MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER DENYING FEE APPLICATIONS
STEVEN W. RHODES, Bankruptcy Judge.
This matter is before the Court following remand from the District Court with instructions to reconsider this Court’s previous denial of the sixth fee application filed by the debtor’s attorney and the fifth fee application filed by the attorney for the unsecured creditors’ committee. The District Court ordered that these applications should be reconsidered using the lodestar approach.
I.
A.
In reviewing compensation applications, many courts use the approach set forth in
Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc.,
488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir.1974). In that case, the court identified twelve factors to be considered in awarding fees:
1. The time and labor required;
2. The novelty and difficulty of the question;
3. The skill required to perform the legal services properly;
4. The preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to the acceptance of the case;
5. The customary fee;
6. Whether the fee is fixed or contingent;
7. Time limitations imposed by the client or other circumstances;
8. The amount involved and the result obtained;
9. The experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys;
10. The undesirability of the case;
11. The nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and
12. The awards in similar cases.
Id.
at 717-719.
B.
The fee application in this case is to be reviewed under the lodestar analysis.
The starting point of lodestar analysis is multiplying the number of hours
reasonably
expended on the case by a
reasonable
hourly rate. This computation can then be adjusted after considering factors that are not taken into account in determining the hours reasonably expended and the reasonable hourly rate.
1.
Hours Reasonably Expended
The purpose of a fee award is to compensate for legal services.
Therefore, the Court must determine the number of hours reasonably expended. In order for a court to make such a determination, the application must document the amount of work performed.
However, the amount of time actually expended may not be equivalent to the amount of time reasonably expended.
The Court must apply some of the subjective
Johnson
factors to determine the number of hours reasonably expended.
In re Casco Bay Lines, Inc.,
25 B.R. 747, 755 (1st Cir. BAP 1982). The Court should consider the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions presented, the opposition encountered and the amount involved.
Id.
Finally, in
Pilkington v. Bevilacqua,
632 F.2d 922, 925 (1st Cir.1980), the court held that it should review the work done by the attorney “to see whether counsel substantially exceeded the bounds of reasonable effort.”
2.
Reasonable Hourly Rate
The reasonable hourly rate is that prevailing in the community for similar work.
Copeland v. Marshall,
641 F.2d 880, 892 (D.C.Cir.1980);
Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc.,
488 F.2d 714, 718 (5th Cir.1974). There may be more than one reasonable hourly rate for each of the attorneys, and for each of the kinds of work involved in the litigation. 641 F.2d at 892.
Determining the reasonable hourly fee in a bankruptcy case also requires consideration of some of the
Johnson
criteria.
In re Casco Bay Lines, Inc.,
25 B.R. 747, 755 (1st Cir. BAP 1982). The
Casco
court stated that the following
Johnson
criteria require consideration in determining a reasonable hourly fee:
1. The customary hourly fee;
2. The level of skill necessary to perform the services;
3. Whether the fee is fixed or contingent;
4. Time limitations;
5. The amount to be obtained;
6. The reputation of the attorneys; and
7. The undesirability of the case.
Id.
C.
After the “lodestar” is determined, it may be increased or reduced by reference to factors “which have not
already
been taken into account in computing the lodestar and which are shown to warrant the adjustment by the party proposing it.”
In re Bolton Hall Nursing Home,
40 B.R. 657, 661 (Bankr.D.Mass.1984), quoting
Miles v. Sampson,
675 F.2d 5, 8 (1st Cir.1982) (emphasis added). The lodestar can also be adjusted to reflect the “quality of the representation.” 40 B.R. at 661. When examining this issue, a bankruptcy court should consider the results of the attorney’s participation in the bankruptcy proceeding
and the benefit to the estate
to see if the circumstances warrant adjustment of the lodestar. 40 B.R. at 661, citing
In re Casco Bay Lines, Inc.,
25 B.R. 747, 756 (1st Cir. BAP 1982) (emphasis added). In
Bolton,
the court stated that adjustments to the lodestar are the exception and not the rule. 40 B.R. at 662, citing
Miles v. Sampson,
675 F.2d at 8.
In
Matter of Broady,
92 B.R. 389, 392 (Bankr.W.D.Mo.1988), quoting from 2
Collier on Bankruptcy
¶ 330.05, pp. 330-38, 330-39, 330-40 (15th ed.1988), the court stated that “where the quality of the services rendered is poor or the
size of the estate
is insufficient to satisfy the claims of creditors, allowances of compensation should be accordingly reduced.” (emphasis added). The court also stated that “[t]he tangible benefit conferred on the estate and its creditors is clearly a proper measure of the appropriate compensation.”
Id.
In
Securities Investor Protection Corp. v. Charisma Sec. Corp.,
371 F.Supp. 894 (S.D.N.Y.1974), the court held that a “fee allowance ... must bear a sensible and practical relation to the size of the estate, the number of claims involved and the actual services reasonably and necessarily required.”
