OPINION AND ORDER
Before JOHN MINOR WISDOM, Chairman, and EDWARD WEINFELD, EDWIN A. ROBSON, WILLIAM H. BECKER,
JOSEPH S. LORD, III
, STANLEY A. WEIGEL, and ANDREW A. CAFFREY, Judges of the Panel.
PER CURIAM.
This litigation consists of four actions pending in two federal districts:
Merton
in the Central District of California, and
Gold-stein, Elfenbein
and
Chekares
in the Southern District of New York.
Merton
was filed in the Central District of California in early 1973 as a class action on behalf of certain holders of $40 common stock purchase warrants of National General Corporation (NGC). On April 30, 1975, the class was certified to consist of all persons who purchased NGC’s $40 warrants prior to January 10, 1973, and who sold the warrants before January 23, 1973.
Named as defendants in
Merton
are NGC, two of its former directors and officers, and American Financial Corporation (AFC). Plaintiffs charge that defendants violated the federal securities laws and breached a fiduciary duty owed to members of the class because of false and misleading representations and omissions of material facts in various statements made in 1972 and 1973. The complaint alleges that defendants' fraudulent course of conduct culminated on January 23, 1973, with a tender offer by AFC to acquire all of NGC’s outstanding $40 warrants.
Discovery has been completed in
Merton,
and a comprehensive pretrial order has been entered. Trial is scheduled to commence on September 13, 1977.
Goldstein
was commenced in the Southern District of New York in May 1976 as a class action against the defendants involved
in'Merton,
various officers and directors of AFC and an investment company that allegedly was a controlling person of NGC. In January 1977, a class was certified in
Goldstein
comprised of all persons who held NGC’s warrants on January 10, 1973, and who sold the warrants on the open market at a loss between January 24, 1973, and March 14,1974. The complaint in
Goldstein
alleges that defendants violated the federal securities statutes and the common law because of many of the same material omissions and false statements that are alleged in the
Merton
complaint. The
Goldstein
complaint, however, includes events that occurred after January 23, 1973, the cut-off date in the
Merton
complaint.
Alleging that
Merton
and
Goldstein
share numerous common questions of fact and law, defendants in
Goldstein
moved the Honorable Henry F. Werker, to whom
Gold-stein
has been assigned, for an order transferring
Goldstein
to the Central District of California pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). In denying this motion, Judge Werker held that:
[T]he
Merton
action is on the verge of trial, a comprehensive pretrial order having been entered and discovery having been completed. Thus, the benefits of coordinated discovery could not here be achieved by a transfer of
[Goldstein
] to California. Moreover, it seems obvious that consolidation of
Goldstein
with
Merton
is highly questionable because of the inevitable delay to the
Merton
plaintiffs and the prejudice to the
Goldstein
plaintiffs in having to suddenly be prepared for trial. Thus, two trials would probably result in that district and no interest in judicial economy will have been served.
Goldstein, et al. v. American Financial Corp., et al.,
at 4, No. 76 Civ. 2009 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 19, 1976).
Both
Elfenbein
and
Chekares
are also pending in the Southern District of New York before Judge Werker. All defendants in these two actions are also named as defendants in
Goldstein.
Except for the class action allegations, the complaints in
Elfenbein
and
Chekares
are virtually identical and allege that in 1972 AFC commenced a fraudulent course of conduct in order to gain complete ownership of NGC. This course of conduct allegedly culminated when AFC falsely claimed ownership of 93 percent of NGC’s common stock and effectuated a statutory short form merger on March 14, 1974.
Elfenbein
has been certified as a class action on behalf of stockholders of NGC and holders of NGC’s 4 percent convertible debentures who received AFC’s 9V2 percent non-convertible debentures in exchange for their NGC holdings pursuant to the terms of the merger of NGC into AFC.
Chekares
is brought on behalf of a class of owners of NGC’s $40 warrants who continued to hold the warrants on the date of the merger. No class determination has been made in
Chekares.
The defendants in this litigation originally moved the Panel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407 to transfer
Goldstein
to the Central District of California for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings with
Merton.
Plaintiffs in each of the four actions before the Panel, however, subsequently moved the Panel to transfer
Merton
to the Southern District of New York for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings with the three actions pending there.
Although we recognize the existence of common questions of fact in
Merton, Goldstein, Elfenbein
and
Chekares,
we have concluded that the inclusion of
Merton
in Section 1407 proceedings would not serve the convenience of the parties or witnesses or promote the just and efficient conduct of the litigation. And since the other three actions are already pending in a single district, we deny the motions.
Defendants argue that the complaints in
Goldstein
and
Merton
raise virtually identical questions of law and fact. The only difference between these two actions, they
contend, is that
Merton
seeks damages on behalf of purchasers of NGC warrants who sold the warrants prior to January 23,1973, whereas
Goldstein
seeks damages on behalf of holders of the same warrants who sold the warrants after that date. Transfer pursuant to Section 1407 is necessary, these defendants maintain, in order to avoid du-plicative discovery and the possibility of inconsistent class determinations and other pretrial rulings.
