In re: C.T.T.

• Court: Court of Appeals of North Carolina
• Decided: March 21, 2023
• Docket: 22-585
• Status: Published

Opinion

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA22-585

Filed 21 March 2023

Mecklenburg County, No. 21-JT-45

IN THE MATTER OF: C.T.T.

Appeal by Respondent-Mother from Orders entered 19 October 2021 by Judge

Roy H. Wiggins in Mecklenburg County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals

on 21 February 2023.

Miller Bowles Cushing, PLLC, by Bethany Mulhern and Nicholas L. Cushing for Petitioner-Appellee Father.

Deputy Parent Defender Annick Lenoir-Peek for Respondent-Appellant Mother (allowed as substitute counsel by order filed 1 March 2023 and notice of appearance filed 3 March 2023; Record on Appeal, Appellant’s Brief, and Reply Brief filed by Stam Law Firm, PLLC, by R. Daniel Gibson, allowed to withdraw as attorney of record by order filed 1 March 2023).

RIGGS, Judge.

Appellant-Mother appeals from the trial court’s Order Terminating Parental

Rights and Order Denying Motion to Dismiss the Petition for Termination of Parental

Rights to her minor child C.T.T. The trial court’s Order entered on 19 October 2021,

was adjudicated on grounds that she neglected and willfully abandoned C.T.T. for the

last nine years. She contends the trial court erred in establishing personal

jurisdiction over her due to insufficient service of process because: (1) the Original

Summons did not list her provisional counsel by name; and (2) Notice of Service by

Publication did not indicate her parental rights would be terminated if she did not

file an answer within 30 days, among other things. She alleges both methods of IN RE: C.T.T.

Opinion of the Court

service are defective pursuant to North Carolina General Statute § 7B-1106(b)(4)

(2021). She also alleges that the trial court did not make the requisite inquiry before

releasing her provisional counsel. After careful review of the record, we hold that

Appellant-Mother was personally served with a summons that complied with

statutory requirements of notice that her parental rights were subject to termination,

so the trial court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction was proper; and the trial court

conducted a proper inquiry into Mother’s contact with her provisional counsel.

Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s orders for termination of parental rights.

Factual and Procedural Background

Appellee-Father (“Father”) and Appellant-Mother (“Mother”) are the biological

parents of C.T.T., born July 2010. Although the parties never married, C.T.T. resided

in both his parents’ care from birth until April 2012, due to Mother and Father

cohabitating throughout several different states (Texas, Hawaii, Nevada). When

C.T.T. was seven months old, Mother moved to Las Vegas with C.T.T., without

Father’s knowledge or consent. Mother informed Father she was going to visit her

family in Las Vegas with C.T.T. and stopped all communication. As a result, Father

moved from Hawaii to Nevada to be closer to C.T.T.

During the family’s time in Las Vegas, Mother’s lifestyle involved illicit drug

use and unstable housing. She also displayed harmful and neglectful behavior

towards C.T.T. On one occasion, Mother called Father to pick up C.T.T. because she

needed him to provide childcare and gave Father the address of C.T.T.’s location.

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When Father arrived at the location, it was a casino, and Mother was nowhere to be

found. Mother left then seven-month-old C.T.T. in a car seat unsupervised in a

parked car left with an unknown valet attendant. During the months of February,

March, and April 2012, a significant amount of suspicious bruising was observed on

C.T.T.’s face. When confronted, Mother stated C.T.T. received his facial injuries from

falling. Consequently, Father notified Children’s Protective Services in Nevada to

report suspected abuse, and the report was later substantiated.

In April 2012, Father moved to Greensboro, North Carolina with C.T.T. At the

time of their move, Mother’s whereabouts were unknown. In September 2012,

Mother arrived with C.T.T.’s maternal grandmother to Father’s home in North

Carolina to visit C.T.T. Mother stated she was going to visit with C.T.T. outside and

then placed C.T.T. in a car and drove away with his grandmother. Mother then drove

to Tyler, Texas with C.T.T. and rejected all telephone calls from Father. In response,

Father immediately filed for Child Custody and a Motion for Ex Parte Emergency

Child Custody. Father was later awarded permanent sole legal and sole physical

custody of C.T.T. on 10 October 2012. As of September 2012, Mother has not seen

C.T.T., has not provided any financial support, nor has she communicated with him.

