FILED DEC 23 2011 1 SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 2 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL 3 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 4 5 In re: ) BAP No. SC-11-1240-KiMkH ) 6 DEVON LYNN MORRIS and ) Bk. No. 09-06014-PB RACHEL MARIE MORRIS, ) 7 ) Debtors. ) 8 ) ) 9 DAVID L. SKELTON, Chapter 13 ) Trustee, ) 10 ) Appellant, ) 11 ) v. ) M E M O R A N D U M1 12 ) DEVON LYNN MORRIS; ) 13 RACHEL MARIE MORRIS, ) ) 14 Appellees. ) ______________________________) 15 Argued and Submitted on October 20, 2011 16 at San Diego, California 17 Filed - December 23, 2011 18 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of California 19 Honorable Margaret M. Mann, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding 20 21 Appearances: Rebecca E. Pennington, Esq. argued for appellant, David L. Skelton, Chapter 13 Trustee; Nikhil 22 Chawla, Esq. of the New Chapter Law Group argued for appellees, Devon and Rachel Morris. 23 24 Before: KIRSCHER, MARKELL, and HOLLOWELL, Bankruptcy Judges. 25 26 1 This disposition is not appropriate for publication. 27 Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th 28 Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1. 1 Appellant, chapter 132 trustee David L. Skelton (“Trustee”), 2 appeals an order from the bankruptcy court granting in part and 3 denying in part his motion to modify debtors’ plan under 4 § 1329(a)(the “Modification Order”). We VACATE the Modification 5 Order and REMAND with instructions that the bankruptcy court 6 consider the intervening case law of Ransom, Martinez, and Smith, 7 and that it make proper findings for the modified plan under 8 FRCP 52(a), incorporated by Rule 7052.3 9 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 10 Appellees, debtors Devon and Rachel Morris (“Mr. Morris” 11 individually or collectively “Debtors”), filed their chapter 13 12 petition for relief on April 30, 2009. Debtors’ income is derived 13 entirely from Mr. Morris’s employment at Microsoft. On their 14 Form B22 (“B22"), Debtors reported a current monthly income of 15 $12,027 with a monthly disposable income of $265.27. In their 16 Schedule I, Debtors reported a monthly income of $10,550. 17 Debtors’ chapter 13 plan proposed a payment of $1,200/month and 18 proposed a 5% dividend to unsecured creditors. 19 At the § 341 creditor’s meeting on June 12, 2009, Trustee 20 21 2 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code, and rule 22 references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The 23 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are referred to as “FRCP.” 24 3 Debtors filed a request for leave to file a sur-reply to Trustee’s reply brief on appeal. The Panel issued an order 25 stating that we would take this matter under advisement until we considered the merits of the appeal. Although the leave request 26 is justified considering that Trustee’s reply brief is essentially a motion to strike portions of Debtors’ response brief, we need 27 not grant leave for the sur-reply due to our decision to vacate the Modification Order and remand the matter to the bankruptcy 28 court.