Id.
at 896.
In
Unsecured Creditors’ Comm. v. Puget Sound Plywood, Inc.,
924 F.2d 955, 959 (9th Cir.1991), the court stated that counsel was obligated to consider whether the burden of probable cost of legal services is disproportionately large in relation to the size of the estate and the maximum probable recovery.
The basis for considering the size of the estate in determining the reasonable professional fees lies in the very structure and premise of bankruptcy. It is fundamental that the bankruptcy process is for the benefit of the debtor and the creditors, not the professionals. If the fees are not reasonably proportionate to the size of the estate, the benefit shifts, as a practical matter, from the parties to the professionals.
For example, in a Chapter 7 case, if the assets are liquidated and the trustee holds $10,000 in assets, but the professional fees, otherwise reasonable under the lodestar analysis, amount to $20,000, it is clear that awarding such fees would result in nothing for the creditors under 11 U.S.C. § 507(a). It would also be plain that such an estate was administered for the benefit of the professionals, and not for the benefit of the creditors. Similar scenarios can be imagined in Chapter 11. In either event, the Court must examine the reasonableness of fees requested in light of the size of the estate.
D.
This formulation of the lodestar approach to determine fees was recently approved by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in the case of
In re Boddy,
950 F.2d 334 (6th Cir.1991). In this decision, the Court reversed a fee award in a Chapter 13 case that was based solely on the “normal and customary” ser
vices rendered in such a case.
However, the Court went on to state:
Nevertheless, we do not hold that the bankruptcy court can never consider the “normal and customary” services rendered in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy. The court can legitimately take into account the typical compensation that is adequate for attorney’s fees in Chapter 13 cases, as long as it expressly discusses these factors in light of the reasonable hours actually worked and a reasonable hourly rate. The bankruptcy court also may exercise its discretion to consider other factors such as the novelty and difficulty of the issues, the special skills of counsel, the results obtained, and whether the fee awarded is commensurate with fees for similar professional services in non-bankruptcy cases in the local area. In many cases, these factors will be duplica-tive if the court first determines the lodestar amount because the lodestar presumably subsumes all of these factors in its analysis of the
reasonable
hourly rate and the
reasonable
hours worked. At a minimum, however, the bankruptcy courts must expressly calculate the lodestar amount when determining reasonable attorney’s fees.
Id.
at 338 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
II.
A.
The hourly rates charged by the attorneys for the debtor are $185 for Earle Erman and $140 for David Miller. The hourly rates charged by the attorneys for the Unsecured Creditors Committee are $155 to $160 for Daniel Katlein.
No one has objected to these hourly rates and they are entirely consistent with rates charged by other Chapter 11 attorneys with similar experience. Accordingly, the Court finds that these hourly rates are reasonable.
B.
In the current fee applications, the attorney for the debtor seeks compensation for 107.4 hours, and the attorney for the Unsecured Creditors Committee seeks compensation for 41.7 hours.
These fee applications also seek awards for fees previously requested but not awarded. In connection with the fifth fee application of the debtor’s attorney, the Court awarded $15,241.75 of the $30,252.50 requested for 214.70 hours of service. In connection with the fourth fee application of the attorney for the Unsecured Creditors Committee, the Court awarded $12,-299.75 of the $24,599.50 requested for 159.8 hours.
No substantial objection is asserted to any of the time records submitted in support of the fee requests, and the Court has reviewed the time records on its own. These records are sufficiently specific and detailed in their descriptions of services. As far as the Court can determine, each of the time entries in each application is by itself reasonable. There is no indication of exaggeration or padding in the records and no suggestion of unnecessary duplication of services. In short, the Court can find none of the traditional grounds upon which fee awards are at times reduced under the lodestar method. Upon examination of the individual time entries, the Court finds that the hours of service entered by these attorneys in their time records were reasonable.
C.
As noted above, determining the reasonable hourly rate and the reasonableness of hours expended does not end the inquiry. This Court is obligated to consider whether to adjust this lodestar amount based on other factors that have not already been considered.
In connection with this case, the additional factor that causes concern and that the lodestar calculation does not take into account is whether the total fees requested bear some reasonable relation to the size of the case, and the benefits conferred on the estate by the services.
1.
There are many factors by which the “size” of a bankruptcy case can be measured; the most obvious factors are the debtor’s assets, liabilities, income and expenses.
In the disclosure statement filed on December 7, 1989, the following information is disclosed concerning the debtor as of August 31, 1989:
The debtor had $172,000 in cash.
The debtor’s real property was appraised at $2,750,000-$3,802,500.
This property was encumbered by a first mortgage of $796,000, and a series of second mortgages totalling $3,447,000. Thus, depending upon the actual value of the real property, a substantial part of the second mortgage claims will be unsecured under 11 U.S.C. § 506(a).
