MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER ON MOTION OF POWERS CHEMCO, INC. FOR LEAVE TO FILE A LATE CLAIM AND VACATION OF AUTOMATIC STAY
PRUDENCE B. ABRAM, Bankruptcy Judge:
By notice of motion dated January 21, 1985, Powers Chemco, Inc. (“Chemco”) sought an order of the court pursuant to Sections 362, 501, 509 and 726 of the Bankruptcy Code and Bankruptcy Rules 3002(c) and 9006 granting Chemco leave to file a late proof of claim,
or in the alternative,
granting relief from the automatic stay. In its memorandum of law in suoport of its motion, Chemco asserts that it should be permitted to file its proof of claim because (1) it did not have notice or actual knowledge of the bankruptcy proceedings so as to file a timely claim; (2) its claim was not listed on the debtor’s schedule of debts; (3) it was not aware of its claim so as to file a timely claim; (4) the unsecured claims have not been reviewed and the assets of the debtor’s estate have not been distributed; (5) Chemco has moved expeditiously since learning of its claim and Columbia Ribbon’s bankruptcy; and (6) no prejudice or delay will result from the filing of Chemco’s proof of claim.
The claim Chemco wishes to file is in the amount of $2.1 million and is for expenditures incurred or expected to be incurred by Chemco in alleviating an alleged hazardous waste condition on a parcel in Glen Cove, New York which is now owned by Chemco and was formerly owned by the debtor, Columbia Ribbon & Carbon Manufacturing Co., Inc. (“Columbia Ribbon”). The parcel (the “Columbia Ribbon Parcel”) had been purchased by Chemco from Columbia Ribbon on or about December 1, 1978 for approximately $1.4 million. Chemco states that it first learned of the possible hazardous waste problem in 1983, which was well after the July 20, 1981 date for the filing of claims, and first learned of Columbia Ribbon’s bankruptcy case in or about May 1984.
Columbia Ribbon, which was engaged in the manufacturing of inked ribbons, carbon paper and film, and other duplicating products, filed a petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code on January 11, 1980, and continued in operation as a debtor-in-possession. On motion of the Creditors’ Committee, the case was converted to Chapter 7 on December 12, 1980. Shortly thereafter, Ira S. Greene (the “Trustee”) was appointed the Chapter 7 trustee.
The Trustee has not opposed Chem-co’s motion though having been given ample opportunity to do so. However, this lack of opposition by the Trustee cannot foreclose the court’s obligation to exercise its judicial duty to determine whether the relief requested should be granted giving due regard to the facts
and the relevant legal principles.
Chemco’s motion raises an important question respecting the scope of the appropriate judicial inquiry on a motion by a creditor seeking to have its late claim declared entitled under Bankruptcy Code § 726(a)(2)(C) to share
pari passu
with timely filed claims. Code § 726(a)(2) provides as follows:
“(a) Except as provided in section 510 of this title, property of the estate shall be distributed—
ii
* * *
“(2) second, in payment of any allowed unsecured claim, other than a claim of a kind specified in paragraph (1), (3), or (4) of this subsection, proof of which is—
“(A) timely filed under section 501(a) of this title;
“(B) timely filed under section 501(b) or 501(c) of this title; or
“(C) tardily filed under section 501(a) of this title, if—
“(i) the creditor that holds such claim did not have notice or actual knowledge of the case in time for timely filing of a proof of such claim under section 501(a) of this title; and
“(ii) proof of such claim is filed in time to permit payment of such claim.”
For the reasons which follow, the court concludes that the scope of its inquiry under Code § 726(a)(2)(C) is narrow and is limited to determining whether (1) the creditor did not have notice or actual knowledge of the bankruptcy case in time for timely filing of a proof of claim
and (2) the final distribution has been made.
Both of the necessary conditions are satisfied as to Chemco.
Thus, Chemco’s proffered proof of claim is entitled to Code § 726(a)(2)(C) treatment.
There is a dearth of cases construing or discussing the application of Code § 726(a)(2)(C).