On 11 February 2021, Father filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental

rights to C.T.T. and a summons was issued the same day. On 15 February 2021,

provisional counsel was appointed to Mother and therefore, appointed counsel’s name

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was not listed on the summons issued four days earlier.1 On 9 March 2021, Father

personally served Mother via process server in Las Vegas, Nevada with the summons

and petition. On 9 April 2021, Mother’s provisional counsel was served via U.S. postal

mail. At the first pretrial status conference on 27 April 2021, Mother’s provisional

counsel moved to have service dismissed due to the current summons form not being

used. Mother was not in attendance at this status conference. The judge advised

Father to file another summons and reattempt service, because the summons form

had been updated. On 7 July 2021, at the trial court’s urging, Father moved for

service by publication because Mother’s previous home was vacant, her whereabouts

were unknown, and personal service could not be effectuated. On 9 July 2021, the

trial court entered an Order Granting Leave To Serve By Publication in response to

Father’s request for notice by publication. During the months of July and August

2021, Father ran the following publication in Las Vegas news advertisements:

In Re: [. . .], a minor juvenile. To: PAISLEY LAIS SANSONE, Respondent. Take notice that a Petition for Termination of Parental Rights has been filed in the above action. The nature of the relief being sought is as follows: Termination of Parental Rights. You have 40 days to file a Reply, which is 40 days from the first publication of this notice. Upon your failure to reply, the party seeking service against you will apply to the Court for the relief sought.

1 Indeed, as the trial court correctly noted, provisional counsel is not typically appointed until after a petition is filed, so the name of provisional counsel could not be listed on the summons executed at the same time as a petition.

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On 13 September 2021, Father filed the above Las Vegas publication along

with an attached Affidavit of Publication. On 1 October 2021, Mother’s provisional

counsel filed a Motion to Dismiss in response to the publication notice failing to meet

the statutory requirements of North Carolina General Statute § 7B-1106(b).

Provisional counsel argued the petition should be dismissed for insufficiency of

process. Specifically, counsel argued the following information was missing from the

publication: C.T.T.’s first name [was missing]; notice that Mother’s parental rights

may be terminated if she did not file a written answer with the clerk within 30 days

after service of the summons and petition [was missing]; and the appointed counsel

[was missing].

On 1 October 2021, the motion was heard, and the trial court concluded the

Original Summons was a legally compliant summons, although a newer version of

the summons form existed. Moreover, the issue of notice by publication was moot,

due to Mother being properly served the first time with the Original Summons. In

response, Mother’s provisional counsel argued her client was not properly served in

accordance with the statutory requirements for notice, because provisional counsel

was not listed on the summons. Father’s trial counsel argued even if service was

improper, Mother’s provisional counsel had already made a general appearance in

two status conferences in April and July 2021 and was in conversations with opposing

counsel regarding settlement talks. Mother’s provisional counsel also conceded that

she had been in contact with her client, and her client was aware of the hearing

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scheduled that day, although she was not present. Specifically, Mother told her

provisional counsel, who recounted to the trial court, that she did not have the

financial resources to travel from Las Vegas to North Carolina for the in-person

hearing. After the trial court denied Mother’s Motion for Dismissal, provisional

counsel stated, “I’m provisional counsel . . . [a]s the Court has found that mother is

properly served, that [sic] by statute, I’m out.” As a result, Mother’s provisional

counsel was dismissed by the court. Thereafter, on 19 October 2021, the trial court

entered an Order Terminating Mother’s Parental Rights and an Order Denying her

Motion to Dismiss the Termination of Parental Rights petition to C.T.T.

Standard of Review

This Court reviews a trial court’s orders for termination of parental rights to

determine if the “findings of fact are supported by clear, cogent and convincing

evidence and whether these findings, in turn, support the conclusions of law.” In re

Clark, 72 N.C. App. 118, 124, 323 S.E.2d 754, 758 (1984). In termination of parental

rights cases, a trial court’s conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. In re S.N., 194

N.C. App. 142, 146, 669 S.E.2d 55, 59 (2008).

Analysis

1. Statute

Article 11 of Chapter 7B (Juvenile Code) of the North Carolina General

Statutes governs termination of parental rights proceedings. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7B-

1100-1111 (2021). Section 7B-1104 sets forth two ways in which a party may

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commence termination of parental rights proceedings: either by petition or by motion.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1104. First, section 7B-1102(a) permits state agencies such as

the Department of Social Services (“DSS”) to file a motion in district court for

termination of parental rights in pending abuse, neglect, or dependency proceedings

involving juveniles. Second, if no such pending action exists, then DSS or a parent

or guardian seeking to terminate the parental rights of another parent may file a

petition to terminate their rights. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1103. The petition or motion

must be entitled “In Re (juvenile’s last name), a minor juvenile.” N.C. Gen. Stat. §

7B-1104. The petition or motion must also allege, “[f]acts that are sufficient to

warrant a determination that one or more of the grounds for terminating parental

rights exist.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1104(6). Absent exceptions in preliminary

proceedings for unknown parents, once a petition or motion is filed for termination of

parental rights, the trial court “shall cause a summons to be issued.” N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 7B-1106(a). The summons must be provided to all parties named as respondents in

the case, including the minor child, the child’s parents, any appointed guardian or

custodian appointed by the court, and DSS or child placing agency. Id.