-2- 1 informed Debtors that he had Mr. Morris’s pay stubs from the 2 months of January through March 2009, but that he was missing 3 certain pay stubs from October and December 2008, which he needed 4 to calculate Debtors’ six month income prior to the bankruptcy 5 filing. Trustee also questioned Mr. Morris about the discrepancy 6 between the income listed at $12,027 in the B22 and the income 7 reported in their Schedule I at $10,550. Mr. Morris replied that 8 he had received a rare bonus (the “Gold Star Bonus”) in December 9 which skewed the numbers, and that he had received a Gold Star 10 Bonus on only two occasions during his seven years at Microsoft. 11 Trustee replied that he needed a copy of Mr. Morris’s December 12 2008 pay stub to confirm the amount of the Gold Star Bonus. 13 On June 15, 2009, Trustee objected to confirmation of 14 Debtors’ chapter 13 plan, contending that Debtors had failed to 15 apply all projected disposable income to the plan and specifically 16 noting the discrepancies in Debtors’ monthly income between 17 Schedule I of $10,550, B22 of $12,027, and their 2008 tax return 18 average of $15,936. Trustee’s objection also stated: 19 Deleting rejected property and lien stripped property, debtors would be required to pay $118,000 per B22. 20 Debtor understating income and will have up to $5000/mo additional disposable income in addition to $1055/mo in 21 addition to 401K contributions. 22 The parties eventually resolved Trustee’s objections and on 23 October 14, 2009, Debtors filed a Pre-Confirmation Modification to 24 Chapter 13 Plan executed on September 28, 2009 (“PCM”), which 25 increased the monthly payments to $1,350/month and increased the 26 dividend to unsecured creditors to 10% or $41,439. Under the PCM, 27 Debtors were to provide Trustee with their annual tax returns and 28 turn over tax refunds, if any, for the duration of the plan. The
-3- 1 PCM was confirmed by the Hon. Peter Bowie on November 25, 2009 2 (the “Confirmation Order”).4 Debtors forwarded a copy of their 3 2009 federal income tax return to Trustee on or about April 22, 4 2010. 5 On November 8, 2010, Trustee moved to modify Debtors’ plan 6 to increase their monthly plan payments from $1,350 to $4,200, and 7 to increase the dividend to unsecured creditors from 10% to 30% 8 (from $41,439 to $168,000). Trustee’s sole argument was that 9 Debtors’ 2009 tax return showed a monthly income of $5,000 more 10 than previously represented, and thus the material change in 11 Debtors’ circumstances warranted modification. Debtors’ 2009 12 income was $174,629 ($174,629 / 12 = $14,552/month). 13 Debtors opposed Trustee’s motion, contending that the income 14 issue raised by Trustee had already been raised and resolved in 15 the PCM. Debtors alternatively argued that Trustee’s motion 16 failed to show any substantial and unanticipated change in 17 Debtors’ circumstances, and thus it was barred by res judicata;5 18 Debtors’ 2009 tax return reported wages of $174,629, while their 19 2008 tax return reported wages of $172,125 - an increase of only 20 $2,504, or 1.45%. 21 Trustee asserted in his reply that Debtors had indicated a 22 23 4 Sometime after entry of the Confirmation Order, the case 24 was transferred to the Hon. Margaret M. Mann. 25 5 Although the parties to this appeal used the term “res judicata” throughout the case before the bankruptcy court and in 26 this appeal, we now generally use the term “claim preclusion.” Paine v. Griffin (In re Paine), 283 B.R. 33, 38 (9th Cir. BAP 27 2002). However, we will use the term “res judicata” here given the arguments before the bankruptcy court and its use of that 28 term.
-4- 1 reduction in income (the March 31, 2009 pay stub showed $31,650 2 year-to-date income which equates to $10,550/month, but the 2009 3 tax return showed that Debtors’ income had not been reduced) yet 4 their actual income was $5,000/month higher than alleged. 5 Therefore, argued Trustee, Debtors either misrepresented that 6 Schedule I income was insufficient to fund the plan Trustee would 7 have required based on the B22 figures, or a significant change in 8 Debtors’ income had occurred. Trustee further contended that 9 Debtors’ monthly expenses of $1,669.75/month for a stripped lien 10 and two surrendered vehicles were now available for unsecured 11 creditors per the decisions of Yarnell v. Martinez (In re 12 Martinez), 418 B.R. 347 (9th Cir. BAP 2009), and Am. Express Bank, 13 FSB v. Smith (In re Smith), 418 B.R. 359 (9th Cir. BAP 2009). 