No cases have been found discussing whether in applying Code § 726(a)(2)(C) the courts may by the use of laches or otherwise deny
pari passu
treatment to no-notice creditor claims filed prior to the statutorily stated outside limit of “in time to permit payment”. There are a number of cases decided after the Bankruptcy Code was enacted dealing with late claims that determine the issue based on construction of the Bankruptcy Rules or on the basis of pre-Code case law and the doctrine of laches without reference to Code § 726(a)(2)(C). See, e.g.,
In re Cmehil,
43 B.R. 404, 408 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 1984) (“In the present [Chapter 7] case, it is undisputed that the Carltons were not listed as creditors and did not receive notice of the deadline for filing proofs of claims. The Carltons appeal to this court’s sense of equity to permit them to file a late claim. Equity aids the vigilant and diligent, not those who sleep on their rights. The Carl-tons waited more than two years after learning of these proceedings before they asserted their claim against the estate. Then, after receiving the Notice of Final Meeting of Creditors and discovery that there might be assets available, they decided to file their claim. Having delayed this
long, the court finds their claim is barred by laches.”); and
In re Popular Fruit & Produce, Inc.,
21 B.R. 185 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1982) (No-notice creditor claim barred by failure to file within the six-month period because no extension possible under former Bankruptcy Rule 906(b)).
Under the former Bankruptcy Act, the claims of no-notice creditors were treated as late claims and entitled to share only in the surplus, if any, remaining after the payment in full of timely filed claims. See former Bankruptcy Act § 57n. The Act’s filing deadlines were generally strictly enforced even against creditors without knowledge. See 3
Collier on Bankruptcy
(14th Ed.1977), ¶ 57.27 and especially at 418 (“The weight of authority considers the statutory six months’ period as mandatory and immutable”). But see
In re Electronic Computer Programming Institute of Fresno, Inc.,
16 C.B.C.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER ON MOTION OF POWERS CHEMCO, INC. FOR LEAVE TO FILE A LATE CLAIM AND VACATION OF AUTOMATIC STAY
PRUDENCE B. ABRAM, Bankruptcy Judge:
By notice of motion dated January 21, 1985, Powers Chemco, Inc. (“Chemco”) sought an order of the court pursuant to Sections 362, 501, 509 and 726 of the Bankruptcy Code and Bankruptcy Rules 3002(c) and 9006 granting Chemco leave to file a late proof of claim,
or in the alternative,
granting relief from the automatic stay. In its memorandum of law in suoport of its motion, Chemco asserts that it should be permitted to file its proof of claim because (1) it did not have notice or actual knowledge of the bankruptcy proceedings so as to file a timely claim; (2) its claim was not listed on the debtor’s schedule of debts; (3) it was not aware of its claim so as to file a timely claim; (4) the unsecured claims have not been reviewed and the assets of the debtor’s estate have not been distributed; (5) Chemco has moved expeditiously since learning of its claim and Columbia Ribbon’s bankruptcy; and (6) no prejudice or delay will result from the filing of Chemco’s proof of claim.
The claim Chemco wishes to file is in the amount of $2.1 million and is for expenditures incurred or expected to be incurred by Chemco in alleviating an alleged hazardous waste condition on a parcel in Glen Cove, New York which is now owned by Chemco and was formerly owned by the debtor, Columbia Ribbon & Carbon Manufacturing Co., Inc. (“Columbia Ribbon”). The parcel (the “Columbia Ribbon Parcel”) had been purchased by Chemco from Columbia Ribbon on or about December 1, 1978 for approximately $1.4 million. Chemco states that it first learned of the possible hazardous waste problem in 1983, which was well after the July 20, 1981 date for the filing of claims, and first learned of Columbia Ribbon’s bankruptcy case in or about May 1984.
Columbia Ribbon, which was engaged in the manufacturing of inked ribbons, carbon paper and film, and other duplicating products, filed a petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code on January 11, 1980, and continued in operation as a debtor-in-possession. On motion of the Creditors’ Committee, the case was converted to Chapter 7 on December 12, 1980. Shortly thereafter, Ira S. Greene (the “Trustee”) was appointed the Chapter 7 trustee.
