In re Adoption of F.F.L.

2024 Ohio 1901

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: May 16, 2024
• Docket: 2023-CA-61
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as In re Adoption of F.F.L., 2024-Ohio-1901.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT GREENE COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF THE ADOPTION : OF: F.F.L. : : C.A. No. 2023-CA-61 : : Trial Court Case No. 11414AD : : (Appeal from Common Pleas Court- : Probate Division) : :

...........

OPINION

Rendered on May 16, 2024

SUSAN GARNER EISENMAN and MICHAEL R. VOORHEES, Attorneys for Appellants

CHRISTOPHER D. CLARK, Attorney for Appellee

.............

HUFFMAN, J.

{¶ 1} Petitioners M.G.L. and A.C.L. appeal from a judgment of the Greene County

Probate Court dismissing their petition to adopt F.F.L. The court found that Petitioners

had failed to sustain their burden to establish by clear and convincing evidence that the

consent of the child’s putative father, R.D., was not required. Insofar as R.D. refused to -2-

consent, the probate court dismissed the petition for adoption.

{¶ 2} For the reasons stated below, we affirm the judgment of the trial court finding

that R.D.’s consent to the adoption was required.

Facts and Procedural History

{¶ 3} On December 12, 2022, prior to F.F.L.’s birth, R.D. completed an Ohio

Putative Father Registry Application, which entitled him to notice of any adoption

proceeding involving the child. The application informed putative fathers that

completing the form was not enough to protect the right to be a legal father of the child

identified on this form and provided contact information for the Office of Child Support

Enforcement for “further information on filing a parentage action form.”

{¶ 4} F.F.L. was born in January 2023. R.D. and V.M., F.F.L.’s biological mother,

were never married, and R.D. was not identified on the birth certificate. V.M. surrendered

F.F.L. to the permanent custody of Adoption Link, Inc., an adoption agency, a few days

after birth. The surrender form indicated that V.M. was “not prepared to parent this child”

and that she chose Petitioners to raise F.F.L. in an open adoption. F.F.L. was placed in

Petitioners’ home on the same day by Adoption Link.

{¶ 5} Adoption Link requested a search of the Ohio Putative Father Registry and

filed a Consent to Adoption form on February 7, 2023. Petitioners also filed a Petition

for Adoption of Minor on February 7, 2023. In their petition, Petitioners indicated that

R.D.’s consent to the adoption was not required pursuant to R.C. 3107.07, because V.M.

had entered into a voluntary permanent surrender agreement with Adoption Link and 1) -3-

R.D. was not the father of F.F.L.; 2) R.D. had willfully abandoned or failed to care for and

support F.F.L.; 3) R.D. had willfully abandoned V.M. during her pregnancy and up to the

time of her surrender of F.F.L. or her placement with Petitioners; and 4) V.M. had a

constitutional right to place F.F.L. for adoption.

{¶ 6} A notice of hearing on the petition for adoption was issued to R.D. on

February 7, 2023. The notice stated:

A FINAL DECREE OF ADOPTION, IF GRANTED, WILL RELIEVE YOU OF

ALL PARENTAL RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES, INCLUDING THE

RIGHT TO CONTACT THE MINOR, AND, EXCEPT WITH THE RESPECT

TO A SPOUSE OF THE ADOPTION PETITIONER AND RELATIVES OF

THAT SPOUSE, TERMINATE ALL LEGAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN

THE MINOR AND YOU AND THE MINOR’S OTHER RELATIVES, SO

THAT THE MINOR THEREAFTER IS A STRANGER TO YOU AND THE

MINOR’S FORMER RELATIVES FOR ALL PURPOSES. IF YOU WISH

TO CONTEST THE ADOPTION, YOU MUST FILE AN OBJECTION TO

THE PETITION WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS AFTER PROOF OF SERVICE

OF NOTICE OF THE FILING OF THE PETITION AND OF THE TIME AND

PLACE OF HEARING IS GIVEN TO YOU. IF YOU WISH TO CONTEST

THE ADOPTION, YOU MUST ALSO APPEAR AT THE HEARING. A

FINAL DECREE OF ADOPTION MAY BE ENTERED IF YOU FAIL TO FILE

AN OBJECTION TO THE ADOPTION PETITION OR APPEAR AT THE

HEARING. -4-

{¶ 7} On February 13, 2023, R.D. filed an Objection to Adoption. On February 22,

2023, the probate court continued the scheduled hearing on the adoption petition and set

the matter for a pretrial conference, at which time it would determine a date for

consideration of whether R.D.’s consent for the adoption was required. The consent

hearing occurred August 29, 2023. After the hearing, the court ordered the parties to

submit post-trial briefs, and they did so. On October 19, 2023, the court found that R.D.’s

consent was required; in light of R.D.’s refusal to consent, the court dismissed the

adoption petition.

{¶ 8} Petitioners appeal and have filed a brief. R.D. did not file a responsive brief.

The Ohio Adoption Law Roundtable (“Roundtable”), an association of attorneys focused

on adoption law, filed an amicus brief in support of Petitioners.

Assignments of Error and Analysis

{¶ 9} Petitioners assert four assignments of error on appeal, which we will consider

together. They are as follows:

R.D. WILLFULLY ABANDONED V.M. DURING HER PREGNANCY,

UP TO THE TIME OF THE AGENCY SURRENDER. PER R.C.

§3107.07(B)(2)(c) R.D.’S CONSENT TO F.F.L’S ADOPTION SHOULD

NOT BE REQUIRED. THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDING TO THE

CONTRARY WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE

EVIDENCE AND OHIO LAW AND IS A MISCONSTRUCTION OF R.C.

§ 3107.07(B)(2)(c).

R.D. HAS WILLFULLY FAILED TO SUPPORT F.F.L. OVER THE -5-

TWELVE MONTHS SINCE HER BIRTH. THEREFORE, HIS CONSENT

TO THE ADOPTION IS NOT REQUIRED. THE TRIAL COURT’S

FINDING TO THE CONTRARY IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF

THE EVIDENCE AND OHIO LAW AND IS AN IMPROPER JUDICIAL

MISCONSTRUCTION OF R.C. § 3107.07(B)(2)(b).

THE TRIAL COURT DECISION VIOLATES THE OHIO REVISED

CODE’S RULES OF CONSTRUCTION (CHAPTER 1). THE DECISION IS

BASED UPON THE JUDGE[’]S PERSONAL SENSE OF “FAIRNESS,”

IGNORES THE STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION RULES AND THE

ORDINARY MEANING OF THE WORDS, FAILS TO CONSIDER

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY, THE OBJECT SOUGHT, AND THE

CONSEQUENCES OF INTERPRETATION. IT RENDERS R.C.

§ 3107.07(B) INEFFECTIVE AND VIOLATES R.C. §1.49.

THE RECORD AND DECISION BELOW DEMONSTRATE THAT

THE TRIAL COURT LOST ITS WAY IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE CASE.

THE TRIAL COURT’S DECISION SHOULD BE REVERSED.

{¶ 10} In their first assignment of error, Petitioners argue that R.D. made “a

conscious choice” to cease communicating with V.M. for the last five months of her

pregnancy. They assert that if R.D. had taken steps to establish paternity, it would have

stopped any adoption plan prior to surrender of the child, and that R.D. was on notice that

there were ways to establish paternity when he applied for inclusion on the putative father

registry. Petitioners assert that R.D.’s actions in choosing to “fight” the adoption and to -6-

establish “a career which he believed would aid him in gaining custody” of the baby

focused his attention on fighting with V.M. rather than assisting her. As an example,

Petitioners assert that R.D. purchased a Pak’n Play for his own apartment and did not

make V.M. aware of the purchase, such that V.M. and F.F.L. did not benefit from the

purchase. According to Petitioners, because R.D. did not attempt to locate V.M., he

cannot legitimately complain about the difficulty in getting support to her. They assert

that R.D.’s belief that V.M. would reject his support was “mere speculation.”

