[Cite as In re D.V., 2022-Ohio-1024.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
IN RE: D.V. AND J.A. : APPEAL NOS. C-210580 C-210624 : TRIAL NO. F-17-002227Z
:
: O P I N I O N.
Appeals From: Hamilton County Juvenile Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and case Remanded in C-210624; Affirmed in C-210580
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: March 30, 2022
Christopher P. Kapsal, for Appellant Mother,
Roger W. Kirk, for Appellant Father,
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Patsy Bradbury, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee Hamilton County Department of Job and Family Services,
Kimberly Thomas, Guardian Ad Litem for D.V. and J.A. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
BOCK, Judge.
{¶1} In these consolidated appeals, appellants mother and father challenge
the juvenile court’s judgment granting permanent custody of D.V. and J.A. to the
Hamilton County Department of Job and Family Services (“HCJFS”). For the
following reasons, we reverse the juvenile court’s judgment with respect to mother in
the appeal numbered C-210624 and remand that case to the juvenile court for
proceedings consistent with this opinion. We affirm the juvenile court’s termination
of father’s parental rights in the appeal numbered C-210580.
I. Facts and Procedure
{¶2} Mother is the biological mother of J.A.1 In September 2017, mother gave
birth to father’s son, D.V. Days before D.V.’s birth, father was arrested and charged
with aggravated menacing in violation of R.C. 2903.21, and assault in violation of R.C.
2903.13. The charges were later dismissed. In October 2017, HCJFS filed a complaint
for temporary custody of J.A. and D.V. The complaint alleged that the children were
dependent under R.C. 2151.04. As the case was pending in the juvenile court, father
was arrested in December 2019 and charged with domestic violence under R.C.
2919.25. Mother was granted a domestic-violence protection order against father.
Ultimately, the charge and order were dismissed.
{¶3} In January 2018, the juvenile court adjudicated J.A. and D.V.
dependent and granted HCJFS temporary custody of the children. The children were
placed in foster care. HCJFS developed separate case plans for mother and father. By
June, the magistrate found that mother and father had made “satisfactory progress.”
1R.B. is J.A.’s biological father. Initially, R.B. appealed the juvenile court’s judgment in the appeal numbered C-210625, but R.B. voluntarily dismissed his appeal. 2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶4} In September 2018, the court awarded mother and father legal custody
of J.A. and D.V., and granted HCJFS an order of protective supervision. Father lived
with his mother (“grandmother”), and the children moved into grandmother’s house.
{¶5} Then, in December 2018, father was arrested for a third time and
charged with domestic abuse, a violation of R.C. 2919.25. And again, the charges were
dismissed. In January 2019, J.A. and D.V. were placed in the emergency custody of
HCJFS and returned to foster care. In March 2019, the juvenile court adjudicated the
children dependent under R.C. 2151.04, for a second time. And HCJFS reinstated
father’s case plan. At the May 2019 disposition hearing, father agreed to continue
HCJFS’s temporary custody of the children.
{¶6} In the fall of 2019, father moved for permanent custody of J.A. and D.V.
In response, HCJFS moved for permanent custody of the children under R.C. 2151.414.
The children’s guardian ad litem (“GAL”) submitted a report to the juvenile court
recommending awarding HCJFS permanent custody of the children. The yearlong
permanent-custody hearing began in March 2020. Numerous witnesses testified,
including HCJFS caseworkers, J.A.’s therapist, mother, and father. The parties
submitted numerous case plans and court documents into evidence.
{¶7} Following the hearing, the magistrate found that granting permanent
custody of the children to HCJFS was in J.A.’s and D.V.’s best interest under R.C.
2151.414(D). The juvenile court adopted the magistrate’s decision over the objections
of mother and father. Relevant here, the juvenile court found that “[t]he wishes of the
children were not expressed to the Court.”
{¶8} Mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to J.A. and D.V.
in the appeal numbered C-210624. Father appeals the termination of his parental
rights to D.V. in the appeal numbered C-210580. 3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
II. Law and Analysis
{¶9} A parent’s right to the custody of their child is essential and paramount.
