In re: Anthony Thomas and Wendi Thomas At Emerald, LLC

• Court: United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: January 16, 2018
• Docket: NV-17-1072-TiFL
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

FILED JAN 16 2018 1 NOT FOR PUBLICATION SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL 2 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

3 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 4 5 In re: ) BAP No. NV-17-1072-TiFL ) 6 ANTHONY THOMAS and WENDI ) Bk. No. 3:14-bk-50333-BTB THOMAS; AT EMERALD, LLC, ) 7 ) Adv. No. 3:14-ap-5067-BTB Debtors. ) 8 ______________________________) ) 9 ANTHONY THOMAS, ) ) 10 Appellant, ) ) 11 v. ) M E M O R A N D U M* ) 12 JOHN BEACH, AS TRUSTEE OF THE ) BEACH LIVING TRUST DATED ) 13 JANUARY 22, 1999, ) ) 14 Appellee. ) ______________________________) 15 Argued and Submitted on December 1, 2017 16 at Reno, Nevada 17 Filed - January 16, 2018 18 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nevada 19 Honorable Bruce T. Beesley, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding 20 _________________________ 21 Appearances: Laury Miles Macauley of Macauley Law Group, P.C. argued for appellant Anthony Thomas; Joseph Went 22 of Holland & Hart LLP argued for appellee John Beach, as Trustee of the Beach Living Trust Dated 23 January 22, 1999. 24 _________________________ 25 26 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication. 27 Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. 28 See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1. 1 Before: TIGHE,** LAFFERTY, and FARIS, Bankruptcy Judges. 2 INTRODUCTION 3 This appeal arises from a grant of summary judgment in favor 4 of plaintiff John Beach as Trustee of the Beach Living Trust 5 Dated January 22, 1999 (“Beach”). Beach made a motion for 6 summary judgment (the “Motion”) in this adversary proceeding on 7 claims under § 523(a)(2)(A)1, Nevada state law fraud, and 8 § 727(a)(4)(A). The bankruptcy court granted the Motion by order 9 entered on February 21, 2017. 10 Admittedly, debtor and defendant Anthony Thomas (“Thomas”) 11 failed to file a written response to the Motion; nevertheless, 12 the evidence introduced in support of the Motion was inadequate. 13 Specifically, Beach provided insufficient proof of the required 14 false statements, and the court’s finding of knowledge and 15 fraudulent intent must have been based, impermissibly, upon 16 material inferences drawn against the nonmoving party. We 17 therefore REVERSE and REMAND. 18 FACTS2 19 20 ** Hon. Maureen A. Tighe, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge for the Central District of California, sitting by designation. 21 1 22 Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter, section, and rule references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and 23 to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. All “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Civil 24 Procedure. 25 2 We have exercised our discretion to review the bankruptcy 26 court docket and various documents filed through the electronic docketing system. See O’Rourke v. Seaboard Sur. Co. (In re E.R. 27 Fegert, Inc.), 887 F.2d 955, 957-58 (9th Cir. 1988); Atwood v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re Atwood), 293 B.R. 227, 233 n.9 28 (continued...)