{¶ 11} In their second assignment of error, Petitioners argue that they provided

financially and emotionally for V.M. during her pregnancy and for F.F.L. throughout her

life. They argue that R.D. had a duty to F.F.L. from the time of her birth which “did not

abate” because F.F.L. was in the custody of Petitioners. They argue that, where there

has been a willful failure to provide support or an abandonment, a parent’s consent to an

adoption is not required. Petitioners cite In re Adoption of Hart, 62 Ohio App.3d 544, 577

N.E.2d 77, (6th Dist.1989), for a definition of “willful” and contend that the probate court

abused its discretion in “create[ing] its own more expansive definition,” which required

proof that R.D. failed to support the child “with the intention to never again provide support

[for] or be associated with” her. Petitioners argue that the court viewed willfulness as

a state of mind, but there was no evidence as to R.D.’s state of mind because this was

not a “statutory requirement.” They argue that examples of a putative father’s non-willful

failure to provide support would include a documented inability to work, a lack of

resources, and a lack of knowledge of pregnancy.

{¶ 12} In their third assignment of error, Petitioners assert that the probate court -7-

added requirements to the common meanings of the words “willful” and ”abandon.” In

their fourth assignment of error, Petitioners argue that the probate court erroneously

admitted text messages sent by M.D. based on the testimony of the purported sender,

M.D., without confirming that the messages were received. They argue that there was

“no evidence as to R.D.’s intent to raise this child,” and the probate court’s finding to the

contrary demonstrates that the court lost its way.

{¶ 13} The Ohio Adoption Law Roundtable (“Roundtable”) argues in its brief that

the probate court erroneously added “intention” and “fairness” to the clear and

unambiguous language of the statute, which wrongfully elevated R.D.’s rights as a

putative father above those of a legal parent, and “went to extremes” to excuse R.D.’s

neglect of his duties. The Roundtable also asserts that the intent of the General

Assembly in enacting the Ohio Putative Father Registry in 1996 and in subsequently

reducing the registration timeframe was to require significantly more action by a putative

father “than mere registration and objection.” The Roundtable asserts that R.D. “exerted

virtually no effort or action for 7½ months” and that pursuing litigation was not enough.

The Consent Hearing

{¶ 14} V.M., R.D., and M.D. (R.D.’s mother) testified at the consent hearing.

{¶ 15} V.M. testified that she was born in 2005. She and R.D. went to the same

high school and subsequently developed a relationship that led to them “hanging out”

together. V.M. was 16 years old when she learned she was pregnant in May 2022. R.D.

was present when she took the pregnancy test and accompanied V.M. to her first

ultrasound appointment. According to V.M., their relationship “was not the best,” and -8-

she told R.D. that she no longer wanted to be in a relationship with him and wanted time

to think about what she was going to do about the pregnancy. V.M. wanted the child to

have a better life than V.M. could provide for her. V.M. told R.D. she was considering an

open adoption, and “he said no.” V.M. then told R.D. that she “didn’t want contact

anymore, at least for a while to think about everything.” Contact between R.D. and V.M.

ceased at the end of the summer of 2022. According to V.M., R.D. did not attempt to

have any contact with her during the fall and up until F.F.L.’s birth.

{¶ 16} While looking into the adoption process, V.M. met Petitioners, liked them,

and stayed in close contact with them through her pregnancy. V.M. went into labor about

six weeks early, and Petitioners were present at the hospital for F.F.L.’s birth. V.M. felt

that R.D. had failed to provide financial or emotional support for her, and she did not

believe that he accepted responsibility for her during the pregnancy. V.M. had no contact

with R.D. after F.F.L.’s birth.

{¶ 17} On cross-examination, V.M. testified that there was no doubt that R.D. was

F.F.L.’s father. She acknowledged that her mother had threatened R.D. with a

restraining order if he did not stop contacting V.M. during the pregnancy. V.M. testified

that R.D. had not advised her that he had purchased baby supplies for the baby, but his

mother bought one outfit. V.M. acknowledged that R.D.’s lack of contact with her could

have been based on her own preference and the threat of a protection order. She did

not inform R.D. of F.F.L.’s location after the baby was born and stated that she did not

have his number. On redirect examination, V.M. stated that she wanted no contact with

R.D. because she had not been happy in their “very toxic relationship.” She did not -9-

believe that R.D. would have taken any responsibility for her during her pregnancy if she

had resumed contact with him.

{¶ 18} R.D. was first called as on cross-examination by Petitioners. He stated that

he was born in July 2003 and had lived with his girlfriend in Medway for three or four

months at the time of the hearing. Prior to that, R.D. had lived in Xenia with his older

brother. R.D. was a union ironworker and had been laid off the previous Friday from a

bridge project. Previously, R.D. had worked at Wright Patterson Airforce Base as an

iron worker for a month and a half; he stated that, depending on the job, he might work

for six months at a time or just a few days.

{¶ 19} According to R.D., after he told V.M. that he did not want the baby to be

placed for adoption, she did not advise him of any further plans for the baby. With

respect to providing financial support during her pregnancy, R.D. stated that he “was only

with her during the pregnancy for maybe a month, month-and-a-half or so - - and it was

still kind of fresh.” R.D. had been working on starting his career as an ironworker at the

time. He acknowledged that he did not provide financial support or commence an action

in juvenile court regarding his parentage of the child. R.D. testified that he did attempt

to provide support, noting that he bought a new Pak’n Play and newborn-size diapers; he

also had toys from family members and a bag of clothes from his cousin at his brother's

home. R.D. had been aware of Adoption Link, Inc.’s involvement early in the process.

{¶ 20} R.D. testified that he sent text messages to V.M. and her father about

delivering the baby supplies but never received a response, and he had no way of giving

the supplies to the child because he didn’t know where the child was. According to R.D., -10-

he contacted Adoption Link, Inc. and was told F.F.L. had been placed with a family, and

he did not know where to send the stuff. He also recalled V.M.’s threat to take legal

action against him. R.D. did not purchase any more items because he did not know the

child’s size. R.D. acknowledged that Petitioners had provided all the care and support

for F.F.L. since her birth.

{¶ 21} R.D. testified that, from early in the pregnancy, his relationship with V.M.

“wasn’t really working out,” she didn’t want contact with him, and he did not know what

her plan was for the baby. She told him she was not ready to be a mom, and he

encouraged her to “sign [her] rights over.” V.M. did not want to do that, and R.D. felt that

she was “trying to hold the kid against [him]. So she went and did her own thing with it,”

which he felt was unfair. R.D. stated that he thought it “should be a 50/50 thing,” but

V.M. took all the responsibility and then did her own thing without further discussion with

him. “It was a closed case with her.”

{¶ 22} R.D. testified that, during the early months of the pregnancy, he had

checked on V.M., asked about her appointments and how she was feeling, whether the

baby was moving, and whether she knew the gender. He did not get answers. After

the summer, when they had stopped talking, he testified that V.M. wouldn’t let him do

anything, wouldn’t talk to him, and threatened him with legal action. He then stopped

coming around. R.D. stated that V.M. moved and he did not know where she went, and

she told him that she had changed her number. When he tried to call her, a message

stated that the number he knew to be hers was unavailable.

{¶ 23} R.D. further testified that he believed he should have “superior” rights to -11-

V.M. with respect to the child because he could provide for the child, and she couldn’t,

which was the reason she had not wanted to keep the child. But he acknowledged that

he had not provided for F.F.L. so far.

{¶ 24} On direct examination, R.D. testified that he stayed with V.M. the first two

nights after they found out that she was pregnant and “then I supported her.” V.M.’s

mother had talked to her about getting an abortion, and V.M. did not want to do that. R.D.

testified that he “gave her space” but still texted her and tried to call her, and they would

talk. R.D. recounted that V.M. “was going through all types of different emotions because

it was something scary and she was young.” R.D. testified that he had also been “a little

scared” but had tried to support her.