14 The bankruptcy court held a hearing on Trustee’s motion on 15 January 4, 2011. Trustee asserted that before confirmation he had 16 relied on Mr. Morris’s representation that the 2008 tax return did 17 not accurately reflect their current income, and that it was 18 actually lower as reported in their Schedule I and B22. However, 19 when the 2009 tax return showed that Debtors’ average income was 20 approximately the same as in 2008, Trustee discovered that 21 Debtors’ income had never been reduced as represented. Therefore, 22 argued Trustee, Debtors’ positive change in income of about 23 $5,000/month warranted modification of the plan. Debtors denied 24 ever representing or indicating that their income would decrease 25 from 2008 to 2009. With factual issues in dispute, the bankruptcy 26 court ordered an evidentiary hearing on the matter for March 7, 27 2011. The court also ordered the parties to file supplemental 28 briefing addressing whether res judicata applied seeing that the
-5- 1 2008 tax return was available at confirmation, and thus any 2 alleged misrepresentations by Debtors might be of no consequence. 3 In his supplemental brief, Trustee contended that the 4 statutory framework of § 1329(a) allowed for an upward adjustment 5 in Debtors’ monthly plan payments, and therefore his request to 6 modify the plan was not barred by res judicata. He further argued 7 that under Ransom v. FIA Card Servs., N.S., 131 S.Ct. 716 (2011), 8 Debtors were required to devote their full disposable income, 9 which was approximately $5,000/month more than scheduled, to fund 10 Trustee’s proposed modified plan. 11 Debtors contended in their supplemental brief that Trustee 12 was seeking to relitigate the same claims he had already raised 13 and resolved with Debtors in the PCM; he offered no evidence of 14 how Debtors’ circumstances had changed from all that was known or 15 knowable to Trustee prior to confirmation. Debtors further 16 contended that Trustee had never inquired about the Gold Star 17 Bonus or any other possible bonuses Mr. Morris might receive, and 18 Trustee should have raised the issue of bonus income at 19 confirmation. Therefore, argued Debtors, Trustee’s claims were 20 barred by res judicata. Alternatively, Debtors contended that 21 Trustee’s motion failed because he had not demonstrated both a 22 substantial and unanticipated change in Debtors’ ability to pay 23 since no change existed between the 2008 and 2009 tax returns. 24 Debtors also rejected Trustee’s use of Martinez to support 25 modification. They argued that Martinez had been decided prior to 26 the Confirmation Order, so Trustee was barred from raising it now. 27 Attached to Debtors’ supplemental brief were all of Mr. Morris’s 28 pay stubs reflecting his wages and all bonuses received from
-6- 1 October through December 2008, as well as his 2008 W-2. An 2 attached email showed that Debtors’ counsel sent the pay stubs and 3 W-2 to Trustee’s counsel on September 25, 2009, prior to the PCM. 4 The evidentiary hearing on Trustee’s motion proceeded on 5 March 7, 2011. On direct examination, Mr. Morris confirmed that 6 Debtors were no longer paying Ditech for the second mortgage on 7 their home, or paying for an ATV and trailer. Trustee made an 8 offer of proof that adding back in all of those expenses (along 9 with the disposable income of $265.27) would result in a plan 10 providing $118,624 to unsecured creditors, as opposed to the 11 $41,000 Debtors were currently paying. Mr. Morris then testified 12 that the income discrepancy between Debtors’ Schedule I and B22 13 was due to the rare Gold Star Bonus he received in December 2008, 14 despite Microsoft’s announcement at the beginning of 2008 that it 15 would not be giving pay raises or bonuses. Upon reviewing his pay 16 stub from December 31, 2010, Mr. Morris acknowledged that his 17 gross pay for that year was $170,450.89 and that he had also 18 received a Stock Spread Award of $22,000. 19 On cross-examination, Mr. Morris testified that his final pay 20 stub from 2008 reflected all of the bonuses he had received that 21 year. He further testified that he did not represent to Trustee 22 at the § 341 creditor’s meeting that his income was decreasing. 23 Trustee testified that Debtors’ counsel had sent his counsel 24 an email on October 5, 2009, just before the PCM was filed, 25 estimating Debtors’ gross income for 2009 at $144,324, or roughly 26 $12,000/month. However, the actual tax return reflected income at 27 closer to $15,000/month. Trustee further testified that the 28 Martinez and Smith decisions, which would have dictated a
