24-1229 Hunter v. Debmar-Mercury LLC
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 8th day of April, two thousand twenty-five.
PRESENT: ROBERT D. SACK, BETH ROBINSON, MYRNA PÉREZ, Circuit Judges. _________________________________________
KELVIN HUNTER,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 24-1229
DEBMAR-MERCURY LLC., IRA BERNSTEIN, MORT MARCUS,
Defendants-Appellants. *
_________________________________________
* The Clerk’s office is directed to amend the caption as reflected above. FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE: JONATHAN I. EDELSTEIN, Edelstein & Grossman, New York, NY.
FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS: WILLIAM M. JAY, Goodwin Procter LLP, Washington, DC (Isabel M. Marin, Goodwin Procter LLP, Washington, DC; Darrell S. Gay, ArentFox Schiff LLP, New York, NY, on the brief).
FOR AMICUS SOCIETY FOR HUMAN Robert T. Szyba, Seyfarth Shaw LLP, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: New York, NY.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York (Gardephe, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the September 1, 2023 Order is VACATED.
Defendant-Appellant Debmar-Mercury LLC and its principals Defendants-
Appellants Ira Bernstein and Mort Marcus (collectively “Debmar-Mercury”)
appeal from the district court’s order denying their motion to dismiss Plaintiff-
Appellee Kelvin Hunter’s marital-status discrimination claim under the New York
City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”). The district court certified the order for
interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), and a panel of this Court
granted permission to hear the appeal. We assume the parties’ familiarity with
2 the underlying facts, procedural history, and arguments on appeal, to which we
refer only as necessary to explain our decision.
Debmar-Mercury “produces, creates, finances, manages, and distributes
television programming.” App’x 10 ¶ 14. 1 It created, produced, and distributed
The Wendy Williams Show, which was hosted by Wendy Williams, who at one point
was “the number one female host on daytime television.” Id. ¶ 19.
Hunter was the Executive Producer on the show from around November
2007 to April 2019, during which time he was married to Williams. In April 2019,
Hunter was served with a notice that Williams was filing for divorce. A week
later, Hunter received a notice informing him that his position at the show had
been terminated, despite, he alleges, him being “[i]nstrumental to the [s]how’s
success.” App’x 11 ¶ 21. Hunter alleges that he was terminated “solely because
of his marital status” to Williams and “not for any performance-based reasons.”
Id. at 16 ¶ 53. And he claims this conduct violates the NYCHRL, which bars an
employer from discharging or discriminating against an employee on the basis of
“marital status.” N. Y. City Admin. Code § 8-107(1)(a).
1 Except where noted, we draw the following facts from the allegations in Plaintiff’s complaint, which we accept as true for purposes of our analysis. See Kassner v. 2nd Avenue Delicatessen Inc., 496 F.3d 229, 237 (2d Cir. 2007).
3 Debmar-Mercury moved to dismiss the complaint before the district court,
arguing that the NYCHRL did not cover discrimination based on an employee’s
marital status in relation to a specific person. The district court denied the motion,
concluding, largely on the basis of an intermediate New York state court decision,
that the NYCHRL reached Hunter’s claims. Hunter v. Debmar-Mercury LLC, No.
22-cv-1687, 2023 WL 5671527, at *5–16 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 1, 2023). The sole issue on
this interlocutory appeal is whether “marital status” under the NYCHRL
encompasses an employee’s marital status in relation to a particular person.
We review the district court’s order on a motion to dismiss without
deference, “accepting as true all factual claims in the complaint and drawing all
reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.” 2 Fink v. Time Warner Cable, 714 F.3d
739, 740–41 (2d Cir. 2013). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must
contain sufficient factual matter . . . to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.” Id. at 741.
At the time the district court granted Debmar-Mercury’s motion for
interlocutory review, the question presented was a vexing one. Longstanding
precedent from the New York Court of Appeals established that discrimination on
2 In quotations from caselaw and the parties’ briefing, this summary order omits all internal quotation marks, footnotes, and citations, and accepts all alterations, unless otherwise noted.
4 the basis of “marital status” means discrimination on the basis of one’s status as
married, or not, and does not extend to acts undertaken because of whom an
individual has, or has not, married. See Manhattan Pizza Hut, Inc. v. New York State
Human Rights Appeal Board, 51 N.Y.2d 506, 512, 514 (1980) (rejecting a claim of
marital-status discrimination under the New York State Human Rights Law
(“NYSHRL”) by an employee who was fired not because she was married, but
because she was married to her manager); see also Hudson View Properties v. Weiss, 59
N.Y.2d 733, 735 (1983) (applying the same construction of “marital status” to
housing-discrimination claims under the NYCHRL and NYSHRL); Levin v. Yeshiva
University, 96 N.Y.2d 484, 490–91 (2001) (reaffirming the distinction between “the
complainant’s marital status as such, and the existence of the complainant’s
disqualifying relationship—or absence thereof—with another person” for
housing-discrimination claims under both the NYCHRL and NYSHRL).