-2- 1 This case involves a $500,000 loan secured by a 23 kilogram 2 black schist stone containing a 22,500 carat emerald, known as 3 the “Thomas Emerald.” The Thomas Emerald was purchased by Thomas 4 on September 17, 2001 for $20,000 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Thomas 5 obtained a “Certificado” dated November 5, 2001, providing an 6 appraisal of the Thomas Emerald and estimating it to be worth 7 $800,000,000. A portion of the Certificado reads: 8 In my 35 years as a professional, I have never encountered anything similar, and due to its 9 uniqueness, there is nothing I can refer to in order to establish a monetary value for this rock. 10 Consequently, it is entirely up to the owner of the crystal and the party interested in purchasing it to 11 establish the crystal’s market value. 12 If I were to quote the commercial value of this stone, it would be superior to the value of the solid 13 block found in the British Museum, Great Russell Street, England WCI which measures 203 x 172 x 160 mm, 14 weighs 3,296 gr. And is worth US$ 792 million (seven- hundred, ninety-two million dollars). The specimen in 15 this report, which weighs 1,204 grams (6,020 cts) more than the rock in the British Museum, I estimate is 16 worth US$800 million (eight-hundred million dollars). 17 The Certificado is signed by a “Dimitri Paraskevopulos, Expert 18 Appraiser and Gemologist.” Thomas claims to have obtained 19 subsequent “appraisals” of the Thomas Emerald for “over 20 $200,000,000,” and a signed asset purchase agreement dated 21 February 5, 2009 for $340 million. However, no evidence of any 22 subsequent appraisals or the referenced sale, other than 23 statements by Thomas, exists in the record.3 By all accounts, 24 25 2 (...continued) 26 (9th Cir. BAP 2003). 3 27 Beach submitted an appraisal to the bankruptcy court in support of the Motion, but the court declined to admit the 28 appraisal into evidence.

-3- 1 however, the Thomas Emerald is unique and therefore very 2 difficult to value. 3 At some point between 2001 and 2013, Thomas transferred the 4 Thomas Emerald to AT Emerald, LLC, a Nevada limited liability 5 company (“AT Emerald”), with himself as the sole member. By 6 2013, Thomas became liable for $4.5 million in connection with a 7 settlement agreement with Kenmark Ventures. In order to satisfy 8 that debt in part, Thomas sought to borrow money using the Thomas 9 Emerald as collateral. 10 Thomas met Beach through Beach’s wife and her cousins. 11 Around January 17, 2013, AT Emerald executed a promissory note 12 (the “Note”) evidencing the trust’s loan to AT Emerald of 13 $500,000 at 7% interest per annum with a 1-year maturity date. 14 The Note was secured by the Thomas Emerald, as described by the 15 attached copy of the Certificado. On January 18, 2013, Beach 16 wired the $500,000 loan funds to “Wells Fargo, Beneficiary ABA 17 . . . Mr. Tony Thomas/AT Emerald Transfer.” AT Emerald never 18 made any payments to Beach under the Note.4 Beach later recorded 19 a UCC-1 financing statement. 20 21 4 At the hearing on the Motion, Thomas argued repreatedly that this was not his debt, but the debt of AT Emerald. Beyond a 22 short statement in the brief, Thomas makes no argument and cites 23 no law in this appeal that Beach sued the wrong party. Even if Thomas had adequately raised the issue in this appeal, it is 24 easily rejected. Thomas’s Schedule F (and amended Schedule F) admits that he owes a $540,000 debt to Beach. He did not mark 25 the debt as disputed, contingent, or unliquidated. Furthermore, 26 Beach filed a proof of claim against Thomas and his wife personally; no objection to that proof of claim was ever filed. 27 A claim for which a proof of claim is filed is deemed allowed unless a party in interest objects. § 502(a). Here, no party in 28 interest objected to the proof of claim filed by Beach.

-4- 1 On March 4, 2014, Thomas and his wife, Wendi Thomas,5 filed 2 a joint chapter 11 bankruptcy in the District of Nevada. 3 Simultaneously, AT Emerald filed a separate chapter 11 case in 4 the District of Nevada. On May 12, 2014, the bankruptcy court 5 ordered the two cases to be jointly administered. They were 6 later converted to chapter 7. Thomas listed as an asset in his 7 Schedule B a 100% interest in AT Emerald valued at $200,000,000 8 “based on appraisal.” AT Emerald listed in its Schedule B: 9 “[o]ne Emerald Based on Appraisal Value Exceeds $200,000,000.00.” 10 1) Valuation and Alleged Sale 11 At all times relevant, the Thomas Emerald was held at 12 Sarasota Vault in Sarasota, Florida (“Sarasota Vault”). On 13 June 20, 2014, Beach filed an Ex Parte Motion for an Order 14 Requiring the Person Most Knowledgeable of the Sarasota Vault to 15 Appear for 2004 Examination (the “Rule 2004 Examination” motion). 16 Three days later, on June 23, 2014, Thomas and AT Emerald 17 filed in their respective bankruptcy cases identical motions to 18 sell the Thomas Emerald free and clear of liens (the “Motion to 19 Sell”). Attached to the Motion to Sell was a Purchase and Sale 20 Agreement dated June 19, 2014, between AT Emerald and Koyo 21 Shipping and Trading Corporation (“Koyo Agreement”) with all 22 references to the sales price redacted. The Koyo Agreement is 23 signed by one “David Charles Clarke, Finance Director & 24 International Trustee.” While the sale price under the Koyo 25 Agreement is not known, according to the Motion it was allegedly 26 27 5 This action was dismissed as to Wendi Thomas; Debtor 28 Anthony Thomas is the only appellant.