When termination of parental rights is sought, the respondent parent may file

a written answer to the claim within 30 days after service of the summons and

petition. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1106(b)(2). Absent good cause, the trial court must

hold an adjudicatory hearing within 90 days from the filing of the petition or motion

seeking termination of parental rights. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1109(a), (d). The trial

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court may terminate a respondent parent’s parental rights if the findings establish

(1) one or more grounds for termination exist, and (2) termination is in the best

interests of the child. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1110.

2. Summons and Notice

In addition to service requirements, the statutory content of section 7B-1106

is required in the summons for termination of parental rights. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-

1106(a)-(b). When respondent parents receive notice by publication, the publication

must also comply with the notice requirements under subsection 7B-1106(b)(4). In re

C.A.C., 222 N.C. App. 687, 688, 731 S.E.2d 544, 545 (2012). Subsection 7B-1106(b)(4),

provides: “[N]otice that if the parent is indigent and is not already represented by

appointed counsel, the parent is entitled to appointed counsel, that provisional

counsel has been appointed and that the appointment of the provisional counsel will

be reviewed by the court at the first hearing after service.” If a respondent parent

does not appear at the first hearing after service, the “court shall dismiss the

provisional counsel.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1101.1(a)(1).

3. Personal Jurisdiction

A trial court’s jurisdiction over a person is generally achieved through the

issuance and service of a summons. In re K.J.L., 363 N.C. 343, 346, 677 S.E.2d 835,

837 (2009). Subsection 7B-1106(a2), requires provisional counsel to receive notice

through issuance of the summons and complaint when a petition alleges “a juvenile

is abused, neglected, or dependent.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-602 (2021). However, there

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is no statutory requirement that the attorney’s name must be listed on the summons

form–the statutory requirement, outside of the content of the summons, is simply

that provisional counsel be served with the petition and summons. N.C. Gen. Stat. §

§ 7B-1106(a2) and 7B-602 (collectively establish).

In this case, Mother was personally served on 9 March 2021 with the summons

and petition. On 9 April 2021, provisional counsel was served via U.S. postal mail

and attended the first pretrial status conference on 27 April 2021. The statutory

requirements contained in subsection 7B-1106(b)(4) do not require that provisional

counsel be listed by name. Rather, the statute requires that notice be provided: to

appointed counsel; that the parent is entitled to appointed counsel; that provisional

counsel has been appointed–and that review of the appointment of provisional

counsel will occur at the first hearing after service. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7B-1106(a2),

(b)(4) and 7B-602. Between 9 March 2021 and 9 April 2021, before the first hearing,

all of these requirements were satisfied. First, our review of the Original Summons,

issued on 11 February 2021, confirms the trial court’s conclusion that all statutorily

required information was contained in that Summons. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-

1106(b)(4). Provisional counsel’s name was not listed on the summons, but

provisional counsel was served on 9 April 2021, which is all that the statute requires:

the statute does not require provisional counsel’s name be listed on the summons.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1106(a2). With the issuance of a legally compliant summons,

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the court established personal jurisdiction over Mother when that summons, and

petition was personally served upon her on 9 March 2021.

Furthermore, Mother was notified she was entitled to a lawyer to represent

her in the termination of parental rights proceedings regarding C.T.T., and she was

in communication with that appointed lawyer. Although notice by publication was

defective, this issue is moot since the Original Summons was found to be, and we

agree was, legally compliant.

As to the remaining issues raised in Mother’s brief, because we found she was

properly served with the Original Summons, we do not need to reach the second and

third issues raised in her appeal. As it relates to the fourth issue, we agree that the

trial court was required to make some inquiry into counsel’s efforts to contact Mother

before releasing her as provisional counsel. In re D.E.G., 228 N.C. App. 381, 386–

387, 747 S.E.2d 280, 284 (2013). Here, that was satisfied because the record

demonstrates competent evidence of the following: Mother was personally served

with the summons and petition, so she learned of the proceedings directly.

Provisional counsel indicated to the trial court on 1 October 2021 that she was in

communications with Mother about what was going on in the proceedings; was in

settlement talks with opposing counsel; and was aware Mother would not be present

at the last hearing due to financial constraints. Finally, the trial court explicitly

inquired of provisional counsel at the adjudication hearing as to the status of

communications with Mother, and provisional counsel answered. The purpose of the

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appointment of provisional counsel is to ensure a respondent parent’s rights are

adequately protected for termination proceedings. Id. And at the adjudication

hearing, the trial court must consider whether provisional counsel must be retained

or released, should the respondent parent fail to appear. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7B-

1108.1(a)(1) and 7B-1101(a)(1). On this record, the trial court made the requisite

inquiry into the communication and overtures effectuated, that determined counsel

made adequate efforts to make the respondent parent aware of their rights in the

termination proceedings, before releasing provisional counsel when a parent is not

present.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the 2021 Order Terminating Parental

Rights and Order Denying Motion to Dismiss Petition for Termination of Parental

Rights by the trial court.

AFFIRMED.

Judges ZACHARY and FLOOD concur.

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