But in a 2018 decision, an intermediate appellate state court concluded that
two intervening amendments to the NYCHRL changed the meaning of “marital
status” in this context. 3 Morse v. Fidessa Corporation, 165 A.D.3d 61, 64–70 (N.Y.
3 For context, and as relevant here, the New York City Council amended the NYCHRL in 2005 and 2016. The Local Civil Rights Restoration Act of 2005 provided that the HRL is to be interpreted liberally and independently of similar federal and state provisions to fulfill the
5 App. Div. 1st Dept. 2018). Though the district court was skeptical of the Morse
court’s reasoning, it decided that it was compelled to follow Morse because it
concluded that it lacked “persuasive evidence” that the New York Court of
Appeals would reject Morse. Hunter, 2023 WL 5671527, at *15.
Since the district court certified its decision for interlocutory review, the
New York Court of Appeals has provided the missing “persuasive evidence,”
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24-1229 Hunter v. Debmar-Mercury LLC
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 8th day of April, two thousand twenty-five.
PRESENT: ROBERT D. SACK, BETH ROBINSON, MYRNA PÉREZ, Circuit Judges. _________________________________________
KELVIN HUNTER,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 24-1229
DEBMAR-MERCURY LLC., IRA BERNSTEIN, MORT MARCUS,
Defendants-Appellants. *
_________________________________________
* The Clerk’s office is directed to amend the caption as reflected above. FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE: JONATHAN I. EDELSTEIN, Edelstein & Grossman, New York, NY.
FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS: WILLIAM M. JAY, Goodwin Procter LLP, Washington, DC (Isabel M. Marin, Goodwin Procter LLP, Washington, DC; Darrell S. Gay, ArentFox Schiff LLP, New York, NY, on the brief).
FOR AMICUS SOCIETY FOR HUMAN Robert T. Szyba, Seyfarth Shaw LLP, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: New York, NY.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York (Gardephe, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the September 1, 2023 Order is VACATED.
Defendant-Appellant Debmar-Mercury LLC and its principals Defendants-
Appellants Ira Bernstein and Mort Marcus (collectively “Debmar-Mercury”)
appeal from the district court’s order denying their motion to dismiss Plaintiff-
Appellee Kelvin Hunter’s marital-status discrimination claim under the New York
City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”). The district court certified the order for
interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), and a panel of this Court
granted permission to hear the appeal. We assume the parties’ familiarity with
2 the underlying facts, procedural history, and arguments on appeal, to which we
refer only as necessary to explain our decision.
Debmar-Mercury “produces, creates, finances, manages, and distributes
television programming.” App’x 10 ¶ 14. 1 It created, produced, and distributed
The Wendy Williams Show, which was hosted by Wendy Williams, who at one point
was “the number one female host on daytime television.” Id. ¶ 19.
Hunter was the Executive Producer on the show from around November
2007 to April 2019, during which time he was married to Williams. In April 2019,
Hunter was served with a notice that Williams was filing for divorce. A week
later, Hunter received a notice informing him that his position at the show had
been terminated, despite, he alleges, him being “[i]nstrumental to the [s]how’s
success.” App’x 11 ¶ 21. Hunter alleges that he was terminated “solely because
of his marital status” to Williams and “not for any performance-based reasons.”
Id. at 16 ¶ 53. And he claims this conduct violates the NYCHRL, which bars an
employer from discharging or discriminating against an employee on the basis of
“marital status.” N. Y. City Admin. Code § 8-107(1)(a).
1 Except where noted, we draw the following facts from the allegations in Plaintiff’s complaint, which we accept as true for purposes of our analysis. See Kassner v. 2nd Avenue Delicatessen Inc., 496 F.3d 229, 237 (2d Cir. 2007).
3 Debmar-Mercury moved to dismiss the complaint before the district court,
arguing that the NYCHRL did not cover discrimination based on an employee’s
marital status in relation to a specific person. The district court denied the motion,
concluding, largely on the basis of an intermediate New York state court decision,
that the NYCHRL reached Hunter’s claims. Hunter v. Debmar-Mercury LLC, No.
22-cv-1687, 2023 WL 5671527, at *5–16 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 1, 2023). The sole issue on
this interlocutory appeal is whether “marital status” under the NYCHRL
encompasses an employee’s marital status in relation to a particular person.
We review the district court’s order on a motion to dismiss without
deference, “accepting as true all factual claims in the complaint and drawing all
reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.” 2 Fink v. Time Warner Cable, 714 F.3d
739, 740–41 (2d Cir. 2013). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must
contain sufficient factual matter . . . to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.” Id. at 741.
At the time the district court granted Debmar-Mercury’s motion for
interlocutory review, the question presented was a vexing one. Longstanding
precedent from the New York Court of Appeals established that discrimination on
2 In quotations from caselaw and the parties’ briefing, this summary order omits all internal quotation marks, footnotes, and citations, and accepts all alterations, unless otherwise noted.