-5- 1 “hundreds of millions of dollars.” Beach alleged that the Koyo 2 Agreement was fabricated in order to delay any inspection or 3 appraisal of the Thomas Emerald. 4 The Rule 2004 Examination was scheduled for July 10, 2014. 5 Beach received a letter on July 2 from counsel for Sarasota 6 Vault. The letter informed Beach that access to the subject box 7 at Sarasota Vault required two keys; Sarasota Vault had one key, 8 and Thomas had the other. Without Thomas’s key, the box 9 containing the Thomas Emerald could be opened only by having a 10 locksmith drill and replace the locks, for a cost of roughly 11 $200. On July 9, Beach continued the 2004 Examination.6 The 12 Motion to Sell, along with accompanying declarations, was 13 withdrawn by AT Emerald on the same day.7 14 On July 17, Beach filed a motion to compel Thomas to produce 15 the key or alternatively to authorize the drilling of the lock at 16 Sarasota Vault. At a hearing on that motion, the court ordered 17 AT Emerald and/or its principal, Thomas, to turn over the 18 Sarasota Vault key by August 1. Sometime after that hearing and 19 before August 8, Thomas contacted Beach via text message: 20 John you said you weren’t going to do anything to interfere with the sale of the Emerald I told you we 21 are in contract and the buyer doesn’t want you or anyone else to view the Emerald because he’s already 22 approved it for the purchase. The buyer said he would back out of the sale agreement if anybody interfered 23 with the sale my attorneys are going to opposed you 24 6 It is not clear if the examination was ever conducted. 25 7 26 While the Motion to Sell was withdrawn from the AT Emerald bankruptcy docket, the Motion to Sell filed by Thomas in his 27 individual bankruptcy was not withdrawn. Curiously, the Motion to Sell in Thomas’ case was granted on July 23, 2014. No sale 28 ever occurred.

-6- 1 view the Emerald today 10am o’clock. [sic] 2 A separate text stated: “[t]he emerald is sold and I’m waiting 3 for confirmation, when they will wire the funds. I don’t see 4 your point in going to Florida.” 5 On August 8, Thomas sent Beach a text message containing a 6 letter allegedly from David C. Clarke of Koyo Shipping (“Koyo 7 Letter”), the same individual who signed the original agreement. 8 The Koyo Letter stated that Koyo had entered into an agreement 9 with Thomas for the sale of the Thomas Emerald. The letter 10 further stated that Mr. Clarke and an appraiser had visited the 11 vault on July 7 to inspect the stone and had approved it for 12 sale. The letter further warned that if Beach visited the vault, 13 Koyo would either have to withdraw from the agreement or arrange 14 another inspection of the Thomas Emerald. 15 Thomas subsequently produced the key. The Sarasota Vault 16 produced a sign-in sheet for the box where the Thomas Emerald is 17 stored, which showed two entries: 1) May 23, 2008 by A. Thomas, 18 and 2) July 9, 2014 by A. Thomas. Beach cites the sign-in sheet 19 as evidence that nobody other than Thomas visited the vault, and 20 that the Koyo Letter was a “sign of desperation” after Thomas 21 failed to prevent an independent inspection of the Thomas 22 Emerald. Beach argues that the Koyo Agreement for an alleged 23 sale of the Thomas Emerald for hundreds of millions of dollars 24 was a “fantasy sale” which not only failed to materialize, but 25 that nothing was ever heard again from “David Clarke” of “Koyo 26 Shipping and Trading Corporation.” 27 2) The Adversary Action 28 Beach filed this adversary proceeding on November 24, 2014.