Defendants contend that
Merton
and
Goldstein
do not share significant common questions of fact with
Elfenbein
and
Che-kares.
They argue that the majority of the wrongful acts alleged in the
Elfenbein
and
Chekares
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OPINION AND ORDER
Before JOHN MINOR WISDOM, Chairman, and EDWARD WEINFELD, EDWIN A. ROBSON, WILLIAM H. BECKER,
JOSEPH S. LORD, III
, STANLEY A. WEIGEL, and ANDREW A. CAFFREY, Judges of the Panel.
PER CURIAM.
This litigation consists of four actions pending in two federal districts:
Merton
in the Central District of California, and
Gold-stein, Elfenbein
and
Chekares
in the Southern District of New York.
Merton
was filed in the Central District of California in early 1973 as a class action on behalf of certain holders of $40 common stock purchase warrants of National General Corporation (NGC). On April 30, 1975, the class was certified to consist of all persons who purchased NGC’s $40 warrants prior to January 10, 1973, and who sold the warrants before January 23, 1973.
Named as defendants in
Merton
are NGC, two of its former directors and officers, and American Financial Corporation (AFC). Plaintiffs charge that defendants violated the federal securities laws and breached a fiduciary duty owed to members of the class because of false and misleading representations and omissions of material facts in various statements made in 1972 and 1973. The complaint alleges that defendants' fraudulent course of conduct culminated on January 23, 1973, with a tender offer by AFC to acquire all of NGC’s outstanding $40 warrants.
Discovery has been completed in
Merton,
and a comprehensive pretrial order has been entered. Trial is scheduled to commence on September 13, 1977.
Goldstein
was commenced in the Southern District of New York in May 1976 as a class action against the defendants involved
in'Merton,
various officers and directors of AFC and an investment company that allegedly was a controlling person of NGC. In January 1977, a class was certified in
Goldstein
comprised of all persons who held NGC’s warrants on January 10, 1973, and who sold the warrants on the open market at a loss between January 24, 1973, and March 14,1974. The complaint in
Goldstein
alleges that defendants violated the federal securities statutes and the common law because of many of the same material omissions and false statements that are alleged in the
Merton
complaint. The
Goldstein
complaint, however, includes events that occurred after January 23, 1973, the cut-off date in the
Merton
complaint.
Alleging that
Merton
and
Goldstein
share numerous common questions of fact and law, defendants in
Goldstein
moved the Honorable Henry F. Werker, to whom
Gold-stein
has been assigned, for an order transferring
Goldstein
to the Central District of California pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). In denying this motion, Judge Werker held that:
[T]he
Merton
action is on the verge of trial, a comprehensive pretrial order having been entered and discovery having been completed. Thus, the benefits of coordinated discovery could not here be achieved by a transfer of
[Goldstein
] to California. Moreover, it seems obvious that consolidation of
Goldstein
with
Merton
is highly questionable because of the inevitable delay to the
Merton
plaintiffs and the prejudice to the
Goldstein
plaintiffs in having to suddenly be prepared for trial. Thus, two trials would probably result in that district and no interest in judicial economy will have been served.
Goldstein, et al. v. American Financial Corp., et al.,
at 4, No. 76 Civ. 2009 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 19, 1976).
Both
Elfenbein
and
Chekares
are also pending in the Southern District of New York before Judge Werker. All defendants in these two actions are also named as defendants in
Goldstein.
Except for the class action allegations, the complaints in
Elfenbein
and
Chekares
are virtually identical and allege that in 1972 AFC commenced a fraudulent course of conduct in order to gain complete ownership of NGC. This course of conduct allegedly culminated when AFC falsely claimed ownership of 93 percent of NGC’s common stock and effectuated a statutory short form merger on March 14, 1974.
Elfenbein
has been certified as a class action on behalf of stockholders of NGC and holders of NGC’s 4 percent convertible debentures who received AFC’s 9V2 percent non-convertible debentures in exchange for their NGC holdings pursuant to the terms of the merger of NGC into AFC.
Chekares
is brought on behalf of a class of owners of NGC’s $40 warrants who continued to hold the warrants on the date of the merger. No class determination has been made in
Chekares.
The defendants in this litigation originally moved the Panel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407 to transfer
Goldstein
to the Central District of California for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings with
Merton.
Plaintiffs in each of the four actions before the Panel, however, subsequently moved the Panel to transfer
Merton
to the Southern District of New York for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings with the three actions pending there.
Although we recognize the existence of common questions of fact in
Merton, Goldstein, Elfenbein
and
Chekares,
we have concluded that the inclusion of
Merton
in Section 1407 proceedings would not serve the convenience of the parties or witnesses or promote the just and efficient conduct of the litigation. And since the other three actions are already pending in a single district, we deny the motions.