4 the basis of “marital status” means discrimination on the basis of one’s status as
married, or not, and does not extend to acts undertaken because of whom an
individual has, or has not, married. See Manhattan Pizza Hut, Inc. v. New York State
Human Rights Appeal Board, 51 N.Y.2d 506, 512, 514 (1980) (rejecting a claim of
marital-status discrimination under the New York State Human Rights Law
(“NYSHRL”) by an employee who was fired not because she was married, but
because she was married to her manager); see also Hudson View Properties v. Weiss, 59
N.Y.2d 733, 735 (1983) (applying the same construction of “marital status” to
housing-discrimination claims under the NYCHRL and NYSHRL); Levin v. Yeshiva
University, 96 N.Y.2d 484, 490–91 (2001) (reaffirming the distinction between “the
complainant’s marital status as such, and the existence of the complainant’s
disqualifying relationship—or absence thereof—with another person” for
housing-discrimination claims under both the NYCHRL and NYSHRL).
But in a 2018 decision, an intermediate appellate state court concluded that
two intervening amendments to the NYCHRL changed the meaning of “marital
status” in this context. 3 Morse v. Fidessa Corporation, 165 A.D.3d 61, 64–70 (N.Y.
3 For context, and as relevant here, the New York City Council amended the NYCHRL in 2005 and 2016. The Local Civil Rights Restoration Act of 2005 provided that the HRL is to be interpreted liberally and independently of similar federal and state provisions to fulfill the
5 App. Div. 1st Dept. 2018). Though the district court was skeptical of the Morse
court’s reasoning, it decided that it was compelled to follow Morse because it
concluded that it lacked “persuasive evidence” that the New York Court of
Appeals would reject Morse. Hunter, 2023 WL 5671527, at *15.
Since the district court certified its decision for interlocutory review, the
New York Court of Appeals has provided the missing “persuasive evidence,”
conclusively deciding the issue in McCabe v. 511 West 232nd Owners Corp., --- N.Y.
3d ----, 2024 WL 5126078 (Dec. 17, 2024).
In McCabe, the board of a cooperative apartment declined to recognize an
automatic transfer of a decedent owner’s shares and lease to his long-time partner
because the two weren’t married, as required by the applicable lease. Id. at *1–2.
The surviving partner challenged the board’s action as violative of the NYCHRL,
specifically arguing that the board discriminated against her based on her marital
status to her deceased partner. Id. at *1.
“uniquely broad and remedial” purposes of the city law. N.Y.C. Local L. 85. In 2016, the law was amended to “provide additional guidance for the development of an independent body of jurisprudence for the [NYCHRL] that is maximally protective of civil rights in all circumstances” and cited several New York Court of Appeals decisions that “correctly understood and analyzed the liberal construction requirement,” none of which addressed marital-status discrimination. N.Y.C. Local L. 35 §§ 1, 2(c).
6 The Court of Appeals rejected her claim, reasoning that “marital status” in
the NYCHRL “reflects the legal condition of being single, married, legally
separated, divorced, or widowed.” Id. at *4. “Marital status turns on whether an
individual has participated or failed to participate in a marriage, and is distinct
from the identity or situation of the individual’s spouse.” Id. In other words,
“marital status” refers to “whether a person is participating in a marriage, not the
nature of one’s relationship with another specific person.” Id.
This reasoning squarely resolves the question here. Hunter does not allege
that he was fired because of his status as married, unmarried, or divorced, but,
instead, because of his marital status specifically to Williams.
Hunter distinguishes McCabe on the basis that it analyzed a claim for
discrimination in housing rather than employment, but the McCabe court expressly
rejected the suggestion that “marital status” under the NYCHRL has different
meanings in the housing and employment contexts. Id. at *6 (“[I]t would be quite
unusual for the legislature to use the same words in the same statute, but intend
for them to have different meanings.”). Moreover, the Court of Appeals
approvingly cited Manhattan Pizza Hut, which addressed a claim of employment
discrimination. Id. at *3.
7 Likewise, Hunter’s argument that his situation is distinguishable because he
was married to Williams whereas the petitioner in McCabe was not married to her
partner is unpersuasive. Both Hunter and the petitioner in McCabe challenged
adverse actions undertaken based on their marriage or divorce relative to a specific
person, not their general status as married, unmarried or even divorced. Id. at *7
(“[Petitioner] was not denied an automatic transfer of [the] unit merely because
she was unmarried, but because of her relationship to a particular person.”).
Finally, we reject Hunter’s argument that his case is distinguishable
because, unlike the petitioner in McCabe who had the opportunity to purchase the
co-op shares, he was not given an opportunity to remedy or continue his
employment. The McCabe court’s ruling did not turn on that fact.
* * *
For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s order is VACATED and the
case is REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings consistent with
this order.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court