{¶ 25} R.D. testified that V.M. did not know what to do, stopped giving him

information, was scared, and listened more to her parents, which he understood because

she was young. When V.M. suggested adoption, R.D. stated that he did not want to do

that and encouraged her to sign her rights over to him if she did not want to be a parent,

but V.M. refused. By the end of July, he and V.M. were barely speaking.

{¶ 26} After he accompanied V.M. to her first ultrasound appointment, V.M. never

contacted R.D. regarding the baby, advised him of her doctor appointments, or tried to

include him in anything; V.M. learned the gender of the baby but wouldn’t tell him or share

other information. R.D. eventually learned the baby’s gender from V.M.’s father.

{¶ 27} R.D. testified that, as the pregnancy went on:

I started buying diapers for her just so I could prepare before [the

baby] did come just so I could have less worries so I could have - - be -12-

prepared. She’d have clothes to lay in when she was born, stuff like that.

I bought her a brand new Pak’n Play so you could take her home.

* * * I bought a baby watch for her, bought a couple clothes, some toys,

told [V.M.] all of that. She didn’t really seem like she was interested. I

know my mom bought her * * * an outfit. [V.M.] threw that away * * * threw

the baby clothes away that my mom bought her * * *.

So then at that point, I didn’t want to take anything over there

because I didn’t know if she was going to throw it away * * *.

{¶ 28} At the hearing, R.D. identified a text message exchange between him and

V.M. from the beginning of August 2022, in which he asked about V.M. and the baby.

V.M. responded, “Stop texting me if you need to know sum [sic] you’ll know.” R.D. also

identified a text message he received from V.M.’s mother in September 2022. It stated,

“[R.D.] this is [V.M.’s] mother. Do not text her, message or try to contact her in anyway

[sic]. She does not want to [have] any contact with you at this time. If you cannot

respect her wishes we will take the next step legally.”

{¶ 29} R.D. identified photos of the Pak’n Play he had purchased, multiple large

packages of diapers, and containers of baby wipes. When asked why he stopped trying

to provide for the baby, R.D. indicated that V.M. had blocked contact with her, and he

“didn’t want to * * * get involved with the legal situation over” his attempts at contact. R.D.

further testified that he stopped messaging V.M. because he did not want to “get put in a

situation” where he could not “fight for” F.F.L. like he was at the hearing.

{¶ 30} M.D., R.D.’s mother, denied that R.D. failed to maintain contact with V.M. -13-

during the pregnancy. She testified that she and R.D. had accompanied V.M. to her first

ultrasound appointment, and R.D. had advised V.M. that he wanted to be informed when

she learned the gender of the child. According to M.D., R.D. repeatedly asked for

information about the baby, and V.M. told him each time that she did not have any

information. Around August 12, 2022, M.D. text-messaged V.M. about the baby but did

not get a response; she then text-messaged V.M.’s father to ask about how the pregnancy

was progressing and about the baby. V.M.’s father responded the next day and advised

M.D. that the baby was a girl and that V.M. was still in favor of adoption. M.D. advised

V.M.’s father that R.D. and V.M. “need[ed] to sit down and talk to each other and respect

each other, because it’s no longer about them, it’s about the baby * * * and what they feel

is best for that child.” M.D. received no further updates about V.M. or the baby.

Petitioners objected to M.D.’s testimony, but the court found that M.D.’s testimony was

relevant in that it corroborated R.D.’s testimony about attempts to stay in contact with

V.M.

{¶ 31} In November 2022, M.D. sent V.M. a photograph of the baby items that R.D.

had purchased for the baby and advised her that R.D. “has been providing and trying to

get things in order for the baby.” M.D. offered to meet V.M. somewhere to give her the

items or to drop them off at her home, telling her, “I just want to assure you that he is

trying and he has been trying, but you’re not responding to us.” M.D. never received a

response from V.M. M.D. identified text messages she sent on August 12, 2022,

September 4, 2022, and November 3, 2022, seeking information about the baby. The

November 3, 2022 message to V.M. stated in part: “Look I just wanted to let you know -14-

that [R.D.] has been buying stuff for the baby all along. Do u want him to drop it off on

the porch or meet u to give it to u or what? I have outfits and stuff for her too. Not trying

to cause drama or anything I just wanted you to know that [R.D.] does and has always

wanted this baby and he has been trying to prepare for her.”

The Probate Court’s Findings

{¶ 32} The probate court concluded that R.D.’s consent to Petitioners’ adoption of

F.F.L. was required. The court described the evidence presented in the case as

“surprisingly sparse,” noting that much of the questioning was unrelated to the actual

elements necessary to prove an exception to the requirement of the putative father’s

consent under Ohio law. The court found that none of the evidence was “disputed in any

material way, so the story of this case is relatively clear.”

{¶ 33} The court observed that no evidence was presented to dispute that R.D.

was F.F.L.’s biological father. The court found that a series of text messages between

V.M. and R.D. demonstrated the tension between them shortly before V.M. cut off all

contact and refused to respond to R.D.’s attempts to reach her. Texts from V.M.’s mother

to R.D. in late August asked R.D. to leave V.M. alone and threatened legal action if he

did not do so. The court found that, thereafter, R.D. ceased his attempts to contact V.M.

out of fear of legal reprisal. R.D.’s mother, M.D., then attempted to contact V.M. and her

father with limited success; V.M.’s father told M.D. that V.M. was placing the baby for

adoption, and M.D. suggested they all get together to discuss the situation but did not

receive a response. There was evidence that R.D. bought multiple items for the baby,

and he and his mother repeatedly tried to reach V.M. about providing the items but -15-

received no response. The court noted that R.D. and M.D. “were completely cut off and

ignored.”

{¶ 34} The court acknowledged that R.D. had admitted that he did not provide any

financial or emotional support to V.M. during the pregnancy, due to his having been

“ostracized” and having no way of doing so. The court noted there was no evidence that

V.M. requested any assistance from R.D. that he refused to provide, and it found her

testimony that he would have not provided any support “speculative and unpersuasive.”

{¶ 35} The court noted R.D.’s testimony that he had registered with the Ohio

Putative Father Registry to protect his rights, not knowing if V.M. would go through with

the adoption, and that his registration was public information that Petitioners and V.M.

could have discovered if they tried. The court also noted that R.D. did not find out his

child had been born until he received the notice of the adoption hearing.

{¶ 36} The court found that V.M. had pursued her adoption plan without R.D.’s

participation or input, met with Petitioners and chose them as the adoptive parents, and

communicated with them frequently during her pregnancy. They were present at the

hospital when F.F.L. was born, but R.D. was not even informed that V.M. had had the

baby and was not given an opportunity to see his child.

{¶ 37} Upon learning of the adoption, R.D. promptly secured appointed legal

counsel and filed a written objection to the adoption. He contacted the adoption agency

to ask about the child and was told the child had already been placed for adoption. There

was no evidence that the adoption agency provided any other information to R.D., and

R.D. then recognized that he would have to fight the matter in court. -16-

{¶ 38} The court acknowledged R.D.’s admissions that he had not provided any

care or support for F.F.L. since her birth and that Petitioners had provided all of the care

and support for the child since she was placed with them. The court noted R.D.’s

assertion that he had not known what else he could do except fight the matter in court,

which he had done.