In re D.A., 113 Ohio St.3d 88, 2007-Ohio-1105, 862 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 10, quoting In re
Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990). But it is well settled that
parental rights may be circumscribed if doing so is in the best interest of the child. In
re D.A. at ¶ 11, quoting In re Cunningham, 59 Ohio St.2d 100, 105, 391 N.E.2d 1034
(1979).
{¶10} In Ohio, R.C. 2151.414 authorizes a juvenile court to terminate the legal
relationship between a parent and child. A state agency seeking to terminate the rights
of parents must produce clear and convincing evidence that satisfies the statute’s two-
part test. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1). The parties focus their arguments on the statute’s best-
interest inquiry in the second prong. See R.C. 2151.414(D)(1).
{¶11} The juvenile court must consider all factors relevant to the best interest
of the child. Id. And the Ohio General Assembly has identified five statutory factors in
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) that the juvenile court must consider:
(a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s
parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers,
and any other person who may significantly affect the child;
(b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or through
the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the
child;
(c) The custodial history of the child * * *;
(d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and
whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of
permanent custody to the agency; 4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
(e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of [R.C.
2151.414] apply in relation to the parents and child.
{¶12} A “child’s best interest is a fluid concept, as it involves the child’s
continually-changing need for appropriate care.” In re D.M., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
200043, 2020-Ohio-3273, ¶ 47, quoting In re G.L.S., 9th Dist. Summit No. 28874,
2018-Ohio-1606, ¶ 16.
{¶13} In determining the best interest of a child, “ ‘[n]o single factor is given
greater weight or heightened significance.’ ” In re P. & H., 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-
190309 and C-190310, 2019-Ohio-3637, ¶ 35, quoting In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73,
2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 57. Yet, the juvenile court must “consider” these
factors, meaning the court must “think about [each factor] with a degree of care or
caution.” In re A.M., Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-5102, ¶ 25, quoting State v.
Thompson, 92 Ohio St.3d 584, 588, 752 N.E.2d 276 (2001), fn. 1, quoting Webster’s
Third New International Dictionary 483 (1986). “ ‘[T]here must be some indication
on the record that all of the necessary factors were considered.’ ” In re N.G., 1st Dist.
Hamilton Nos. C-130684 and C-130685, 2014-Ohio-720, ¶ 12, quoting In re G.B., 10th
Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-1024, 2005-Ohio-3141, ¶ 17. This court has repeatedly
encouraged the juvenile court to provide a “careful delineation of its reasoning for each
of the R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) through (d) factors.” In re D.G., 2021-Ohio-429, 168
N.E.3d 43, ¶ 11 (1st Dist.).
A. Mother’s Appeal in C-210624
{¶14} In the appeal numbered C-210624, mother challenges the juvenile
court’s award of permanent custody of J.A. and D.V. to HCJFS. In her first assignment
of error, she argues that the juvenile court failed to consider J.A.’s wishes in its best-
interest analysis as required by R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b). 5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
1. Mother Preserved the Issue on Appeal
{¶15} As an initial matter, HCJFS and the GAL contend that mother failed to
present this argument to the magistrate or in her objections filed with the juvenile
court, and therefore, waived all but plain error.
{¶16} Generally, our review is limited to issues presented to the trial court.
Manchise v. Ionna, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120874, 2013-Ohio-3612, ¶ 12, quoting
Schade v. Carnegie Body Co., 70 Ohio St.2d 207, 210, 436 N.E.2d 1001 (1982). Juv.R.
40(D)(3)(b)(iv) provides, “[e]xcept for a claim of plain error, a party shall not assign
as error on appeal the court’s adoption of any factual finding or legal conclusion * * *
unless the party has objected to that finding or conclusion as required by Juv.R.