The other major asset is a secured note which the debtor received in settlement of litigation and which will result in payments to the debtor of $520,000 over nine years plus $275,000 in a balloon payment at the end of nine years.
The present value of this receivable is not disclosed, but it is obviously substantially less than the $795,-000 total to be received over nine years.
The debtor’s unsecured debts were $1,100,000 plus the undersecured portion of the second mortgages.
The debtor’s income and expenses from operations have been:
Year Income Expenses
1987 $1,076,000 $1,298,000
1988 $1,430,000 $1,072,000
1989 $ 745,000 $ 760,000
The projected income and expenses from operations are as follows:
Year Income Expenses Debt Service Net
1990 $739,000 $401,000 $307,000 $30,000
1991 $767,000 $419,000 $312,000 $37,000
1992 $797,000 $437,000 $317,000 $43,000
1993 $827,000 $455,000 $322,000 $50,000
1994 $859,000 $475,000 $328,000 $56,000
1995 $893,000 $496,000 $334,000 $63,000
2.
In a Chapter 7 case, the most important factor in determining the size of the case is the amount of money obtained from liquidating the debtor’s assets. The debtor’s post-petition income is either non-existent (in the case of a business which has been closed), or unavailable to the estate (in the case of an individual under 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(6)). The extent and complexity of the liabilities may be a factor, but only to the extent of assets available to pay the claims.
This same analysis would also likely apply in the case of a liquidating Chapter 11 case, where the debts are paid, if at all, by the debtor’s assets.
On the other hand, in a Chapter 11 case where the liabilities are paid by the debt- or’s future income, the Court should also take into account the debtor’s future income in considering the size of the case.
3.
The total professional fees and expenses that have already been awarded in this case total $488,057.22.
In its present fee application, the law firm representing the debtor requests a total award of $30,872.70. This consists of $14,862.00 in fees plus $768.95 for the time period covered by the present time period, plus $15,241.75 in fees previously requested but not awarded.
The law firm representing the Unsecured Creditors Committee requests a total award of $19,020.75, consisting of $6,721.00 in fees for the time period covered by the present application, plus $12,299.75 in fees previously requested but not awarded.
Accordingly, if the Court grants these fee applications in full, the total professional costs in this case would be $537,950.67. These fees were incurred from approximately September 7, 1988 through July 31, 1990, a period of approximately 23 months. Thus, the professional fees accumulated at an average of approximately $23,000 per month during the case.
4.
In 1989, the debtor’s average gross income from operations of $62,000 per month
was entirely used in operations; in fact, the debtor incurred a net loss of $15,000 for the year. For 1990, the debtor projected a net cash flow of $31,000, or $2,600 per month. For 1995, this amount is projected to increase to $63,000, or $5,300 per month.
Additional monthly income from the debtor’s secured note is projected as follows:
1989 $1,000
1990 $2,000
1991 $3,000
1992 $4,000
1993-98 $5,000
Thus, it is clear that the size of this case, as estimated by income, is roughly $4,000 net cash flow per month in 1990, increasing to $10,000 in 1995.
5.
These net cash flow amounts establish that the total professional fees in the case are far out of proportion to the size of the case. The accumulation of $23,000 per month in average professional fees during the Chapter 11 case is anywhere from 2 to 6 times the debtor’s projected monthly net cash flow.
The same conclusion is reached if the total net income is examined. From 1989 through 1995, the debtor’s total projected income from operations is $280,000; its total proceeds from the secured note during this time period will be $300,000. Thus, its total income will be $580,000, but most of that income is dedicated to paying the unsecured claims of over $1,100,000.
6.
Apparently recognizing that these fees are out of proportion to the size of the case, the applicants assert a number of special circumstances which, they contend, justify these fees. Specifically, the attorneys for the debtor cite the following in their application, at pages 10-13, paragraph 6:
1. Four groups were opposed to each other and were unwilling to cooperate and compromise.
2. The U.S. Trustee’s motion for the appointment of a trustee had to be opposed.
3. The examiner’s fees had to be opposed.
4. The examiner’s report had to be responded to.
5. The Secured Creditors Committee changed attorneys, and neither attorney participated in formulating the plan.
6. The classes of creditors were themselves split into factions.
7. There was high emotion in the case, in part because the debtor is a church.
The Court has no doubt that these factors impeded the prompt, speedy and efficient resolution of this case; the Court itself witnessed much of these factors at work. The Court has also considered the benefit that the creditors will receive from the 100% plan that was confirmed in this case.
Nevertheless, after giving these factors due consideration, the Court concludes that they simply do not justify the fees requested, given the size of the case. The attorneys for the debtor have already been awarded $155,933.00 in fees and expenses;
the attorneys for the Unsecured Creditors Committee have already been awarded $76,755.77 in fees and expenses. In all good conscience, these are the maximum fees that the Court can conclude are reasonable in the circumstances of this case, unique though they were. No further fees are justified.
The fee applications are denied.
IT IS SO ORDERED.