-7- 1 different result in this case, had been issued on October 5, 2009, 2 but he had already entered into the PCM with Debtors on 3 September 28, 2009. Trustee believed those cases provided a basis 4 for him to request modification of Debtors’ plan. 5 On cross-examination, Trustee admitted that he had received 6 all six months of Mr. Morris’s pay stubs before he settled with 7 Debtors. He further admitted that Mr. Morris never stated that 8 his income was reduced, but he did state his income was 9 $10,500/month, which was a reduction; the Gold Star Bonus had 10 skewed his income. On re-direct, Trustee testified that 11 Mr. Morris’s gross pay for 2008 was $159,265, and his gross pay 12 for 2010 was $170,000, for a positive difference of about $11,000. 13 Upon looking at Mr. Morris’s year-end pay stub for 2010, Trustee 14 testified that several different regular bonuses appeared. 15 Trustee admitted the same regular bonuses appeared on Mr. Morris’s 16 year-end pay stub for 2008 and that he had possession of that stub 17 before entering into the PCM. 18 The bankruptcy court issued its oral ruling on Trustee’s 19 motion on March 15, 2011. It determined that res judicata did not 20 apply to Trustee’s motion. However, it determined law of the case 21 applied to the Confirmation Order with respect to changes in 22 Debtors’ expenses despite the change in the law. The court 23 further found that Mr. Morris had not made any misrepresentations 24 about his income, but found that his income was confusing, 25 particularly when considering his bonuses. The court noted that 26 Mr. Morris received the following annual year-end bonuses: 27 (1) Services Incentive Payout; (2) Services Incentive Advance; 28 (3) Award Bonus; and (4) Review Bonus (collectively the “Review
-8- 1 Bonuses”). Mr. Morris’s monthly compensation, without bonuses, 2 was about $10,000, which the court believed should provide the 3 basis for Debtors’ plan payments. 4 The bankruptcy court then proceeded to grant Trustee’s motion 5 in part by modifying the plan as follows. Debtors were to pay 6 over to Trustee the “net” difference between the total amount of 7 bonuses Mr. Morris received in 2008, including the Review Bonuses 8 and any Gold Star Bonus, from the total bonus amount he received 9 in 2011. In other words, Debtors were to take the net amount of 10 bonuses Mr. Morris received in 2008, compare that with the net 11 amount of bonuses he received in 2011, and pay over to Trustee the 12 difference between those two figures. The court’s ruling was not 13 retroactive; Debtors were to turn over the net bonus funds 14 starting with 2011 and for each year for the remainder of the 15 plan. 16 The bankruptcy court ordered the parties to agree on a 17 proposed order, which they were unable to do. Trustee lodged his 18 proposed order on April 12, 2011. On April 16, 2011, Debtors 19 filed and served an objection to Trustee’s order. Debtors argued, 20 inter alia, that Trustee’s order erroneously included Mr. Morris’s 21 stock awards in addition to his bonuses; neither Trustee nor the 22 court had ever made any mention of turning over stock awards. 23 Debtors also disputed Trustee’s inclusion of changes in 24 Mr. Morris’s annual income. Attached to Debtors’ objection was 25 their proposed order and documents reflecting the bonuses paid to 26 Mr. Morris in 2008. In their proposed order, Debtors calculated 27 all of the bonuses for 2008 to reach a “benchmark” figure of 28 $19,651.81. Therefore, beginning in January 2012 (when the
-9- 1 bonuses for 2011 would be known) and continuing annually through 2 2014, Debtors were to pay over to Trustee net annual bonus amounts 3 exceeding $19,651.81, if any. In other words, Debtors were 4 allowed to keep $19,651.81 in bonus money each year. Debtors were 5 to provide Trustee with all year-end pay stubs for purposes of 6 calculating the annual bonus payments. Trustee did not object to 7 Debtors’ proposed order. 