40(D)(3)(b).” Plain error applies to “issues which could easily have been raised before
and determined by the trial court.” Cable Busters, LLC v. Mosley, 1st Dist. Hamilton
No. C-190364, 2020-Ohio-3442, ¶ 7, quoting Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116,
122, 679 N.E.2d 1099 (1997).
{¶17} Mother sufficiently preserved the issue. She filed timely objections to
the magistrate’s decision. While the magistrate did not identify the child’s wishes, he
acknowledged that the children’s GAL supported awarding HCJFS permanent
custody. This suggests that the magistrate considered the children’s wishes. Mother
challenges the juvenile court’s failure to consider J.A.’s wishes. When the magistrate
issued his findings, the issue did not exist for her to object.
{¶18} The trial court conducted an independent review of the record and
entered its findings, including its explicit admission that it had not considered the
children’s wishes. Mother now challenges the finding of the juvenile court. A similar
objection requirement in Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b) “ ‘appl[ies] to issues of fact or law the
magistrate decided, and not to those that were decided by the court itself.’ ” Kayrouz 6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
v. Kayrouz, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2005-04-096, 2006-Ohio-149, ¶ 4, quoting
Cleveland v. Lancaster, 2d Dist. Greene No. 02CA0123, 2003-Ohio-4976, ¶ 16. Given
the similarities between Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b) and Juv.R. 40(D)(3)(b), and the
magistrate’s presumed consideration of the children’s wishes, there is no need to
review mother’s first assignment of error under a plain-error standard of review. In re
W.C., 2013-Ohio-153, 986 N.E.2d 572, ¶ 13 (12th Dist.).
2. The Juvenile Court Failed To Consider J.V.’s Wishes
{¶19} Turning to the merits, mother contends that R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b)
requires consideration of a child’s wishes when determining that child’s best interest.
According to mother, the juvenile court failed to consider those wishes and committed
reversible error. We agree.
{¶20} The juvenile court must consider “[t]he wishes of the child, as expressed
directly by the child or through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the
maturity of the child.” R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b). While the statute permits a GAL to
convey the child’s wishes to the juvenile court, a GAL’s belief or report stating that
permanent custody is in the best interest of a child is insufficient because the court
must consider the child’s wishes, not the GAL’s. See In re P. & H., 1st Dist. Hamilton
Nos. C-190309 and C-190310, 2019-Ohio-3637, at ¶ 37; In re Lopez, 166 Ohio App.3d
688, 2006-Ohio-2251, 852 N.E.2d 1266, ¶ 36 (3d Dist.).
{¶21} The juvenile court found that “the wishes of the children were not
expressed to the court.” We agree with mother that the juvenile court’s express failure
to consider the wishes of J.A. in its best-interest analysis is a reversible error. See In
re H.M., 2014-Ohio-755, 9 N.E.3d 470, ¶ 30 (3d Dist.). While a court is not required
to make specific findings or provide a written discussion of the statutory factors, the
juvenile court “must consider each statutory factor, including the wishes of a child.” In 7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
re A.M., Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-5102, at ¶ 31. As such, the record must reflect
some investigation into the child’s wishes. Id. “A trial court ordinarily errs if it
completely fails to address a child’s wishes.” In re S.M., 4th Dist. Highland No. 14CA4,
2014-Ohio-2961, ¶ 32. Here, the record indicates that the juvenile court failed to think
about J.A.’s wishes with a degree of care or caution.
{¶22} In response, HCJFS suggests that J.A. was too young to express his
wishes. Under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b), a juvenile court must be mindful of the maturity
of the children when considering their wishes. To be sure, “it may not be practical to
[consider the child’s wishes] when the child is too young to have or express a
meaningful opinion.” In re S.M. at ¶ 35. Yet, there is nothing in the record to support
HCJFS’s argument. See In re Lopez at ¶ 36. J.A. was eight-years-old when the hearing
concluded. If necessary, the juvenile court may investigate J.A.’s maturity and ability
to express his wishes in a meaningful way. See id. Next, the GAL argues that J.A.’s
wishes were expressed to the juvenile court through mother’s testimony. But
“[t]estimony by a child’s mother does not fulfill the requirements of R.C.