The Trustee has not opposed Chem-co’s motion though having been given ample opportunity to do so. However, this lack of opposition by the Trustee cannot foreclose the court’s obligation to exercise its judicial duty to determine whether the relief requested should be granted giving due regard to the facts
and the relevant legal principles.
Chemco’s motion raises an important question respecting the scope of the appropriate judicial inquiry on a motion by a creditor seeking to have its late claim declared entitled under Bankruptcy Code § 726(a)(2)(C) to share
pari passu
with timely filed claims. Code § 726(a)(2) provides as follows:
“(a) Except as provided in section 510 of this title, property of the estate shall be distributed—
ii
* * *
“(2) second, in payment of any allowed unsecured claim, other than a claim of a kind specified in paragraph (1), (3), or (4) of this subsection, proof of which is—
“(A) timely filed under section 501(a) of this title;
“(B) timely filed under section 501(b) or 501(c) of this title; or
“(C) tardily filed under section 501(a) of this title, if—
“(i) the creditor that holds such claim did not have notice or actual knowledge of the case in time for timely filing of a proof of such claim under section 501(a) of this title; and
“(ii) proof of such claim is filed in time to permit payment of such claim.”
For the reasons which follow, the court concludes that the scope of its inquiry under Code § 726(a)(2)(C) is narrow and is limited to determining whether (1) the creditor did not have notice or actual knowledge of the bankruptcy case in time for timely filing of a proof of claim
and (2) the final distribution has been made.
Both of the necessary conditions are satisfied as to Chemco.
Thus, Chemco’s proffered proof of claim is entitled to Code § 726(a)(2)(C) treatment.
There is a dearth of cases construing or discussing the application of Code § 726(a)(2)(C).
No cases have been found discussing whether in applying Code § 726(a)(2)(C) the courts may by the use of laches or otherwise deny
pari passu
treatment to no-notice creditor claims filed prior to the statutorily stated outside limit of “in time to permit payment”. There are a number of cases decided after the Bankruptcy Code was enacted dealing with late claims that determine the issue based on construction of the Bankruptcy Rules or on the basis of pre-Code case law and the doctrine of laches without reference to Code § 726(a)(2)(C). See, e.g.,
In re Cmehil,
43 B.R. 404, 408 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 1984) (“In the present [Chapter 7] case, it is undisputed that the Carltons were not listed as creditors and did not receive notice of the deadline for filing proofs of claims. The Carltons appeal to this court’s sense of equity to permit them to file a late claim. Equity aids the vigilant and diligent, not those who sleep on their rights. The Carl-tons waited more than two years after learning of these proceedings before they asserted their claim against the estate. Then, after receiving the Notice of Final Meeting of Creditors and discovery that there might be assets available, they decided to file their claim. Having delayed this
long, the court finds their claim is barred by laches.”); and
In re Popular Fruit & Produce, Inc.,
21 B.R. 185 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1982) (No-notice creditor claim barred by failure to file within the six-month period because no extension possible under former Bankruptcy Rule 906(b)).
Under the former Bankruptcy Act, the claims of no-notice creditors were treated as late claims and entitled to share only in the surplus, if any, remaining after the payment in full of timely filed claims. See former Bankruptcy Act § 57n. The Act’s filing deadlines were generally strictly enforced even against creditors without knowledge. See 3
Collier on Bankruptcy
(14th Ed.1977), ¶ 57.27 and especially at 418 (“The weight of authority considers the statutory six months’ period as mandatory and immutable”). But see
In re Electronic Computer Programming Institute of Fresno, Inc.,
16 C.B.C. 236, 238 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1978) (“Recent case law has established that, in order to prevent patent injustice, a bankruptcy court may admit exceptions to Section 57n other than those expressly stated.”)