8 Two weeks later on May 2, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered 9 the Modification Order, which adopted the majority of Debtors’ 10 proposed order. Consistent with the court’s oral ruling, res 11 judicata did not apply to Trustee’s motion to modify under 12 § 1329(a), but law of the case applied to bar consideration of 13 changes in the law regarding Debtors’ reduced expenses. The 14 Modification Order omitted Trustee’s proposed provision regarding 15 increases in Mr. Morris’s income and stock awards, but included 16 Debtors’ proposed benchmark bonus figure of $19,651.81 and scheme 17 for how annual bonus payments would be calculated. Trustee timely 18 appealed the Modification Order. 19 II. JURISDICTION 20 The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 21 §§ 157(b)(2)(L) and 1334. A chapter 13 plan confirmation order, 22 whether or not a modification, is a final order. Profit v. Savage 23 (In re Profit), 283 B.R. 567, 572 (9th Cir. BAP 2002). Therefore, 24 we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158. 25 III. ISSUES 26 1. Did the bankruptcy court err by applying “law of the case” to 27 deny consideration of changes in the law regarding Debtors’ 28 reduced expenses?
-10- 1 2. Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in denying in 2 part and granting in part Trustee’s motion to modify the plan? 3 IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW 4 A bankruptcy court’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear 5 error and its conclusions of law de novo. Hoopai v. Countrywide 6 Home Loans, Inc. (In re Hoopai), 369 B.R. 506, 509 (9th Cir. BAP 7 2007). 8 Because modification under § 1329(a) is discretionary, we 9 review the bankruptcy court’s decision to deny modification of a 10 plan for an abuse of discretion. Powers v. Savage (In re Powers), 11 202 B.R. 618, 620 (9th Cir. BAP 1996)(citing In re Witkowski, 12 16 F.3d 739, 746 (7th Cir. 1994)). To determine whether the 13 bankruptcy court abused its discretion, we conduct a two-step 14 inquiry: (1) we review de novo whether the bankruptcy court 15 ?identified the correct legal rule to apply to the relief 16 requested” and (2) if it did, whether the bankruptcy court's 17 application of the legal standard was illogical, implausible or 18 ?without support in inferences that may be drawn from the facts in 19 the record.” United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1261-62 20 (9th Cir. 2009)(en banc). 21 V. DISCUSSION 22 A. Modification under § 1329(a). 23 Under § 1329(a), a trustee may move to modify a plan any time 24 after confirmation but before completion of payments to increase 25 the amount of payments on claims. See § 1329(a)(1). As the 26 moving party, Trustee bore the burden of proof to show facts 27 supporting modification of the plan. Max Recovery, Inc. v. Than 28 (In re Than), 215 B.R. 430, 434 (9th Cir. BAP 1997).
-11- 1 Courts are divided on whether the party seeking to modify a 2 plan must prove that a change in debtor’s circumstances be 3 “substantial and unanticipated” before the confirmed plan may be 4 modified under § 1329(a). The Ninth Circuit has not directly 5 ruled on this issue.6 However, the Panel in In re Powers, 6 following the Seventh Circuit in In re Witkowski, held that the 7 plain language of § 1329(a) does not support a change in 8 circumstances as a prerequisite to modification. 202 B.R. at 622 9 (citing In re Witkowski, 16 F.3d at 746). As long as the request 10 to modify satisfies the requirements of § 1329, the modification 11 should be approved, even in the absence of a change in debtor’s 12 ability to pay. Id.; McDonald v. Burgie (In re Burgie), 239 B.R. 13 406, 409 (9th Cir. BAP 1999); In re Hall, 442 B.R. 754, 759 14 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2010). The Powers Panel did note, however, that 15 the court may consider a change in debtor’s circumstances in 16 exercising its discretion. Id. at 623. 17 The bankruptcy court did not articulate whether it applied a 18 “substantial and unanticipated” change standard to Trustee’s 19 motion to modify the plan, or something else. Although the 20 parties disputed before the bankruptcy court whether such a 21 standard should apply, in light of our disposition of this appeal, 22 we need not reach this issue. 23 24 25 6 In dicta in Anderson v. Satterlee (In re Anderson), 21 F.3d 355 (9th Cir. 1994), the Ninth Circuit articulated that the 26 trustee can request a modification under § 1329(a), but bears “the burden of showing a substantial change in debtor’s ability to pay 27 since the plan was confirmed and that the prospect of that change had not already been taken into account at the time of 28 confirmation.” Id. at 358.