-7- 1 The First Amended Complaint charges that Thomas misrepresented 2 the value of the stone in obtaining the loan and that he knew 3 that the value of his interest in AT Emerald, set forth as 4 $200,000,000 in Thomas’ schedules, was not accurate. Beach 5 further argues in the Motion that Thomas’s attempts to block an 6 independent inspection of the Thomas Emerald indicate an attempt 7 to prevent the true value of the stone from being determined. 8 On January 25, 2016, Beach filed the Motion, along with a 9 Statement of Undisputed Facts as required by District of Nevada 10 Local Bankruptcy Rule 7056. Thomas, who was representing 11 himself, failed to file a written response to the Motion. 12 A hearing on the Motion was held on March 9, 2016. Thomas 13 appeared in court and was permitted to argue. Thomas’s 14 statements at the hearing on the Motion were wide-ranging. He 15 addressed the uniqueness of the Thomas Emerald and denied the 16 allegations that he had fabricated the Koyo Letter. Thomas 17 discussed the circumstances under which he obtained the Thomas 18 Emerald: 19 You know, these emeralds were a curse to me. I bought them in Brazil, you know, from people that were 20 supposed to know what they were. I went and got expert appraisals, and they ended up being worth a lot more. 21 The next thing you know, I’m losing my house and everything I got, and I did nothing wrong. I have 22 committed no fraud to nobody. [sic] 23 Our review of the bankruptcy court transcript leads us to 24 conclude that Thomas’s oral opposition was not considered in the 25 court’s ruling on the Motion. At the end of Thomas’s statement, 26 the judge stated: 27 There was a default in responding to this. I am entering judgment against Mr. Thomas. . . . Please 28 upload an order consistent with the representations

-8- 1 made and the evidence produced. 2 Judgment was entered on April 13, 2017, and Thomas timely 3 appealed. On appeal, Thomas now argues that the court did not 4 allow him to present an oral opposition or grant him a 5 continuance to file a written opposition.8 6 Lastly, Thomas argues that, whether or not he raised any 7 disputed facts at the hearing on the Motion, summary judgment 8 should not have been entered because plaintiff failed to offer 9 sufficient evidence to support the alleged claims. 10 ISSUES 11 I. Did the bankruptcy court err in granting summary 12 judgment in favor of Beach under § 523(a)(2)(A)? 13 II. Did the bankruptcy court err in granting summary 14 judgment in favor of Beach for fraud under Nevada state 15 law? 16 III. Did the bankruptcy court err in granting summary 17 judgment in favor of Beach under § 727(a)(4)(A)? 18 JURISDICTION 19 The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 20 §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(I), (J), and (O). See Dietz v. Ford 21 (In re Dietz), 469 B.R. 11, 22 (9th Cir. BAP 2012), aff’d, 22 760 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. 2014) (bankruptcy court may enter a 23 monetary judgment on a disputed state law fraud claim in the 24 course of determining that a debt is nondischargeable). We have 25 26 8 Because we determine that the decision should be reversed 27 on other grounds, we do not reach the question of whether the bankruptcy court erred in denying Thomas a continuance to file a 28 written opposition to the Motion.