It was against this background that Code § 726(a)(2)(C) was enacted:
“The provision is written to permit distribution to creditors that tardily file claims if their tardiness was due to lack of notice or knowledge of the case. Though it is in the interest of the estate to encourage timely filing, when tardy filing is not the result of a failure to act by the creditor, the normal subordination penalty should not apply.” H.Rep. 95-595, 95th Cong. 1st Sess. (“H.R. 95-595”) at 383
See generally 4
Collier on Bankruptcy
(15th Ed.1985) tl 726.02[2],
The time limits for filing of proofs of claim are not specified in the Code itself. See Code § 501. Rather, the time limits have been left to the Bankruptcy Rules, as have other matters of procedure. The time limit for filing claims in a Chapter 7 case was that found in Rule 302(e)
of the former Bankruptcy Rules, adopted when the former Bankruptcy Act was still in effect, until the new Bankruptcy Rules were adopted effective August 1, 1983. Rule 3002(c) of the present Bankruptcy Rules now provides the applicable time period as follows:
“c) Time for Filing. In a Chapter 7 liquidation or chapter 13 individual’s debt adjustment case, a proof of claim shall be filed within 90 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors called pursuant to § 341(a) of the Code, except as follows:
“(1) On motion of the United States, a state, or subdivision thereof before the expiration of such period and for cause shown, the court may extend the time for filing of a claim by the United States, a state, or subdivision thereof.
“(2) In the interest of justice and if it will not unduly delay the administration of the case, the court may extend the time for filing a proof of claim by an infant or incompetent person or the representative of either.
“(3) An unsecured claim which arises in favor of a person or becomes allowable as a result of a judgment may be filed within 30 days after the judgment becomes final if the judgment is for the recovery of money or property from that person or denies or avoids the person’s interest in property. If the judgment imposes a liability which is not satisfied, or a duty which is not performed within such period or such further time as the court may permit, the claim shall not be allowed.
“(4) A claim arising from the rejection of an executory contract of the-debtor may be filed within the time as the court may direct.
“(5) If notice of insufficient assets to pay a dividend was given to creditors pursuant to Rule 2002(e), and subsequently the trustee notifies the court
that payment of a dividend appears possible, the clerk shall notify the creditors of that fact and that they may file proofs of claim within 90 days after the mailing of the notice.
“(6) In a chapter 7 liquidation case, if a surplus remains after all claims allowed have been paid in full, the court may grant an extension of time for the filing of claims against the surplus not filed within the time here-inabove prescribed.”
Glaringly absent from Rule 3002(c) is any provision relating to the time within which the claims of no-notice creditors are to be filed.
A rule fixing a specified period after the creditor acquires notice or knowledge of the bankruptcy case could be readily drafted along the lines used for the drafting of statutes of limitations for fraud.
Such a rule might provide:
“A late claim that otherwise qualifies for distribution under § 726(a)(2)(C) of the Code must be filed within 90 days after the date of discovery of the bankruptcy case.”
Although Bankruptcy Rule 3002 itself contains no provisions identifiable as relating to Code § 726(a)(2)(C), the Advisory Committee Note to that rule does contain a reference to that section:
“Provision is made in Rule 2002(a) and (h) for notifying all creditors of the fixing of a time for filing claims against a surplus under paragraph (6). This paragraph does not deal with the distribution of the surplus.
Reference must also be made to § 726(a)(2)(C) and (3) which permits distribution on late filed claims.”
(Emphasis added).
This court has concluded on the basis of this reference, the absence of any provision in Rule 3002(c) governing no-notice claims, and the placement of the no-notice creditor provision in a section of the Code providing for distribution that the omission of a rule must be viewed as intentional. It is an expression of opinion by the Advisory Committee on the Bankruptcy Rules that no rule was appropriate, apparently because Code § 726(a)(2)(C) was either viewed as a statute of limitation or as a matter of substantive law.