{¶ 39} Regarding how the matter might have been handled differently, the court

noted that R.D.’s name was not on F.F.L.’s birth certificate and that he had not filed a

parentage action or commenced proceedings in juvenile court to seek custody of F.F.L

before Petitioners filed the petition for adoption. R.D. also had not attempted to establish

a parent child relationship with F.F.L. by acknowledging paternity or through an

administrative action. According to the court, no “evidence was presented to show that

R.D. was aware of the availability of these steps and refused to act, or if he was just not

aware.” The court observed that the “feel of this entire case from a factual standpoint”

was well summarized in one exchange during R.D.’s testimony: when asked by

Petitioner’s counsel why R.D. felt his rights in not wanting F.F.L. placed for adoption

should outweigh V.M.’s wishes for the child, R.D. “responded that [V.M.] threw him out of

the whole picture even though, ‘[i]t takes two to make one.’ ”

{¶ 40} The court found that all three witnesses – V.M., R.D., and M.D. – were

credible, polite, and respectful and gave clear and concise responses. It described V.M.

as “sincere, even when her answers were not necessarily supportive of the Petitioners’

position,” and found that her testimony was not particularly helpful in establishing an

exception to the requirement of R.D.’s consent to the adoption. -17-

{¶ 41} The court found that M.D.’s testimony strongly corroborated R.D.’s efforts

to be part of his child’s life from the beginning, and it “confirmed the impediments R.D.

encountered along the way,” which she also experienced. The court found that M.D.’s

involvement had been aimed to support her son and try facilitating shared decision-

making between V.M. and R.D. and that it did not “sense” selfish motives of wanting to

be a grandmother.

{¶ 42} The court was impressed by R.D. It concluded that his testimony was

honest, confident, and consistent, even in the face of some confusing questioning. “The

story of his efforts was consistent from the beginning to end, even with respect to answers

that did not help his cause.” The court found that R.D. sincerely conveyed that he was

trying to do the right thing and trying to accept responsibility for the child he helped to

create, although he did not take every step he could have to accomplish that. The court

found it evident from R.D.’s demeanor that “he was fighting this adoption for himself and

his desire to be part of his child’s life, rather than at the insistence of his mother, as is

often the case in these types of situations. R.D. made a very positive impression on the

court.

The Probate Court’s Legal Analysis

{¶ 43} Recognizing that R.C. 3107.06(C) creates a presumption that R.D.’s

consent was required, the court noted that “every contested adoption case is different and

every case is difficult.”

R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(a)

{¶ 44} R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(a) provides that the consent of the putative father is not -18-

required if the putative father is not the father of the minor. The probate court found that

Petitioners had the burden to prove that R.C. was not the father, rather than that R.D. had

the burden to prove he was the father. The court also found that Petitioners had failed

to offer any evidence whatsoever to refute V.M.’s and R.D.’s testimony that R.D. was

F.F.L.’s father, and it concluded that the “undisputed evidence” indicated that R.D. was

F.F.L.’s biological father. The court noted that its conclusion was not a judicial

determination that R.D. was the legal father of F.F.L. but simply a determination that the

R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(a) exception to the requirement of the putative father’s consent did

not apply in this case.

{¶ 45} The court rejected Petitioner’s argument that R.D. should have been more

diligent in filing a paternity suit to establish himself as the child’s legal father, finding no

requirement in R.C. Chapter 3107 that a putative father to file a paternity suit or to

otherwise establish paternity administratively within a particular timeframe. Thus, the

fact that R.D. had not instituted paternity proceedings prior to the filing of the adoption

petition simply meant that he had not been determined to be the legal father; it did not

diminish his status as a putative father.

{¶ 46} The court noted that Petitioners filed their petition for adoption 27 days after

F.F.L.’s birth, which “could be seen as a calculated effort to narrow the window for R.D.

to file a paternity action in juvenile court,” because once an adoption proceeding is

initiated, the juvenile court is precluded from entertaining a parentage action. The court

found that failing to file a paternity action simply meant that R.D. “faced a tougher road”

in the adoption proceeding because he was a putative father rather than a legal father. . -19-

{¶ 47} The court concluded that “if, or when, or how soon a putative father seeks

to formally establish his parent-child relationship” is not part the consent analysis pursuant

to R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(a) and has nothing to do with determining whether the putative

father is in fact the child’s biological parent. The court found that Petitioners’ argument

with respect to the need to establish paternity was “an effort to twist the language of R.C.

3107.07(B)(2) into something it is not” and interpretation of the statute that was

“untenable.” As such, the court concluded that Petitioners failed to sustain their burden

to prove by clear and convincing evidence that R.D. was not F.F.L.’s biological father.

R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(b)

{¶ 48} R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(b) states that a putative father’s consent to adoption is

not required if he has willfully abandoned or failed to care for and support the minor child.

The probate court determined that application of this provision was the central issue in

the case and Petitioners’ “only remotely plausible argument.” It also noted that factual

determinations are key to assessing willful abandonment or failure to support. The court

found that R.D. had not willfully abandoned or failed to care for and support F.F.L.

{¶ 49} In reaching this conclusion, the probate court distinguished this case from

In re Adoption of V.R.K., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2018-CA-34, 2018-Ohio-4881, which

affirmed the probate court’s decision that the putative father’s consent to the adoption

was not required under R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(b). In the court’s view, F.F.L.’s case

“present[ed] a much more obvious concerted effort to exclude R.D. from every aspect of

the process” and to impede R.D.’s efforts to be involved; also, the putative father in V.R.K.

lacked credibility and was found to be pursuing the child more for the benefit of his mother -20-

than for himself, which was not the case with F.F.L. The court also distinguished In re

Adoption of E.E.R.K., 2d Dist. Miami No. 2013-CA-35, 2014-Ohio-1276, wherein the

putative father “did not demonstrate a sincere interest in raising the child on his own.”

The court noted that the efforts of the putative father in E.E.R.K. “were sporadic and

inconsistent, even though there was no evidence of any impediment to his actions.”

{¶ 50} The court found that F.F.L.’s case was more analogous to In re Adoption of

B.A.H., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2012-CA-44, 2012-Ohio-4441, with the “critical similarity”

being the effect that “obstructionist efforts toward the putative father” had on the

determination of whether the putative father’s deficiencies in his obligations toward the

birthmother and the child were “willful.” The court found that B.A.H. “stands for the

proposition that impediments have consequences. Fairness dictates that you cannot set

someone up for failure and then complain that they failed.”

{¶ 51} The court rejected the suggestion that the concept of willful behavior is

“black and white”; rather, quoting B.A.H., it determined that the word willful “is a broader

concept that reflects the putative father’s state of mind and purpose in doing or not doing

something – ‘proceeding from a conscious motion of the will’ and ‘[i]ntending the result

which actually comes to pass.’ ” According to the court, something is not done willfully

just because it did, in fact, happen, and the undisputed facts that R.D. did not seek to

establish a parent-child relationship with F.F.L., provide financial support, or deliver the

baby items he purchased did not “answer the critical question of whether those failures

were ‘willful.’ ” In fact, the court concluded that there was hardly any credible evidence

that the deficiencies in R.D.’s performance were “willful.” The court characterized this as -21-

“the downfall of Petitioners’ case,” because they had the burden to prove by clear and

convincing evidence that R.D.’s failings were willful, and they failed in that regard.

{¶ 52} In rejecting the argument that R.D.’s consent to the adoption was

unnecessary because had had willfully abandoned F.F.L., it was significant to the court

that R.D. had complied with deadlines for registering with the Putative Father Registry

and for filing an objection to the adoption petition. The court noted that there are “no

similar deadlines” for establishing a legally recognized parent-child relationship, and it

found that R.D.’s failure to take steps to establish his legal parenthood did not constitute

abandonment; R.D. “never relinquished or gave up any rights to his daughter with the

intention of never reclaiming his rights.” Rather, he simply had not yet pursued those

parental rights, and had not yet been legally required to do so.

