorneys may recover reasonable expenses that would typically be billed to paying clients in 18 non-contingency matters). Costs compensable under Rule 23(h) include “nontaxable expenses 19 that are authorized by law or by the parties’ agreement.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h). Here, Class 20 Counsel seeks reimbursement for litigation expenses, and provides records documenting those 21 expenses, in the amount of $151,756.23. The Court finds this request is supported by the record 22 and the amount is reasonable, fair, and adequate. 23 D. Service Award 24 Service awards are “intended to compensate class representatives for work undertaken on 25 behalf of a class” and “are fairly typical in class action cases.” DVD-Rental, 779 F.3d 934, 943 26 (9th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The district court must evaluate 27 named plaintiff’s requested award using relevant factors including “the actions the plaintiff has 1 taken to protect the interests of the class, the degree to which the class has benefitted from those 2 actions, . . . [and] the amount of time and effort the plaintiff expended in pursuing the litigation.” 3 Staton, 327 F.3d at 977. “Such awards are discretionary and are intended to compensate class 4 representatives for work done on behalf of the class, to make up for financial or reputational risk 5 undertaken in bringing the action, and, sometimes, to recognize their willingness to act as a private 6 attorney general.” Rodriguez, 563 F.3d at 958–59 (internal citation omitted). The Ninth Circuit 7 has emphasized that district courts must “scrutiniz[e] all incentive awards to determine whether 8 they destroy the adequacy of the class representatives.” Radcliffe v. Experian Info. Solutions, 715 9 F.3d 1157, 1163 (9th Cir. 2013). 10 Here, the Class Representatives request service awards of $5,000 each. Mot. for 11 Attorneys’ Fees 24. The Court finds that the requested service awards are reasonable considering 12 Class Representatives’ efforts in this case, including spending significant time responding to 13 extensive and broad discovery, such as the invasive collection of comprehensive personal data 14 from their phones, email, and Google accounts. Id. at 25. The requested service awards are also 15 the presumptively reasonable amount of $5,000 and are consistent with precedent. See, e.g., 16 Allagas v. BP Solar Int’l, 2016 WL 9114162, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 22, 2016) (awarding $7,500 to 17 named plaintiffs who were deposed and $3,500 to one named plaintiff who was not deposed). 18 E. Objections 19 Counsel for the three Objectors filed one written objection to the Motion for Attorneys’ 20 Fees. Objections; Supp. Objections. The Court OVERRULES this objection for the following 21 reasons. 22 Objectors essentially argue that Class Counsel should not be rewarded for acquiring an all 23 cy pres distribution Settlement Agreement. Objections 22–24. Again, Objectors’ argument is 24 based entirely on the mistaken premise that cy pres distributions do not benefit the Class, and 25 again, the Ninth Circuit explicitly rejected this argument, stating that there is no requirement to 26 discount attorneys’ fees based on cy pres relief:

27 [T]here is no uniform rule that district courts must discount the value of any cy pres relief, regardless of the feasibility of distribution to 1 class members or other relevant circumstances. Indeed, we have repeatedly approved attorneys' fees for cy pres settlements in 2 proportions similar to the award here. 3 Google Street View, 21 F. 4th at 1121. The fact that this is a cy pres resolution does not diminish 4 the Court’s finding that Class Counsel worked exceptionally hard on this case, and for all the 5 reasons discussed above, it does not diminish the return for the Settlement Class Members. 6 The Court also notes that this is not, as Objectors represent, an “all-cy pres” settlement; the 7 Settlement Agreement also calls for meaningful injunctive relief discussed in greater detail above. 8 See Google Street View, 21 F.4th at 1113 (“[W]e reiterate at the outset that strictly speaking, the 9 settlement here is not, as [Objectors’ counsel] describes it, a ‘cy pres-only settlement.’ Instead, it 10 involves cy pres payments to third-party organizations and injunctive relief.”). The Court is 11 unpersuaded by Objectors’ argument that the injunctive relief is “illusory” because it is consistent 12 with Google’s obligations under 2022 agreements with the State Attorneys General. Objections 13 23. The terms here go beyond those in the referenced agreements, including requiring a default 14 auto-deletion period for Location Information; prohibiting Google from “mak[ing] any attempts or 15 efforts to re-identify . . . pseudonymous, anonymous, or de-identified” location information; and 16 requiring an annual email notice. See Settlement Agreement, Ex. C ¶¶ 1, 2, 8, 11. It is also worth 17 noting that only this Settlement would provide class members the ability to enforce any injunctive 18 relief provisions here in this Court. 19 IV. CONCLUSION 20 Based on the preceding discussion, the Court finds that the terms of the Settlement 21 Agreement and the awards of attorneys’ fees, expenses, and service awards, is fair, adequate, and 22 reasonable; that it satisfies Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e) and the fairness and adequacy 23 factors; and that it should be approved and implemented. 24 The Motion for Final Approval is GRANTED. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and 25 Costs is GRANTED. Class Counsel is awarded $18,600,000 in attorneys’ fees and $151,756.23 in 26 litigation expenses. Class Representatives are granted a service award of $5,000 each. This 27 1 document will constitute a final judgment (and a separate document constituting the judgment) for 2 || purposes of Rule 58, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 3 Without affecting the finality of this Order in any way, the Court retains jurisdiction of all 4 matters relating to the interpretation, administration, implementation, effectuation, and 5 || enforcement of this Order and the Settlement Agreement. 6 The Parties shall file a post-distribution accounting in accordance with this District’s 7 Procedural Guidance for Class Action Settlements no later than January 31, 2025. 8 The Court sets a compliance deadline on February 13, 2025, on the Court’s 9:00 a.m. 9 calendar to verify timely filing of the post-distribution accounting. 10 IT IS SO ORDERED. 11 Dated: May 3, 2024 12

13 EDWARD J. DAVILA 14 United States District Judge 15 16

= 17

Z 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 || Case No.: 5:18-cv-05062-EJD ORDER GRANTING FINAL APPROVAL; GRANTING ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS

Exhibit A EXHIBIT A Cy Pres Allocation Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Net Settlement Fund shall be allocated to the Approved Cy Pres Recipients identified below. The Settlement Administrator shall distribute the proceeds of the Net Settlement Fund in the percentages set forth in below within 60 days of the Effective Date: Organization Name Percentage of Net Estimated Settlement Fund Amount1 (Rounded) Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at 2.34% $1,000,000 Harvard MIT Internet Policy Research Initiative 3.52% $1,500,000 New York University’s Information Law 0.95% $404,790 Institute Yale Law School’s Information Society Project 3.52% $1,500,000 Fordham University Center on Law and 2.34% $1,000,000 Information Policy Center on Privacy & Technology at Georgetown 2.34% $1,000,000 Law UCLA Institute for Technology, Law & Policy 2.34% $1,000,000 The Markup 7.03% $3,000,000 Internet Archive 4.69% $2,000,000 ACLU Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project 14.07% $6,000,000 ACLU of N. Cal. Tech. & Civil Liberties 3.52% $1,500,000 Program Center for Democracy & Technology 7.03% $3,000,000 ConnectSafely 0.82% $350,000 Electronic Frontier Foundation 13.69% $5,839,243 FPF Education & Innovation Foundation 3.52% $1,500,000 Free Press 4.69% $2,000,000 Privacy Rights Clearinghouse 0.82% $350,000 Data & Society Research Institute 4.69% $2,000,000 National Cybersecurity Alliance 1.64% $700,000 Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) 2.34% $1,000,000 Rose Foundation 14.07% $6,000,000 Total: 100.00% $42,644,033 1 The amounts specified may change (e.g., to the extent the Net Settlement Fund accumulates interest prior to distribution). See Settlement Agreement ¶¶ 40, 48.4.