-12- 1 B. The bankruptcy court erred by applying law of the case doctrine to preclude consideration of changes in the law 2 regarding Debtors’ reduced expenses. 3 Res judicata does not act as a bar to modify a plan under 4 § 1329(a). In re Powers, 202 B.R. at 622 (“Modification pursuant 5 to § 1329 provides a mechanism to change the binding effect of 6 § 1327.”);7 In re Than, 215 B.R. at 435 (same). 7 Unlike res judicata, ?law of the case” is an amorphous 8 concept. Law of the case doctrine states that “when a court 9 decides upon a rule of law, that decision should govern the same 10 issues in subsequent stages in the same case.” Caldwell v. 11 Unified Capital Corp. (In re Rainbow Magazine, Inc.), 77 F.3d 278, 12 281 (9th Cir. 1996)(quoting Herrington v. Cnty. of Sonoma, 12 F.3d 13 901, 904 (9th Cir. 1993)). Law of the case doctrine is 14 discretionary, not mandatory. Merritt v. Mackey, 932 F.2d 1317, 15 1320 (9th Cir. 1991). Nevertheless, that discretion is limited. 16 Thomas v. Bible, 983 F.2d 152, 155 (9th Cir. 1993). The court’s 17 prior decision should be followed unless: the decision is clearly 18 erroneous and its enforcement would work a manifest injustice, 19 intervening controlling authority makes reconsideration 20 appropriate, or substantially different evidence was adduced at a 21 subsequent trial. In re Rainbow Magazine, Inc., 77 F.3d at 281. 22 In its oral ruling, the bankruptcy court determined that law 23 of the case should apply to not revisit the Confirmation Order 24 with regard to Debtors’ reduced expenses: 25 7 Section 1327 provides, in relevant part, that the 26 provisions of a confirmed plan bind the debtor and each creditor, whether or not the claim of such creditor is provided for by the 27 plan, and whether or not such creditor has objected to, has accepted, or has rejected the plan. § 1327(a). We observe that 28 the word ?trustee” does not appear in this section of the Code.
-13- 1 The court is compelled by applying the law of the case not to go and revisit its decision to basically confirm 2 the modified plan as it was originally decided. The court, given that this is ultimately a rule of judicial 3 efficiency, as well as justice, that could open the floodgates to revisiting all the cases that were decided 4 before the law has been clarified . . . . 5 . . . 6 So the court is not going to modify this plan because of the change in the law relating to deductions of certain 7 expenses that weren’t actual because it finds that that is both just as well as it’s necessary for the interests 8 of efficiency and finality. 9 Hr’g Tr. (Mar. 15, 2011) 6:2-9, 7:10-14. 10 Trustee contends the bankruptcy court erred in applying law 11 of the case as a substitute for res judicata to deny his motion 12 and not consider Debtors’ increased income and reduced expenses as 13 a basis for modification. Trustee contends the court’s reliance 14 on law of the case constitutes error in four respects: (1) it 15 applied the doctrine sua sponte; (2) intervening controlling 16 authority - i.e., Martinez - made reconsideration appropriate; 17 (3) the issues were never decided in the PCM; and (4) it negates 18 what § 1329 expressly allows - reviewing a debtor’s circumstances 19 for purposes of modifying a plan. 20 Contrary to Trustee’s first argument, the bankruptcy court 21 was free to raise the doctrine of law of the case sua sponte. See 22 United States v. Wallace, 573 F.3d 82, 90 n.6 (1st Cir. 2009); 23 Bolinger v. Oregon, 172 Fed. Appx. 770, at *1 (9th Cir. Mar. 26, 24 2006)(“Because the court itself has an interest in preventing 25 repetitive litigation, we raise the law of the case argument sua 26 sponte even though it has not been previously argued by the 27 parties.”). 28 In response to Trustee’s argument that the bankruptcy court