{¶ 53} Petitioners’ relied on the definition of abandonment in R.C. 2151.011(C),

which is that “a child shall be presumed abandoned when the parents of the child have

failed to visit or maintain contact with the child for more than ninety days * * *.” But the

probate court found that the juvenile code did not apply to probate proceedings, noting

that the legislature could have relied upon that definition, but did not, and that F.F.L. had

been living with Petitioners since before R.D. even knew she was born. The court found

Petitioners were “grasping at straws” and failed to “sustain their burden of proof by clear

and convincing evidence to show that R.D. ‘willfully abandoned’ his child.”

{¶ 54} Finally, although it was undisputed that R.D. had not provided care and

support F.F.L., the court found that Petitioners’ arguments ignored the requirement that

R.D.’s failure to do so be willful. The court rejected the assertion that “justifiable cause” -22-

in R.C. 3107.07(A) “is somehow a higher standard than ‘willful’ in R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(b),”

such that the “comparison is pointless.” According to the court, acting “willfully” pursuant

to R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(b) “describes the state of mind, the purpose and intent behind not

performing a required act” rather than justifiable cause or an excuse for not doing

something. The court found that Petitioners merely “proved that [R.D.] did not provide

care and support” without addressing the element of “willfully.” According to the court,

Petitioners failed to produce any credible evidence as to how R.D. could have “cared for”

a child already placed for adoption. The court found R.D.’s efforts to get the items he

purchased to V.M. before F.F.L.’s birth or to F.F.L. after her birth were obstructed, which

was “not an excuse” but did show that his failure to provide care and support “was not

purposeful or intentional.” The court found that Petitioners offered no clear and

convincing proof that R.D.’s failure to provide financial or non-financial support for his

child “was a designed plan with the intent to avoid his obligations of support”; as such.

R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(b) was “not a viable exception to the requirement of R.D.’s consent in

this case.”

R.C. 3101.07(B)(2)(c)

{¶ 55} R.C. 3101.07(B)(2)(c) states that the putative father’s consent to adoption

is not required if the putative father “has willfully abandoned the mother of the minor during

her pregnancy and up to the time of her surrender of the minor, or the minor's placement

in the home of the petitioner, whichever occurs first.” With respect to this exception, the

court found that R.D. had not willfully abandoned F.F.L.’s mother, V.M., during her

pregnancy and up to the time of the baby’s surrender. The court described Petitioners’ -23-

view of the evidence on this issue as “disingenuous and distorted.” Based on the court’s

view of the evidence, there was no doubt that V.M., her parents, or both, “were unilaterally

responsible for the complete disconnect that occurred between [V.M.] and R.D. during the

pregnancy.” The court noted that V.M. admitted this fact during her testimony, and it

rejected Petitioners’ effort to “twist the facts” so as to characterize the purposeful

impediments that V.M. and others created as R.D.’s willful abandonment.

{¶ 56} The court found R.D.’s testimony that he had ceased trying to communicate

with V.M. out of fear of legal consequence to be “entirely credible.” The court noted it

was “not aware of any requirement in the law that a putative father must continue to push

until legal action, in the form of a restraining order or otherwise, is actually undertaken in

order to clear himself of having ‘willfully abandoned’ the mother of his child.” The court

found that proposition to be absurd and unsupported by any law cited by Petitioners.

{¶ 57} The court determined that, after the threat of legal action, R.D. continued

his efforts to reach out to V.M. through his mother, but her efforts were also unsuccessful.

It was significant to the court that V.M. and her parents did not even let R.D. know when

the child was born. According to the court, Petitioners failed to sustain their burden to

prove by clear and convincing evidence that R.C. had willfully abandoned V.M. during her

pregnancy and up to the point she surrendered the baby.

Law and Analysis

{¶ 58} R.C. Chapter 3107 governs adoption. “A parent has a fundamental right to

care for and have custody of his or her child.” In re Adoption of K.C., 2d Dist. -24-

Montgomery No. 22243, 2008-Ohio-2593, ¶ 10. An adoption terminates those rights,

and the mother of the child, the father of the child, or a putative father are presumed to

have the right to withhold consent to an adoption under R.C. 3107.06(A) through (C). In

re Adoption of H.P., 171 Ohio St.3d 453, 2022-Ohio-4369, 218 N.E.3d 828, ¶ 20. A party

may overcome this presumption by establishing that an exception to the consent

requirement under R.C. 3107.07 applies. Id.

{¶ 59} “A putative father is simply a man who might be a child’s biological father

but who has no legal relationship with the child through marriage to the mother or the

establishment of legal paternity. In re Adoption of H.N.R.,145 Ohio St.3d 144, 2015-

Ohio-5476, 47 N.E.3d 803, ¶ 16, citing R.C. 3107.01(H).

Under Ohio law, a “putative father” is a man * * * who may be a child’s father

and to whom all of the following apply: 1) he was not married to the child’s

mother at the time of the child’s conception or birth; 2) he has not adopted

the child; 3) he has not been determined to have a parent and child

relationship with the child by a court or administrative proceeding that

occurred prior to the date a petition to adopt the child is filed; and 4) he has

not acknowledged paternity of the child pursuant to R.C. 3111.21-R.C.

3111.35.

In re Adoption of Z.G.A., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2015-CA-51, 2016-Ohio-238, ¶ 13.

{¶ 60} “In 1996, Ohio established a Putative Father Registry; if a man registers as

the putative father of a child, he will receive notice, at the address or telephone number

he provides, of any petition that may be filed to adopt a minor he claims as his child.” Id., -25-

citing R.C. 3107.062. “Since establishing a putative-father registry in 1996, Ohio has

clearly warned putative fathers that ‘[a] man who has sexual intercourse with a woman is

on notice that if a child is born as a result and the man is the putative father, the child may

be adopted without his consent pursuant to” R.C. 3107.07(B). H.P. at ¶ 1, citing R.C.

3107.061. “[U]nder Ohio’s statutory scheme, putative fathers need not have notice of a

birth or even of a pregnancy to have their rights foreclosed.” Z.G.A. at ¶ 20. Further,

R.C. 3103.03(A) “contains the statutory declaration that all * * * parents have an obligation

to support * * * their minor child from their own property and labor * * *.” In re Adoption

of B.I.,157 Ohio St.3d 29, 2019-Ohio-2450, 131 N.E.3d 28, ¶ 19. “The statute subsumes

the common-law obligation: ‘The common-law duty to support one’s minor child has been

replaced by R.C. 3103.03.’ ” Id. at ¶ 20, quoting Nokes v. Nokes, 47 Ohio St.2d 1, 5, 351

N.E.2d 174 (1976).

{¶ 61} R.C. 3107.07 provides in relevant part:

Consent to adoption is not required of any of the following:

(A) A parent of a minor, when it is alleged in the adoption petition and the

court, after proper service of notice and hearing, finds by clear and

convincing evidence that the parent has failed without justifiable cause to

provide more than de minimis contact with the minor or to provide for the

maintenance and support of the minor as required by law or judicial decree

for a period of at least one year immediately preceding either the filing of

the adoption petition or the placement of the minor in the home of the

petitioner. -26-

(B) The putative father of a minor if either of the following applies:

(1) The putative father fails to register as the minor’s putative father with the

putative father registry established under [R.C. 3107.062] not later than 15

days after the minor’s birth.

(2) The court finds, after proper service of notice and hearing, that any of

the following are the case:

(a) The putative father is not the father of the minor;

(b) The putative father has willfully abandoned or failed to care for and

support the minor;

(c) The putative father has willfully abandoned the mother of the minor

during her pregnancy and up to the time of her surrender of the minor, or

the minor’s placement in the home of the petitioner, whichever occurs first.

{¶ 62} The criteria set forth in R.C. 3107.07(A) have no applicability to putative

fathers. In re Adoption of R.C.A., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19509, 2003-Ohio-607, ¶ 9.