-9- 1 jurisdiction over this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 158. 2 STANDARD OF REVIEW 3 We review the bankruptcy court’s granting of a summary 4 judgment motion de novo. Foster v. Double R Ranch Ass’n 5 (In re Foster), 435 B.R. 650, 655 (9th Cir. BAP 2010).9 6 DISCUSSION 7 To succeed on a summary judgment motion, the movant must 8 establish the lack of a genuine issue of material fact and 9 entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Aubrey v. Thomas 10 (In re Aubrey), 111 B.R. 268, 272 (9th Cir. BAP 1990). The 11 moving party must support its motion with credible evidence, as 12 defined in Civil Rule 56(c), which would entitle it to a directed 13 verdict if not controverted at trial. Id. If a party fails to 14 address another party’s assertion of fact, the court may consider 15 the fact undisputed for purposes of the summary judgment motion. 16 Civil Rule 56(e)(2). The court must view all the evidence in the 17 light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Barboza v. New 18 Form, Inc. (In re Barboza), 545 F.3d 702, 707 (9th Cir. 2008). 19 “Even where no evidence is presented in opposition to the motion, 20 summary judgment should not be granted if the evidence in support 21 22 9 The order granting summary judgment includes findings of 23 fact. Findings of fact on summary judgment pinpoint for the appellate court which facts are undisputed and indicate the basis 24 for summary judgment. Beach argues that because the lower court entered “findings of fact,” a clearly erroneous standard should 25 apply. This is incorrect. As stated by the 9th Circuit: “[t]hey 26 are not findings of fact in the sense that the trial court has weighed the evidence and resolved disputed factual issues. As 27 the findings are not entitled to deference upon review, the clearly erroneous standard is simply inapplicable.” Heiniger v. 28 City of Phoenix, 625 F.2d 842, 843 (9th Cir. 1980).

-10- 1 of the motion is insufficient.” Hoover v. Switlik Parachute Co., 2 663 F.2d 964, 967 (9th Cir. 1981). 3 The bankruptcy court apparently granted the motion for 4 summary judgment solely because Thomas did not file a timely 5 opposition. This was error. Under governing Ninth Circuit 6 precedent, even if a motion for summary judgment is unopposed, 7 the court must evaluate the sufficiency of the movant’s evidence. 8 Id. The bankruptcy court did not do so. As explained below, the 9 movant’s evidence was not sufficient to sustain summary judgment. 10 I. Section 523(a)(2)(A) 11 Section 523(a)(2)(A) excepts from discharge any debt “to the 12 extent obtained by false pretenses, a false representation, or 13 actual fraud, other than a statement respecting the debtor’s or 14 an insider’s financial condition.” § 523(a)(2)(A). A creditor’s 15 claim of nondischargeability based on § 523(a)(2)(A) must satisfy 16 five elements: (1) the debtor made a false statement or engaged 17 in deceptive conduct; (2) the debtor knew the representation to 18 be false; (3) the debtor made the representation with the intent 19 to deceive the creditor; (4) the creditor justifiably relied on 20 the representation; and (5) the creditor sustained damage 21 resulting from its reliance on the debtor’s representation. 22 Turtle Rock Meadows Homeowners Ass’n v. Slyman (In re Slyman), 23 234 F.3d 1081, 1085 (9th Cir. 2000). In order to avoid 24 unjustifiably impairing a debtor’s fresh start, exceptions to 25 discharge should be strictly construed against creditors and in 26 favor of debtors. Klapp v. Landsman, 706 F.2d 998, 999 (9th Cir. 27 1983). 28

-11- 1 1) False Statement or Deceptive Conduct 2 The false statement or deceptive conduct relied on in this 3 matter was an alleged representation by Thomas that the Thomas 4 Emerald could provide adequate collateral to secure the full 5 amount of the loan. Attached to the Note and security agreement 6 was a copy of the Certificado claiming the value of the Thomas 7 Emerald to be $800,000,000. Beyond the Certificado, Beach 8 provided no evidence in support of the Motion that Thomas 9 represented at the time of the loan that the loan would be fully 10 secured. The Note itself makes no such statement, nor does it 11 allege that the Certificado represents the true value of the 12 Thomas Emerald. The Certificado itself states that “it is 13 entirely up to the owner of the crystal and the party interested 14 in purchasing to establish the crystal’s market value.” To 15 establish that Thomas made a false statement, Beach relies in 16 part on Request for Admission No. 2, which states: 17 No. 2: Admit that you represented to Plaintiff that you could provide collateral to Plaintiff for loan proceeds 18 in the form of the Thomas Emerald. 19 A: Admit, Anthony Thomas represented this on behalf of AT Emerald, LLC. 20 21 This admission does not state, however, that the emerald would 22 fully secure the value of the loan.10 23 10 24 At oral argument in this appeal, Beach alleged that he had previously filed a declaration in the action in which Beach 25 declared that Thomas represented that the value of the Thomas 26 Emerald would be sufficient to completely secure repayment of the loan proceeds and that the declaration was referenced in Beach’s 27 motion for summary judgment. The panel was not able to locate any such declaration on the docket of either the adversary or 28 (continued...)