Review of the legislative history of the Code supports this apparent view of the Advisory Committee on the Bankruptcy Rules. The House Report on H.R. 8200 contains a listing of 322 items that would be dealt with by new bankruptcy rules or local rules. See H.R. 95-595 at 293-308, U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1978, pp. 6250-6265. None of the items in this exhaustive listing suggest a rule relative to the topic covered by Code § 726(a)(2)(C). See especially, H.R. 95-595 at 300, U.S. Code Cong. & Admin.News 1978, p. 6257 (“(159) Procedure to resolve disputes concerning distribution of property in a Chapter 7 case including time, manner, notice, and disposition of such dispute”). The listing of areas to be covered by the rules concludes:
“Finally, there are several matters that may not be dealt with by the rules. An exhaustive list is beyond the scope of this appendix, but a few areas deserve mention. The rules may not shift the burden of proof from the moving party;
the rules may not alter statutes of limitation; the rules may not affect substantive rights;
and the rules may not be inconsistent with procedure prescribed in the statute.” H.R. 95-595 at 308 (emphasis added).
The drafters of the Code were acutely aware of the interplay between the new Bankruptcy Code and the new Bankruptcy Rules.
“In order to make the new rulemaking authority workable and flexible, the bill contains very little of a procedural nature, unlike the current Bankruptcy Act. What it does contain is included because of the importance of the policy reflected in the provision, and is not subject to change by the Supreme Court. The elimination of most procedure from the statute will give the Supreme Court optimal flexibility to treat with matters of procedure, or, if no rule is made, for the eourts to fashion procedure on a case-by-case basis.” H.R. 95-595 at 292-3.
Determining the timeliness of late claims filed by no-notice creditors should not be handled by the courts fashioning procedure on a case-by-case basis. It is not a subject that is appropriately dealt with in so variable a way. The last date for the filing of a proof of claim by a no-notice creditor should be a certain and readily ascertainable one, even if expressed only in the statute’s terms of not later than “in time to permit payment” of the claim.
This court finds no place for the application of the doctrine of laches in applying Code § 726(a)(2)(C).
Thus, the
court need not consider how long the creditor waited to file its claim after learning of the bankruptcy case. The court need only find, as it has done in this case, that the creditor did not have notice in time to file a claim before the expiration of the 90-day period and that final distribution of the estate has not occurred.
That no-notice claimants may have longer to file claims than the 90 days afforded their scheduled counterparts is a natural outcome of the court’s holding. The no-notice creditor’s self-interest is normally best served by filing a claim promptly as the creditor otherwise takes the risk that an interim distribution will be made or the case will be closed before the claim is filed. If creditors or the trustee are concerned about the possibility of no-notice creditors, there are a number of steps that could be taken during the 90-day claims filing period to insure notice is widely given by verifying and researching the lists of creditors and possible creditors and by publishing notices in appropriate places.
The filing of late claims has posed difficult questions for the courts for many years. See, e.g.,
In re Harbor Tank Storage Co.,
385 F.2d 111 (3d Cir.1967); and
In re Intaco Puerto Rico, Inc.,
494 F.2d 94 (1st Cir.1974). The Code now clearly divides late claims into two categories: those belonging to creditors with notice sufficient to file a timely proof of claim and those without such notice. The holding made by the court today simplifies the procedure for the filing of no-notice claims as it eliminates the need for any determination by the court of the equities of the case. No-notice creditors may file a claim entitled to
pari passu
distribution status at anytime before the final distribution is made.
Chemco’s other request in its motion was for a vacation of the automatic stay so that “a suit for contribution can be instituted against Columbia Ribbon.” Garay Affidavit at 7. It is alleged that Columbia Ribbon may have an insurance policy that might cover some or all of Chemco’s clean-up liability. Generally, the court will vacate the automatic stay to permit a claimant to continue an action covered by insurance that is being defended by the carrier. See
Foust v. Munson Steamship Lines,
299 U.S. 77, 57 S.Ct. 90, 81 L.Ed. 49 (1936); and
In re Celectro-Knit Fabrics,
24 B.R. 326 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1982). Chemco is directed to submit supplemental papers on notice to the Trustee if it continues to wish a modification of the Code § 362 stay clarifying its request and accompanied by a proposed order.
It is so ordered.