In order for a putative father who has timely registered in the Putative Father Registry “to

attain the status of one whose consent is required for an adoption,” three things must

occur. H.N.R.,145 Ohio St.3d 144, 2015-Ohio-5476, 47 N.E.3d 803, at ¶ 18. The

putative father must file an objection within 14 days after he has been given notice of the

filing of an adoption petition, pursuant to R.C. 3107.07(K); he must participate in a hearing

on the adoption petition as provided in R.C. 3107.11, and at that hearing, under R.C.

3107.0[7](B)(2), “the court must find that he is the father of the child and that he did not

willfully abandon the child or the mother during the pregnancy or during any period prior -27-

to the surrender and/or placement of the child for adoption.” Id.

{¶ 63} The “nature of these conditions is such that each one must be satisfied

chronologically in order for the next condition to arise. The failure to satisfy any one of

the conditions brings the putative-father process to an end.” Id. at ¶ 19. Apart from this

process, however, “a father still has the option of securing the right to withhold consent to

an adoption by establishing legal paternity through court or administrative proceedings,

which do not have the same 30-day time limitation.” Id., citing R.C. 3111.01 et seq.; R.C.

3111.38 et seq.

{¶ 64} As noted above, R.C. 3107.07(A) and (B) distinguish between a “parent of

a minor” and a “putative father.” The “ ‘opportunity’ interest that a putative father has in

developing a parent-child relationship” is “far different from the fundamental liberty interest

in raising one’s children, which is afforded strong constitutional protections only upon the

establishment of a parent-child relationship.” H.N.R. at ¶ 26, citing Lehr v. Robertson,

463 U.S. 248, 256-262, 103 S.Ct. 2985, 77 L.Ed.2d 614 (1983), and discussing other

cases. “Courts have commented that the rights of a putative father must be balanced

with the protection of the best interests of children, including the provision of a permanent

and stable home and the completion of the adoption process in an expeditious manner.”

(Citations omitted.) Z.G.A., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2015-CA-51, 2016-Ohio-238, at ¶ 21.

When an unwed father demonstrates a full commitment to the

responsibilities of parenthood by “com[ing] forward to participate in the

rearing of his child,” his interest in personal contact with his child acquires

substantial protection under the due process clause. At that point it may -28-

be said that he “act[s] as a father toward his children.” But the mere

existence of a biological link does not merit equivalent constitutional

protection. The actions of judges neither create nor sever genetic bonds.

(Citations omitted.) H.N.R., at ¶ 26, quoting Lehr at 261.

{¶ 65} “Any exception to the requirement of parental consent [to adoption] must

be strictly construed so as to protect the right of [bioloigical] parents to raise and nurture

their children.” In re Schoeppner, 46 Ohio St.2d 21, 24, 345 N.E.2d 608 (1976).

Accordingly, in order to show that R.D.’s consent was not required, Petitioners had to

demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence the existence of an exception to the

consent requirement. B.A.H., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2012-CA-44, 2012-Ohio-4441, at

¶ 20, citing In re Adoption of Hart, 62 Ohio App.3d 544, 552, 557 N.E.2d 77 (6th Dist.

1989). “Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which is more

than a mere ‘preponderance of the evidence,’ but not to the extent of such certainty as is

required ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ in criminal cases, and which will produce in the

mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.”

Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the

syllabus.

{¶ 66} Whether Petitioners met this burden is a determination for the probate court

that will not be disturbed on appeal unless the decision is against the manifest weight of

the evidence. B.A.H. at ¶ 21.

* * * Judgments supported by some competent, credible evidence

going to all the essential elements of the case will not be reversed as being -29-

against the manifest weight of the evidence. C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley

Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 281, 376 N.E.2d 578 (1978). The weight

to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are primarily

for the trier of fact. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 12, 227 N.E.2d

212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. “In determining whether a

judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence, we must review

the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,

consider witness credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in

the evidence, the trier of fact ‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice’ that there must be a reversal of the judgment and an

order for a new trial.” Steagall v. Crossman, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

20306, 2004-Ohio-4691, ¶ 29.

Id.

{¶ 67} R.D. took sufficient steps to preserve the requirement of his consent to the

adoption by registering as F.F.L.’s putative father. Regarding R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(a), we

agree with the probate court that Petitioners failed to meet their burden of proving, by

clear and convincing evidence, that R.D. was not the father of F.F.L. V.M. had no doubt

that R.D. was the father, and Petitioners adduced no evidence to the contrary. And for

purposes of determining whether R.D.’s consent to the adoption was necessary, the court

was not required to make a legal determination regarding R.D.’s parentage.

{¶ 68} We also agree with the probate court that the central issue in this case was

whether R.D. willfully abandoned or failed to care for and support F.F.L. Although the -30-

probate court observed that “fairness” dictates that one cannot be set up for failure and

then penalized for failing, we agree with Petitioners that “fairness” is not part of the

statutory analysis. In other words, whether “fairness” requires a finding of no willful

conduct was not part of the analysis. Nevertheless, for the reasons that follow, we

conclude that Petitioners failed to establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that R.D.

had willfully abandoned or failed to care for and support F.F.L.

{¶ 69} In B.A.H., we noted that R.C. 3107.07 does not define the term “willfully.”

“Willful” is defined in Black’s Law Dictionary as “proceeding from a conscious motion of

the will; voluntary. Intending the result which actually comes to pass; designed;

intentional; not accidental or involuntary.” B.A.H., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2012-CA-44,

2012-Ohio-4441, ¶ 22, citing Blacks Law Dictionary 824 (5th Ed.1983). The Ohio

Supreme Court has observed that to abandon “means ‘1. To leave (someone), esp. when

doing so amounts to an abdication of responsibility. 2. To relinquish or give up with the

intention of never again reclaiming one’s rights or interests in. 3. To desert or go away

from permanently.’ ” In re Adoption of P.L.H., 151 Ohio St.3d 554, 2017-Ohio-5824, 91

N.E.3d 698, ¶ 30, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1 (10th Ed. 2014).

{¶ 70} In B.A.H., which the probate court found to be “closely aligned” to the matter

herein, the 18-year-old putative father timely filed a Putative Father Registry Application;

the birth mother was 15 years old. For a period of two months after learning of the

pregnancy, the putative father attempted to have the birth mother move into his parents’

home, provided meals to her several times a week, attended a childbirth class, and

attempted to attend a doctor’s visit. Then the mother’s parents moved her to a maternity -31-

home over two hours away. B.A.H. at ¶ 23. The putative father further obtained

maternity clothes and baby items for the mother, and he gained employment after the

child’s birth. Id.

{¶ 71} While the mother was at the maternity home, the putative father met with

staff and visited with her once; other attempts at contact with her were either rebuffed or

cancelled by staff or the mother’s parents. Id. at ¶ 25. Communication was not only

discouraged, but the putative father’s ability to communicate with the mother suffered

“significant interference” when the maternity home took the mother’s cell phone away.

Id. The putative father also never agreed to an adoption. Id. at ¶ 24. Upon learning of

the birth, the putative father initiated two visits with the baby before the surrender. Id. at

¶ 24. We concluded that the “only reasonable conclusion to be drawn from the evidence

* * * [was] that [the putative father] neither willfully, nor otherwise, abandoned [the birth

mother] or the baby.” Id. at ¶ 25.

{¶ 72} Regarding whether the putative father failed to care for or support the child,

we found that his acts of inviting the birth mother to reside in his parents’ home during the

pregnancy and gathering maternity and baby items were “ significant efforts by an

unemployed eighteen-year-old high-school student to support the baby, especially in view

of the fact that he was told by [the maternity home] staff that no additional assistance was

required.” Id. at ¶ 26. We also took into consideration the fact that no one had

discussed actual financial costs with the putative father or presented him with any bills.

Id. at ¶ 27. We concluded that the putative father had not failed in his duty to care for or

support the child, and that the probate court had erred in determining that his consent -32-

was not required. Id. at ¶ 28.