-14- 1 erred by not considering intervening controlling authority, 2 Debtors argue that Trustee failed to demonstrate the occurrence of 3 intervening controlling authority after Debtors’ plan was 4 confirmed: the parties executed the PCM on September 28, 2009; 5 Martinez and Smith were decided on October 5, 2009; the PCM was 6 filed with the bankruptcy court on October 14, 2009; and the court 7 entered the Confirmation Order on November 25, 2009. It is 8 undisputed that Debtors are no longer paying for certain expenses 9 listed in their B22 - a stripped lien on their home and two 10 surrendered vehicles - which equates to another $1,669.75/month 11 available for unsecured creditors. 12 In Martinez, the Panel held that an above median chapter 13 13 debtor may not deduct from the B22 payments for stripped off 14 wholly unsecured liens. 418 B.R. at 353. In conjunction with 15 Martinez, the Panel issued Smith, which held that above median 16 chapter 13 debtors may not deduct from the B22 payments for 17 collateral that has been surrendered. 418 B.R. at 368. 18 Although Martinez and Smith involved plan confirmations under 19 § 1325, in Ransom, which Trustee cited in his supplemental brief, 20 the Supreme Court held in dicta that an unsecured creditor may 21 move to modify a debtor’s chapter 13 plan to increase plan 22 payments when the debtor is no longer making payments on a claimed 23 B22 expense. 131 S.Ct. at 729. This, of course, would also 24 include a chapter 13 trustee as the moving party. Although the 25 dictum in Ransom is not binding on the Panel, we treat it with 26 great deference. United States v. Baird, 85 F.3d 450, 453 (9th 27 Cir. 1996). Ransom essentially extended the holdings of Martinez 28 and Smith to apply in cases involving plan modification under
-15- 1 § 1329. Ransom was decided on January 11, 2011, which was prior 2 to the evidentiary hearing on Trustee’s motion on March 7 and the 3 Modification Order of March 15. Therefore regardless of whether 4 Martinez and Smith were decided prior to or after the PCM and 5 Confirmation Order, Ransom had been decided while Trustee’s 6 modification motion, filed on November 8, 2010, was still pending 7 and had yet to be heard, and that is the relevant date for 8 purposes here. We also could not locate any decision, published 9 or unpublished, where a court applied “law of the case” in the 10 context of a plan modification under § 1329. The cases cited by 11 the bankruptcy court support only use of the doctrine generally. 12 Accordingly, we conclude that the bankruptcy court erred by 13 applying law of the case to not consider the intervening law of 14 Ransom, Martinez, and Smith in its decision to deny Trustee’s 15 motion to modify the plan based on Debtors’ reduced expenses. We 16 note, however, that once the bankruptcy court applies the above 17 authority upon remand, whether it chooses to include the reduced 18 expenses in Debtors’ modified plan is purely within its 19 discretion.8 20 C. The bankruptcy court did not make sufficient findings under § 1329(b). 21 A modified plan is essentially a new plan. In re Profit, 22 283 B.R. at 574. Section 1329(b)(1) provides that the modified 23 plan under § 1329(a) must meet some of the same criteria for the 24 25 26 8 We reject Trustee’s argument that the bankruptcy court erred by applying law of the case to Debtors’ increase in income. 27 Nowhere in the court’s oral ruling or in the Modification Order did the court express that it was applying the doctrine with 28 respect to income increases.