2151.414(D)(2) that a child’s wishes be expressed directly by the child or the child’s
GAL.” In re Walling, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-050646, 2006-Ohio-810, ¶ 23.
{¶23} We sustain mother’s first assignment of error. A remand is necessary for
consideration of J.A.’s wishes under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b) in the analysis of J.A.’s
best interest. The juvenile court found that J.A. is protective over his younger sibling
and the two have a close bond. Because the court must consider J.A. and D.V.’s
interactions and relationship pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) when it determines
the best interests of both children, J.A.’s best interest is intertwined with D.V.’s best
interest. When “the strongest bond the child has had is with [his] siblings, separating
them would generally not be in their best interest.” In re A.W., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 8 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
08CA009366, 2009-Ohio-1827, ¶ 18, citing In re A.C., 9th Dist. Wayne Nos.
02CA0053, 02CA0054 and 02CA0055, 2003-Ohio-2714, ¶ 44. Therefore, we reverse
the termination of mother’s parental rights to both J.A. and D.V.
{¶24} Mother also argues that the juvenile court was required to determine
whether J.A. was entitled to independent counsel pursuant to In re Williams, 101 Ohio
St.3d 398, 2004-Ohio-1500, 805 N.E.2d 1110. In her remaining assignments of error,
she raises manifest-weight and sufficiency challenges to the juvenile court’s decision.
Because mother’s R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b) argument is dispositive, we decline to
address her remaining arguments and assignments of error. See App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).
We remand mother’s case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with our
analysis.
B. Father’s Appeal in C-210580
{¶25} Father challenges the juvenile court’s decision in the appeal numbered
C-210580, with a narrow focus on the grant of permanent custody of D.V. to HCJFS.
Our analysis is limited to the facts relevant to father’s custody of D.V. In his single
assignment of error, father argues that the juvenile court’s decision was against the
manifest weight and sufficiency of the evidence.
{¶26} This court reviews a juvenile court’s grant of permanent custody to
determine if clear and convincing evidence supported its decision. In re L.M.B., 1st
Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-200033 and C-200044, 2020-Ohio-2925, ¶ 8, citing In re A.B.,
1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-150307 and C-150310, 2015-Ohio-3247, ¶ 15. Clear and
convincing evidence produces “ ‘ “a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to
be established.” ’ ” In re L.M.B. at ¶ 8, quoting In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d 538, 2008-
Ohio-4825, 895 N.E.2d 809, ¶ 42, quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120
N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus. 9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶27} A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence presents a question of law
that we review de novo. In re D.G., 2021-Ohio-429, 168 N.E.3d 43, at ¶ 8, quoting In
re A.B. at ¶ 15, citing Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972
N.E.2d 517, ¶ 11. In a sufficiency challenge, our analysis consists of an independent
review of the record to determine if the evidence presented to the juvenile court was
sufficient to satisfy R.C. 2151.414’s clear-and-convincing standard. In re D.G. at ¶ 8,
citing In re J.W., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190189, 2019-Ohio-2730, ¶ 13, quoting In
re W.W., 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-110363 and C-110402, 2011-Ohio-4912, ¶ 46. In
other words, a sufficiency argument challenges the adequacy of the evidence. In re
A.B. at ¶ 15, citing Eastley at ¶ 11.
{¶28} Father limits his sufficiency argument to the juvenile court’s finding
that the termination of his parental rights was in D.V.’s best interest under R.C.
2151.414(D)(1). Specifically, his argument focuses on two statutory factors—D.V.’s
interactions and interrelationships, and D.V.’s need for a legally secure placement.