{¶ 73} E.E.R.K., 2d Dist. Miami No. 2013-CA-35, 2014-Ohio-1276, is a case that

the probate court found to be distinguishable from this case. In E.E.R.K., we found that

the birth mother and the petitioners for adoption had proven, by clear and convincing

evidence, that the putative father had willfully abandoned the birth mother and the minor

child and had failed to provide support for the baby. Id. at ¶ 26. There was no dispute

that the putative father “never provided any financial, material, or emotional support”

during the pregnancy and never inquired if the birth mother needed anything. Id. at ¶ 20.

He sent sporadic messages about the status of the pregnancy, and the birth mother timely

responded to most of them. Id. In contrast, the putative father would “wait days” before

responding to the birth mother’s messages, if he responded at all. Id. at ¶ 21. The birth

mother asked the putative father to speak to her in person about the baby, and he did not

respond. Id. The putative father did not attempt to communicate with the birth mother

for three months before the baby was born. Id. at ¶ 22.

{¶ 74} The birth mother in E.E.R.K. went to the putative father’s house to speak

with him very early in the pregnancy, but he was not home. She spoke to his mother

instead, who offered to let the mother live at their house. Id. at ¶ 23. The putative

father’s mother testified that she and her husband had offered to adopt the baby, and the

birth mother declined. Id. The putative father testified that he had been unaware that

his mother intended to offer to adopt he baby, and he had never “pushed the idea” of the

birth mother moving in to his parents’ house; he never spoke to the birth mother about

either offer. Id. Although the putative father initially stated that he was willing to join the -33-

military to support the birth mother and the child, “he never pursued the idea”; at the time

of the consent hearing, he was living with his parents and working at Menard’s. Id.

{¶ 75} We affirmed the trial court’s decision that the putative father’s consent was

not required for the adoption of the child. We stated:

Unlike the putative father in B.A.H. who made every effort to be involved

with and support the mother and child, [the putative father’s] sporadic, then

non-existent, communication with [the birth mother], coupled with a

complete lack of financial and emotional support establish[ed] that he

willfully abandoned [the mother] and the baby, and failed to care for or

support the minor child. [The putative father] was not involved with his

mother's offer of home and shelter to [the birth mother]. [The putative

father] himself never even suggested a willingness to raise the child on his

own. Additionally, there was no third party involved who attempted to

discourage or thwart [the putative father’s] involvement with [the birth

mother] or the baby.

Id. at ¶ 24.

{¶ 76} In V.R.K., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2018-CA-34, 2018-Ohio-4881, the probate

court concluded that the putative father’s consent to a child’s adoption was not required

under R.C. 3107(B)(2)(b). In V.R.K., the birth mother and the putative father began

dating in the spring of 2017, broke off their relationship months later, and then the birth

mother learned she was pregnant in July. Id. at ¶ 3. The birth mother moved into the

home the putative father shared with his mother after the putative father promised to stop -34-

drinking and obtain employment. Id. However, the birth mother subsequently moved to

her grandmother’s home and blocked the putative father on her cell phone and Facebook,

contending that putative father had failed to find work and had encountered legal issues

relating to alcohol. Id. With respect to the child, the court stated:

There is no evidence that Putative Father ever actually provided any

support for V.R.K. after she was born. He did not set up support payments

through the Child Support Enforcement Agency. He did not pay any

portion of Mother’s medical expenses during her pregnancy after they split

up and did not pay anything toward V.R.K.’s care and support after her birth.

There is also no evidence that Putative Father ever actually provided any

non-monetary support to the child, in the form of clothes, diapers, formula

or other baby essentials. Even if Putative Father’s testimony that he

offered to assist is true, the fact is he did not follow through and actually

provide anything. Putative Father admitted that at trial.

***

Putative Father’s credibility was questionable to this Court.

Although he was polite and respectful during his testimony, his demeanor

and hesitancy in answering questions clouded the believability of his

responses in many instances. He certainly did not corroborate his claims

of offering support for the child with any evidence that he actually did so.

Putative Father simply did not convey to the Court a sense of complete

sincerity in his desire to be a true father to the child. Instead, he left the -35-

Court with a distinct impression that his objection to the adoption was for his

mother’s benefit more so than his own.

The abundance of Exhibits Putative Father offered into evidence

were not persuasive. While the Exhibits demonstrate Putative Father’s

efforts to communicate with others by means of text messaging and

Facebook Messenger, they do not establish any genuine showing of actual

support for the Mother or the child.

V.R.K. at ¶ 3.

{¶ 77} The court noted that the putative father’s status made his consent to the

adoption necessary unless a statutory exception applied. Id. at ¶ 4. The court found

that the putative father had registered on the putative father registry, that he was V.R.K.’s

biological father, and that he did not willfully abandon the minor or the biological mother,

given that the biological mother ended the relationship with him and left his residence

before giving birth and placing the child for adoption. Id. at ¶ 4-6. The court’s resolution

of the case hinged on whether the putative father had failed to care for and support the

child. In V.R.K., the probate court found that the “complete lack of Putative Father’s care

for and support of V.R.K., as required in R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(b), [was] easy to resolve in

this case.” Id. at ¶ 7. The court was “not impressed” with the putative father’s effort to

show his desire to be a “real dad” to V.R.K. after her birth; in the several weeks between

the child’s birth and the filing of the petition for adoption, he had not taken any legal action

to formally establish his parentage, attempted to gain custody in juvenile court, or done

anything else. According to the probate court, the “clear message in R.C. -36-

3107.07(B)(2)(b) is that a putative father cannot sit back, do nothing while others care for

and support his child, and then claim he deserves to get the child.” Id.

{¶ 78} V.R.K.’s putative father argued on appeal that the probate court had erred

in failing to consider whether he “willfully” failed to care for and support V.R.K. (The court

had observed that the “justifiable cause” standard in R.C. 3107.07(A) did not apply to a

putative father.) Id. at ¶ 1, 8, 9. In our opinion, we stated: “ ‘Although it is perhaps

unclear whether the word “willfully” modifies only “abandoned” or also modifies “failed to

care for and support,” this Court previously has read [R.C.] 3107.07(B) as requiring a

petitioner to establish a willful failure to care for and support a child.’ ” Id., quoting In re

Adoption of R.C.A., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19509, 2003-Ohio-607, ¶ 10, fn. 3, citing In

re Bachman, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 15720, 1996 WL 53520 (Sept. 13, 1996). We

commented that the trial court’s ruling was “perhaps ambiguous as to whether it required

proof of a ‘willful’ failure by [the putative father] to care for and support his child.” Id. at

¶ 9. It was significant to us that the probate court recognized the putative father’s

admission that he had never provided any care and support for the child,” noting that if

“this bare failure to provide care and support” were sufficient to satisfy R.C.

3107.07(B)(2)(b), the trial court could have stopped its analysis there, but it did not. Id.

at ¶ 10. The probate court identified the ways in which the putative father could have

provided support for V.R.K., despite the child having been placed for adoption, such as

contacting the adoption agency, establishing his parentage, or seeking custody. Id. In

our view, the probate court’s further analysis would have been unnecessary and irrelevant

if the trial court had believed the mere act of failure to provide support alone satisfied the -37-

statute, and it supported a determination that the putative father’s failure to provide

support was “willful.” Id.

{¶ 79} We addressed the burden of proof in a footnote in V.R.K. Id. at ¶ 10, fn. 2.

We stated that a petitioner need only produce evidence of failure to support, and then “the

burden of going forward (not burden of proof) with some evidence of the nonwillfulness”

is on the objecting party. Once the objecting party introduces evidence that the failure

was non-willful, the burden shifts back to the petitioner to prove willful failure by clear and

convincing evidence. Id. In V.R.K., the putative father admitted his failure to support

and presented no evidence that this failure was non-willful.