-16- 1 originally filed plan, including §§ 1322(a), 1322(b), 1323(c),9 2 and 1325(a). 3 Trustee’s motion to modify was a contested matter under 4 Rule 9014. As such, the bankruptcy court was required under 5 FRCP 52(a) to find the facts specifically and state its 6 conclusions of law separately. In the absence of complete 7 findings, we may vacate a judgment and remand the case to the 8 bankruptcy court to make the required findings. See United States 9 v. Ameline, 409 F.3d 1073, 1082 (9th Cir. 2005). We note that a 10 bankruptcy court's failure to make factual findings as required by 11 FRCP 52(a) does not require reversal and remand unless a full 12 understanding of the issues under review is not possible without 13 aid of the findings. See Simeonoff v. Hiner, 249 F.3d 883, 891 14 (9th Cir. 2001). 15 Here, it is not clear without further findings from the 16 bankruptcy court whether the plan as modified met the requirements 17 of § 1329(b)(1). We are particularly concerned about the lack of 18 findings for the bankruptcy court’s basis to include only the 19 “net” bonuses payable to Trustee as opposed to the full amount of 20 the bonuses, which were never captured in Debtors’ original plan 21 payments. The Modification Order allows Debtors to keep at least 22 $19,651.80 per year of the bonuses. This result constitutes a 23 windfall to Debtors and is inconsistent with §§ 1322(a)(1) and 24 1325(a)(3).10 Income substitutes, such as bonuses, not captured in 25 9 26 Section 1323(c) does not apply here because no secured creditor was involved with modification of Debtors’ plan. 27 10 Section 1322(a)(1) states that the plan shall provide for 28 (continued...)
-17- 1 a debtor’s plan payments may be included in a modified plan. In 2 re Hall, 442 B.R. at 761-63 (citing In re Burgie, 239 B.R. at 411) 3 (plan modified on trustee’s motion to include debtor’s lump-sum 4 disability payment). We are also concerned about the court’s 5 silence regarding the $22,000 Stock Spread Award. However, it is 6 not entirely clear on the record whether Trustee ever sufficiently 7 raised this issue before the bankruptcy court. He did not raise 8 it in his supplemental brief, but the issue was discussed briefly 9 at the evidentiary hearing on March 7, 2011. 10 VI. CONCLUSION 11 Accordingly, we VACATE the Modification Order and REMAND with 12 instructions that the bankruptcy court consider the intervening 13 authority of Ransom, Martinez, and Smith with respect to Debtors’ 14 // 15 // 16 // 17 // 18 19 10 (...continued) 20 the submission of all or such portion of future earnings or other future income of the debtor to the supervision and control of the 21 trustee as necessary for the execution of the plan. 22 Section 1325(a)(3) provides, in relevant part, that the court shall confirm a plan if the plan has been proposed in good faith. 23 See Sunahara v. Burchard (In re Sunahara), 326 B.R. 768, 781-82 (9th Cir. BAP 2005)(a good faith analysis under § 1325(a)(3) 24 “necessarily requires an assessment of a debtor’s overall financial condition including, without limitation, the debtor's 25 current disposable income, the likelihood that the debtor's disposable income will significantly increase due to increased 26 income or decreased expenses over the remaining term of the original plan, the proximity of time between confirmation of the 27 original plan and the filing of the modification motion, and the risk of default over the remaining term of the plan versus the 28 certainty of immediate payment to creditors.”).
-18- 1 reduced expenses in the modified plan, and that it make sufficient 2 findings that the modified plan complies with § 1329(b)(1).11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 11 Because we are vacating the Modification Order, we need not address Trustee’s argument that he was denied an opportunity to 26 refute Debtors’ benchmark bonus amount of $19,651.80 set forth in their proposed order and adopted by the bankruptcy court. We 27 note, however, that Trustee had two weeks to object to Debtors’ proposed order before the bankruptcy court entered the 28 Modification Order on May 2, 2011, and failed to do so.
-19-