{¶29} The juvenile court considered D.V.’s interactions and interrelationships
under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a), and found that father lacked a protective capacity and
minimized the domestic-violence issues. The record contains sufficient evidence to
support this finding. According to the record, father was arrested in September 2017
after he allegedly hit and threatened to shoot Mother just days before D.V.’s birth. In
December 2018, he was arrested after he allegedly punched, kicked, and pushed
mother following an argument at grandmother’s house with the children in another
room. Jasmine Elliot, a HCJFS case worker, testified that father threatened to harm
mother and the children in 2019. Elliot believed that father minimized his violence.
Father testified twice. At first, he denied hitting and threatening mother. To him, the
incidents were merely “verbal” arguments. 10 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶30} Turning to D.V.’s need for a legally secure placement under R.C.
2151.414(D)(1)(d), the juvenile court determined that this factor supported an award
of permanent custody to HCJFS. A legally secure placement “ ‘encompasses a stable
environment where a child will live in safety with one or more dependable adults who
will provide for the child’s needs.’ ” In re P. & H., 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-190309
and C-190310, 2019-Ohio-3637, at ¶ 42, quoting Matter of K.W., 2018-Ohio-1933, 111
N.E.3d 368, ¶ 87 (4th Dist. 2018).
{¶31} Despite Father’s completion of case-plan services, the juvenile court
found that “the children were again removed only a few short months later again due
to domestic violence issues” in grandmother’s home. Father lives with grandmother
and the evidence shows that his violence recurs in grandmother’s house. Indeed,
father testified that D.V. was in the house when he allegedly punched and kicked
mother in 2018. This supports the court’s finding that father was unable to provide a
secure placement for D.V. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to support the
juvenile court’s finding that terminating father’s parental rights to D.V. was in D.V.’s
best interest under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1).
{¶32} Father also argues that the juvenile court’s decision to terminate his
parental rights to D.V. was against the manifest weight of the evidence. In a manifest-
weight challenge, we “weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the
credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether in resolving conflicts in the
evidence, the trial court clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice that the judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” In re A.B., 1st
Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-150307 and C-150310, 2015-Ohio-3247, at ¶ 16, citing Eastley,
132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, at ¶ 12, and State v. Thompkins,
78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 11 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). In our analysis, we are “mindful of the
presumption in favor of the finder of fact.” In re A.B. at ¶ 16, quoting Eastley at ¶ 12,
citing Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273
(1984), fn. 3.
{¶33} Father argues that he completed his case-plan services and addressed
his domestic-violence issues. He testified that he learned from the case-plan services
and he was not an aggressive person. But his testimony was inconsistent and
contradictory—it undermined his credibility. Initially, he denied having threatened or
attacked mother. Later, he admitted it and acknowledged that he misled the juvenile
court in his earlier testimony. Father testified that he did not own a gun. But he was
arrested in March 2021 for unlawful possession and transportation of a firearm.
Father testified that he stopped smoking marijuana in 2014. Yet, he tested positive for
marijuana in 2020. While he completed his case-plan services, two HCJFS employees
observed no behavioral changes and remained concerned about father’s anger.
{¶34} Two parent-coaching facilitators testified that father’s visitations with
D.V. were positive. But “we cannot reverse the trial court’s judgment because it is
merely contrary to some evidence.” In re A.B. at ¶ 28. Rather, the juvenile court’s
decision “must be so contrary to the probative value of all the admissible evidence that
was before the trial court that we can only conclude that the court lost its way and a
manifest miscarriage of justice resulted.” Id., citing Eastley at ¶ 20-21, and Thompkins
at 387. After a review of the evidence in the record, we are not persuaded that the
juvenile court’s judgment was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Therefore,
we overrule father’s sole assignment of error.
III. Conclusion 12 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶35} Because the juvenile court failed to consider J.A.’s wishes as required
by R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b), we reverse the juvenile court’s judgment with respect to
mother in the appeal numbered C-210624 and remand that case to the juvenile court
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. In the appeal numbered C-
210580, we affirm the juvenile court’s judgment terminating father’s parental rights
to D.V.
Judgment accordingly.
BERGERON, P.J., and WINKLER, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.