{¶ 80} In In re Adoption of Darnall, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-91-27, 1992 WL 19352

(Feb. 6, 1992), the court addressed the level of support required of a putative father. In

that case, the child had received payments as a result of his father’s qualifying for Social

Security disability and $240 in other payments from his birth in 1986 until May 1990. For

seven months after his birth, the child’s parents had lived together and shared expenses.

The father sent used clothing to the child periodically and included him on his medical

insurance policy. Id. at *3.

{¶ 81} Darnall held that “the issue before the probate court was only whether the

support provided to [the child] by his father constituted ‘support’ under R.C. 3107.07(B)”;

the sufficiency of the support provided was not at issue. The Third District noted that the

responsibilities of a parent and a putative father in R.C. 3107.07(A) and (B) are distinct.

Darnall at *2. The court held that, “since the statute sets no time periods, and contains

no modifying adjectives to describe the nature of the expected ‘care’ or ‘support,’ we -38-

construe the Ohio statute to allow adoption without the putative father’s consent only if

there has been a complete failure to develop a relationship with his child, or a failure to

contribute to the support of the child,” noting that it was required to construe the legislative

language “strictly against any claim that parental rights have been abandoned or

forfeited.” Id. at *2-3.

{¶ 82} Darnall further observed that “without the legal recognition, defined in R.C.

3107.07(A), or a court order, a putative father has no guidance in fulfilling his parental

duties, since he is not required ‘by law or judicial decree’ to support the child * * *.” Thus,

it concluded that the law requires less of a putative father to retain his parental rights. Id.

{¶ 83} Finally, in In re Adoption of Wilcox, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 7907, 1983

WL 4865 (Mar. 23, 1983), it was undisputed that the putative father had not supported the

child or its mother during the pregnancy; the narrow issue was whether the putative

father’s failure to support the child or the mother was done willfully.1 Id. at *2. We held

that the word “willfully” has a generally accepted meaning and required more than a

failure; willfully “means that the failure must be at least voluntary and intentional when the

actor has the ability to provide support.” Id. We held that all the circumstances must be

considered, including the expressed statements of the mother of the child with respect to

support of the child. Id.

{¶ 84} In Wilcox, the child was born in December 1979, and an application was

1 The version of R.C. 3107.07(B) in effect at the time “provide[d] for waiver of consent to adoption where the putative father of a minor – ‘has willfully abandoned or failed to care for and support the minor, or abandoned the mother of the minor during her pregnancy and up to the time of her surrender of the minor, or its placement in the home of the petitioner, whichever comes first.’ ” -39-

filed to place custody with the maternal grandparents in August 1981. The putative

father’s address was listed as unknown, and the placement was ordered without notice

to him. Thereafter, mail service was issued to the putative father, and he promptly filed

an objection. Id.

{¶ 85} The mother had not completed high school when the child was born.

Mother became pregnant shortly after the couple began dating; they continued their

relationship for several months, and then the putative father left town. The mother lived

with her parents until she gained employment and moved out on her own. She received

welfare when she was unemployed. The hospital expenses were not paid. Id.

{¶ 86} After learning of the pregnancy, the mother and putative father discussed

abortion, living together, and the possibility of marriage. The mother refused abortion

and marriage. The mother testified that the putative father offered assistance to her

more than once, but she told him she didn’t want any because she didn’t know what she

wanted to do. Id. at * 3. The mother told the putative father three times that she did not

want any assistance, and he provided none. Id. Mother’s parents were upset over her

pregnancy and displeased with the putative father, so they did not want him around their

house, where the mother was then living. Id. After the putative father left Dayton and

returned to his parent’s home in Portsmouth, the mother and putative father had

conversations about getting the child out of mother’s parents’ home so he could see the

child. The mother testified that the putative father had offered to pay the hospital

expenses but that she never gave him an answer. Id.

{¶ 87} A neighbor of the maternal grandparents testified on behalf of the putative -40-

father, having known him through school and church. She testified that he had offered

to pay the medical bills, but he and the mother could not reach an agreement, in part

because they did not know each other well when the mother became pregnant. The

neighbor testified that the petitioner grandparents did not want any help from the putative

father and had told him to stay away. Id.

{¶ 88} The putative father acknowledged his paternity and said he had not

provided support because his help was not wanted or accepted. Id.

{¶ 89} The Wilcox opinion described the parents as “young persons, practically

strangers, facing the emotional trauma of an unexpected birth of a child.” Id. at *4. It

stated that their conduct “at best may be described as immature.” Id. The only

testimony related to the willfulness of putative father’s non-support was that offers of

assistance were repeatedly avoided and refused by the child’s mother. Assistance was

not tendered, and the child’s mother considered this “natural” because she had told the

putative father not to send money. The opinion noted that the putative father had lost his

job in Dayton in a layoff, had returned to his parents’ farm in Portsmouth where he worked

for room and board, and had been employed as a truck driver for an unknown period of

time; we described his income as “speculative,” noting that the record failed to establish

that the putative father had the ability “to provide support for anyone.” Id. Given the

putative father’s limited financial means and mother’s and petitioners’ refusal of his offers

of support, we concluded that the evidence was insufficient to establish that father’s failure

to support the mother and child were willful. As such, we reversed the trial court’s finding

that putative father’s consent to the adoption was not required. Id. -41-

{¶ 90} Based upon the statutory language and the cases we have discussed, we

agree with the probate court’s conclusion that Petitioners did not establish, by clear and

convincing evidence, that R.D. had willfully abandoned or failed to care for and support

F.F.L.. Petitioners failed to prove that R.D. voluntarily or intentionally abdicated his

responsibility for F.F.L. with the intention of never reclaiming his parental rights. R.D.

never agreed to the adoption, and his ability to communicate with V.M. about F.F.L.

suffered significant interference. He made efforts to care for and support his child. R.D.

was a union ironworker, and he testified that he was willing and able to provide for F.F.L.

He had purchased baby supplies for her before being threatened with legal action if he

continued to contact V.M., and he continued to pursue his rights in court. Unlike in some

of the other cases we discussed, the court found R.D. to be credible and sincere and

found that his text messages demonstrated a genuine showing of actual support for F.F.L.

Construing the language of R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(b) strictly against any assertion that R.D.’s

parental rights had been forfeited, Petitioners failed to establish a willful and intentional

failure to contribute to F.F.L.’s care and support.

{¶ 91} Finally, we address Petitioners’ argument that R.D. willfully abandoned V.M.

during her pregnancy, pursuant to R.C. 3107(B)(2)(c). “[A] probate court’s finding of

willful abandonment under R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(c) should focus on whether the putative

father voluntarily or intentionally deserted, forsook or abdicated all responsibility for the

birth mother during her pregnancy and until the mother’s surrender of the child or

placement of the child in the prospective adoptive home, whichever occurs first.” P.L.H.,

151 Ohio St.3d 554, 2017-Ohio-5824, 91 N.E.3d 698, at ¶ 31. The probate court -42-

commented that V.M. did not request assistance from R.D., but no statutory or other

obligation requires a birth mother to request assistance in order to trigger an evaluation

of a putative father’s willful abandonment of mother during her pregnancy. Additionally,

the probate court placed some emphasis on V.M.’s making an adoption plan without

R.D.’s consent or participation, yet V.M. had no duty to include R.D. in her plans.

Instead, the focus must be on R.D.’s conduct. Nonetheless, V.M. testified that she did

not want any contact from R.D., and her mother threatened him with legal action if he

persisted. We agree with the probate court that Petitioners failed to establish by clear

and convincing evidence that R.D. had abandoned V.M.

{¶ 92} For the reasons stated above, Petitioners’ assignments errors are

overruled. We affirm the trial court’s dismissal of the petition for adoption of F.F.L. on

the basis that R.D.’s consent to the adoption was required.

EPLEY, P.J. and LEWIS, J., concur.