Defendants argue that the complaints in
Goldstein
and
Merton
raise virtually identical questions of law and fact. The only difference between these two actions, they
contend, is that
Merton
seeks damages on behalf of purchasers of NGC warrants who sold the warrants prior to January 23,1973, whereas
Goldstein
seeks damages on behalf of holders of the same warrants who sold the warrants after that date. Transfer pursuant to Section 1407 is necessary, these defendants maintain, in order to avoid du-plicative discovery and the possibility of inconsistent class determinations and other pretrial rulings.
Defendants contend that
Merton
and
Goldstein
do not share significant common questions of fact with
Elfenbein
and
Che-kares.
They argue that the majority of the wrongful acts alleged in the
Elfenbein
and
Chekares
complaints arise out of the merger of NGC into AFC, which took place more than one year after the alleged violations in
Merton
and
Goldstein.
All plaintiffs, on the other hand, argue that these four actions share numerous questions of fact arising out of the common core of this litigation: the concerted and continuing course of conduct by defendants, from late 1972 to March 1974, to obtain control of NGC for AFC at an artificially depressed price.
In his decision denying the transfer of
Goldstein
to the Central District of California pursuant to Section 1404(a), Judge Werker characterized the relationship of
Merton
and
Goldstein
to
Elfenbein
and
Che-kares
as follows:
Although decision on this issue is premature at this point, it is possible that
Goldstein
could be consolidated for trial at least with respect to certain common issues with
Elfenbein
and
Chekares.
Although the
Elfenbein
and
Chekares
actions . . . are based in part on events subsequent to those which serve as the basis for
Goldstein,
the allegation that [AFC] sought to obtain complete ownership of [NGC] by fraudulent means is common to all three actions. . The defendants’ claim that the
Goldstein
and
Merton
actions are intimately related and are different from the
Elfenbein
and
Chekares
actions while accurate from one perspective, fails to consider in the nature of the relationship of
Chekares
to
Gold-stein.
The classes represented in
Gold-stein
and
Merton
were the owners of warrants who sold them in contiguous time spans.
Goldstein,
however, bears the same relationship to
Chekares
as it does to
Merton. Chekares
covers the class of those who continued to hold the warrants up to the date of the merger in March of 1974, and thus covers the time span subsequent to that covered by
Gold-stein.
Moreover, all four suits bear a strong resemblance to one another in that they arose out of the alleged fraudulent scheme by which [AFC] ultimately took over [NGC].
Goldstein, supra,
at 5-6.
We agree with Judge Werker’s analysis of the factual issues involved in this litigation. And, while the prior denial of a Section 1404(a) transfer is not dispositive of a Section 1407 motion because of the different considerations that underlie these two statutes,
see In re Air Crash Disaster at Toronto International Airport on July 5, 1970,
346 F.Supp. 533 (Jud.Pan.Mult.Lit. 1972), and
see also In re Aviation Products Liability Litigation,
347 F.Supp. 1401, 1404 (Jud.Pan.Mult.Lit.1972), in the litigation now before us we further agree with Judge Werker’s conclusion that
Merton,
wherein discovery has been completed and trial is imminent, should be left alone to proceed to trial as expeditiously as possible.
See
p. 1223
supra.
In contrast to the advanced stage of
Merton,
at the Panel hearing on this matter counsel for plaintiffs in
Gold-stein
estimated that discovery in
Goldstein, Elfenbein
and
Chekares
would continue until early or mid 1978. Transcript at 33. Thus, including
Merton
in Section 1407 proceedings with any or all of the New York actions is clearly inappropriate. See
In re Celotex Corp. “Technifoam” Products Liability Litigation,
68 F.R.D. 502, 505 (Jud.Pan.Mult.Lit.1975).
Moreover, we envision no possibility of duplicative discovery in
Merton
and the three New York actions. At the Panel hearing counsel for all parties stipulated that all discovery in
Merton
would be deemed applicable to
Goldstein.
Transcript
at 29-33. And since the three New York actions are already before a single judge, he can easily take appropriate steps to ensure that the discovery in
Merton
may be made applicable to
Elfenbein
and
Chekares
as well.
Cf. Manual for Complex Litigation,
Parts I and II, § 3.11 (rev. ed. 1973). We also observe that there no longer appears to be any danger of conflicting class certifications in this litigation. Non-overlapping classes already have been certified in
Gold-stein, Elfenbein
and
Merton,
and a wholly distinct class is alleged in
Chekares.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the motions for transfer pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407 pertaining to the actions listed on the following Schedule A be, and the same hereby are, DENIED.
SCHEDULE A
Central District of California
Civil Action No.
Robert Cox Merton, etc. v. 73-194-RJK American Financial Corp., et al.
Southern District of New York
Max and Florence L. Goldstein, etc. 76-Civ-2009 v. American Financial Corp., et al.
Ira Elfenbein, etc. v. American 75-Civ-3595 Financial Corp., et al.
Gus Chekares, etc. v. American 76-Civ-2377 Financial Corp., et al.