-12- 1 Even if Thomas’ statement is considered a representation 2 that the Thomas Emerald would fully secure the loan, the true 3 value of the emerald was not proven. Without an appraisal, the 4 falsity of Thomas’ representation that the loan would be fully 5 secured is a disputed material fact. 6 Even without considering Thomas’s oral statements, Beach’s 7 evidence and his argument showed that the Thomas Emerald is 8 unique and that there is “nothing like it.” Beach’s own papers 9 revealed a genuine issue of material fact regarding the falsity 10 of Thomas’ statements. 11 2) Thomas Knew the Representation to be False 12 Assuming for purposes of this element that the statement was 13 false, to prevail under § 523(a)(2)(A), it was insufficient for 14 Beach to show that Thomas knew at the time of the loan that the 15 $800,000,000 figure was a gross overvaluation; Beach must have 16 shown that Thomas knew that the value of the Thomas Emerald was 17 less than the amount of the loan. Even if Thomas believed at the 18 time of the loan that the Thomas Emerald was only worth $600,000, 19 the loan would still have been fully collateralized and therefore 20 the second element would not be satisfied. 21 In a request for admission submitted with the Motion, Thomas 22 denied that he knew that the Thomas Emerald was worth less than 23 $200,000,000, or that he misrepresented the value of the Thomas 24 Emerald to Beach in order to induce him to make the $500,000 25 loan. 26 10 27 (...continued) main bankruptcy case, nor was the panel able to locate a 28 reference to such a declaration in the Motion.

-13- 1 Beach alleges that the court can infer knowledge of the 2 falsity of Thomas’s alleged representation from the following 3 “undisputed facts”: 4 1) Thomas purchased the Thomas Emerald for $20,000 in 5 2001; 6 2) Thomas was “reduced to begging for money from Beach, 7 even though he allegedly held a valuable stone, which 8 could have been used to secure financing from a 9 traditional lending source”; 10 3) Thomas attempted to block an independent evaluation of 11 the Thomas Emerald; and 12 4) “Thomas’s production of the Koyo Letter, which 13 threatened to pull out of a proposed purchase of the 14 Thomas Emerald if anyone else looked at it.” 15 Beach asked the court to infer from the circumstances 16 surrounding the production of the Koyo Letter that there was no 17 proposed sale and that Thomas fabricated the deal and the letter 18 in order to forestall an appraisal because he knew it would 19 reveal a low value. Drawing such an inference against Thomas, 20 however, violates the requirement that, on summary judgment, the 21 court must view all the evidence in the light most favorable to 22 the nonmoving party. In re Barboza, 545 F.3d at 707. Beach 23 asked the court to draw inferences against the nonmoving party. 24 For example, Beach would like the court to infer from the 25 Sarasota Vault sign-in sheet that nobody other than Thomas 26 visited the vault. The sign-in sheet shows Thomas’ signature for 27 a date that appears to be “7/9/14,” although the “9” is difficult 28 to read. The Koyo Letter states that Mr. Clarke and his

-14- 1 appraiser visited the vault on July 7. In interrogatory No. 10, 2 Thomas states that he met with Mr. Clarke and his appraiser on 3 July 7 and they viewed the Thomas Emerald. 4 One reasonable inference from the facts in favor of the 5 nonmoving party is that Thomas visited the vault and was 6 accompanied by Mr. Clarke and an appraiser, who were simply not 7 required to sign the sign-in sheet, on either July 7 or July 9. 8 No evidence was introduced to show that the visit reflected on 9 the sign-in sheet was not the visit described in the Koyo Letter 10 and in the interrogatories. 11 In order to conclude that the Koyo Letter was a fabrication 12 intended to forestall an inspection and appraisal, the court 13 essentially had to make credibility findings against Thomas. 14 While such a conclusion could be drawn at trial, it was not 15 permissible on summary judgment. Cal. Steel & Tube v. Kaiser 16 Steel Corp., 650 F.2d 1001, 1003 (9th Cir. 1981). 17 More importantly, Beach never drew a clear connection 18 between the alleged actions surrounding the Koyo Letter and 19 Thomas’ knowledge of the Thomas Emerald’s value at the time of 20 the loan. Beach did not meet his burden of showing that Thomas 21 knew at the time the loan was made that the Thomas Emerald’s 22 value was less than the amount of the loan. 23 3) Intent to Deceive 24 Intent to deceive may be inferred from the totality of 25 circumstances. Eashai v. Eashai (In re Eashai), 87 F.3d 1082, 26 1087-88 (9th Cir. 1996). Where intent is at issue, summary 27 judgment is seldom granted; however, “summary judgment is 28 appropriate if all reasonable inferences defeat the claims of one

-15- 1 side, even where intent is at issue.” Gertsch v. Johnson & 2 Johnson, Fin. Corp. (In re Gertsch), 237 B.R. 160, 165 (9th Cir. 3 BAP 1999). 4 Beach argues that intent to deceive can be inferred from the 5 same facts as those which establish knowledge. When viewed in a 6 light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the record does not 7 establish that Thomas intended to deceive Beach. For the 8 foregoing reasons, the bankruptcy court erred in granting summary 9 judgment in favor of Beach under § 523(a)(2)(A).11 10 II. Nevada State Fraud Claim 11 Under Nevada law, plaintiff has the burden of proving each 12 and every element of a fraudulent misrepresentation claim by 13 clear and convincing evidence: (1) a false representation made by 14 defendant; (2) defendant’s knowledge or belief that its 15 representation was false or that defendant has an insufficient 16 basis of information for making the representation; (3) defendant 17 intended to induce plaintiff to act or refrain from acting upon 18 the misrepresentation; and (4) damage to plaintiff as a result of 19 relying on the misrepresentation. Barmettler v. Reno Air, Inc., 20 956 P.2d 1382, 1386 (Nev. 1998); Bulbman, Inc. v. Nev. Bell, 21 825 P.2d 588, 592 (Nev. 1992). 22 11 23 The result of this action differs from our decision in a similar action brought against Thomas by Kenmark Ventures, LLC 24 (“Kenmark case”). Thomas v. Kenmark Ventures, LLC (In re Thomas), BAP No. NV-16-1058-KuLJu, 2017 WL 1160868 (9th 25 Cir. BAP Mar. 28, 2017). The Kenmark case was decided after a 26 trial and with significant evidence that was not before the court on this summary judgment motion. Our divergent results are a 27 reflection of the differing procedural posture as well as the limited evidence in the record in this case. Also, Kenmark 28 asserted a failure to disclose argument not made here.

-16- 1 The elements of fraud under Nevada state law are essentially 2 identical to the elements of § 523(a)(2)(A); however, the state 3 law fraud claim uses a higher “clear and convincing” evidentiary 4 standard, whereas § 523(a)(2)(A) merely requires a preponderance 5 of the evidence. In re Slyman, 234 F.3d at 1085. Given the 6 similar intent requirements of the fraud claim in addition to the 7 higher evidentiary standard, summary judgment on the Nevada state 8 law fraud claim should be reversed for the same reasons as the 9 § 523(a)(2)(A) claim. 10 III. Section 727(a)(4)(A) 11 The bankruptcy court must grant a discharge to a chapter 7 12 debtor unless one of the twelve enumerated grounds in § 727(a) is 13 satisfied. Claims for denial of discharge under § 727(a) are 14 liberally construed in favor of the debtor and against the 15 objector to discharge. Khalil v. Developers Sur. & Indem. Co. 16 (In re Khalil), 379 B.R. 163, 172 (9th Cir. BAP 2007), aff’d, 17 578 F.3d 1167 (9th Cir. 2009). 18 A debtor’s discharge may be denied if the debtor “knowingly 19 and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case . . . made a 20 false oath or account.” § 727(a)(4)(A). To prevail on such a 21 claim, plaintiff must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, 22 that: “(1) the debtor made a false oath in connection with the 23 case; (2) the oath related to a material fact; (3) the oath was 24 made knowingly; and (4) the oath was made fraudulently.” Retz v. 25 Samson (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1197 (9th Cir. 2010). 26 The “knowing and fraudulent” intent standard of § 727(a)(4) 27 means that the debtor must have actual, not constructive, intent 28 in concealing records or making an omission in schedules. Fogal

-17- 1 Legware of Switzerland, Inc. v. Wills (In re Wills), 243 B.R. 58, 2 64 (9th Cir. BAP 1999). Fraudulent intent may be proved by 3 circumstantial evidence; reckless disregard combined with other 4 circumstances may support an inference of fraudulent intent. 5 Stamat v. Neary, 635 F.3d 974, 982 (7th Cir. 2011) (reckless 6 disregard shown where debtors who failed to disclose business 7 interests were highly educated and had significant business 8 experience); In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1199; Sholdra v. Chilmark 9 Fin. LLP (In re Sholdra), 249 F.3d 380, 382 (5th Cir. 2001); 10 In re Khalil, 379 B.R. at 174. Intent can be established by 11 consideration of the totality of the circumstances. Devers v. 12 Bank of Sheridan, Mont. (In re Devers), 759 F.2d 751, 753–54 (9th 13 Cir. 1985). 14 The allegedly false oath on which Beach’s claim relies is 15 the estimate of the value of Thomas’ interest listed on 16 Schedule B as “AT EMERALD, LLC 100% BASED ON APPRAISAL VALUE 17 EXCEEDS $200,000,000.” This statement is distinct from the value 18 of the Thomas Emerald itself, which is valued in AT Emerald’s 19 separate bankruptcy case.12 Beach failed to submit any evidence 20 that this valuation of the Thomas Emerald was false or that 21 Thomas made the statement with knowledge of its falsity or with 22 fraudulent intent. 23 12 24 Thomas correctly points out that Beach’s statement of undisputed facts in support of the Motion attached and referenced 25 only the value of the Thomas Emerald in the AT Emerald case and 26 did not include the schedules of Thomas’s personal bankruptcy. Thomas claims that the failure to attach the schedules to the 27 Motion is a fatal flaw because no evidence was presented of a false oath; however, as noted previously, the panel has exercised 28 its discretion to review the schedules filed on the docket.

-18- 1 Beach’s argument regarding the “false oath” element of 2 § 727(a)(4)(A) depends on the court believing Beach’s assertion 3 that Thomas’s valuation of the Thomas Emerald was “not based in 4 reality” or “fantastical.” There is no evidence in the record as 5 to the value of the Thomas Emerald other than the purchase price 6 of $20,000 and the $800,000,000 Certificado appraisal, both of 7 which date from roughly the same time. The only appraisal on the 8 record far exceeds the scheduled value of the asset. Viewing the 9 evidence in this record in favor of the nonmoving party, Thomas 10 could have reasonably based his estimate on the Certificado. 11 Beach failed to establish that Thomas knowingly and 12 fraudulently misrepresented the value of the Thomas Emerald in 13 his bankruptcy schedules. 14 CONCLUSION 15 For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the bankruptcy 16 court’s determination on summary judgment as to § 523(a)(2)(A), 17 § 727(a)(4)(A), and the Nevada state law fraud claim and REMAND 18 the case for further proceedings. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

-19-